RESUMEN
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was initially described as a sensor of intracellular bacterial and viral DNA and a promising adjuvant target in innate immune cells; more recently STING has also been shown to detect endogenous DNA and play a role in tumor immunity and autoimmune disease development. Thus far STING has been studied in macrophages and dendritic cells. In this study, to our knowledge we provide the first evidence of STING activation in T cells, in which STING agonists not only provoke type I IFN production and IFN-stimulated gene expression, mirroring the response of innate cells, but are also capable of activating cell stress and death pathways. Our results suggest a re-evaluation of STING agonist-based therapies may be necessary to identify the possible effects on the T cell compartment. Conversely, the effects of STING on T cells could potentially be harnessed for therapeutic applications.
Asunto(s)
Muerte Celular , Interferón Tipo I/biosíntesis , Interferón Tipo I/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico , Inmunidad Innata , Activación de Linfocitos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/deficiencia , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Ratones , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/fisiologíaRESUMEN
In murine schistosomiasis, immunopathology and cytokine production in response to parasite eggs are uneven and strain dependent. CBA/J (CBA) mice develop severe hepatic granulomatous inflammation associated with prominent Th17 cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1ß and IL-23. Such Th17 cells fail to develop in low-pathology C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice, and the reasons for these strain-specific differences in APC reactivity to eggs remain unclear. We show by gene profiling that CBA DCs display an 18-fold higher expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a, a murine homolog of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin, compared with BL/6 DCs. Higher CD209a expression was observed in CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations, but only DCs induced Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Gene silencing in CBA DCs and overexpression in BL/6 DCs demonstrated that CD209a is essential for egg-elicited IL-1ß and IL-23 production and subsequent Th17 cell development, which is associated with SRC, RAF-1, and ERK1/2 activation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism controlling the development of Th17 cell-mediated severe immunopathology in helminthic disease.
Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Lectinas Tipo C/inmunología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/inmunología , Schistosoma/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunología , Animales , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/biosíntesis , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Línea Celular , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/patología , Activación Enzimática/genética , Activación Enzimática/inmunología , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Silenciador del Gen/inmunología , Granuloma/genética , Granuloma/inmunología , Granuloma/patología , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-23/genética , Interleucina-23/inmunología , Interleucina-23/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/biosíntesis , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/genética , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/genética , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/inmunología , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-raf/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-raf/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas pp60(c-src)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas pp60(c-src)/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas pp60(c-src)/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular/biosíntesis , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Schistosoma/genética , Schistosoma/metabolismo , Esquistosomiasis/genética , Esquistosomiasis/metabolismo , Esquistosomiasis/patología , Bazo/inmunología , Bazo/metabolismo , Bazo/patología , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th17/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Schistosome infections are often clinically silent, but some individuals develop severe pathological reactions. In several disease processes, T-helper 17 (Th17) cells have been linked to tissue injuries, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to downmodulate inflammatory reactions. We assessed whether bladder pathology in human Schistosoma haematobium infection is related to the balance of Th17 cells and Tregs. We used a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection to further investigate whether the peripheral profiles reflected ongoing events in tissues. METHODS: We characterized T-helper cell subsets in the peripheral blood of children residing in a S. haematobium-endemic area and in the peripheral blood, spleen, and hepatic granulomas of S. mansoni-infected high-pathology CBA mice and low-pathology C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS: S. haematobium-infected children with bladder pathology had a significantly higher percentage of Th17 cells than those without pathology. Moreover, the Th17/Treg ratios were significantly higher in infected children with pathology, compared with infected children without pathology. Percentages of interleukin 17-producing cells were significantly higher in spleen and granulomas of CBA mice, compared with C57BL/6 mice. This difference was also reflected in the peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to indicate that Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of human schistosomiasis.
Asunto(s)
Schistosoma haematobium/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis Urinaria/patología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Granulocitos/patología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Persona de Mediana Edad , Schistosoma mansoni/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis Urinaria/parasitología , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/parasitología , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/patología , Bazo/parasitología , Bazo/patología , Vejiga Urinaria/parasitología , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Schistosomiasis is a major tropical disease caused by trematode helminths in which the host mounts a pathogenic immune response against tissue-trapped parasite eggs. The immunopathology consists of egg antigen-specific CD4 T cell-mediated granulomatous inflammation that varies greatly in magnitude in humans and among mouse strains in an experimental model. New evidence, covered in this review, intimately ties the development of severe pathology to IL-17-producing CD4 T helper (Th17) cells, a finding that adds a new dimension to the traditional CD4 Th1 vs. Th2 cell paradigm. Most examined mouse strains, in fact, develop severe immunopathology with substantial Th17 as well as Th1 and Th2 cell responses; a solely Th2-polarized response is an exception that is only observed in low-pathology strains such as the C57BL/6. The ability to mount pathogenic Th17 cell responses is genetically determined and depends on the production of IL-23 and IL-1ß by antigen presenting cells following recognition of egg antigens; analyses of several F2 progenies of (high × low)-pathology strain crosses demonstrated that quantitative trait loci governing IL-17 levels and disease severity vary substantially from cross to cross. Low pathology is dominant, which may explain the low incidence of severe disease in humans; however, coinfection with intestinal nematodes can also dampen pathogenic Th17 cell responses by promoting regulatory mechanisms such as those afforded by alternatively activated macrophages and T regulatory cells. A better understanding of the pathways conducive to severe forms of schistosomiasis and their regulation should lead to interventions similar to those presently used to manage other immune-mediated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Esquistosomiasis/genéticaRESUMEN
CBA/J mice infected with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni develop severe CD4 T cell-mediated hepatic granulomatous inflammation against parasite eggs associated with a robust Th17 cell response. We investigated the requisites for Th17 cell development using novel CD4 T cells expressing a transgenic TCR specific for the major Sm-p40 egg Ag, which produce IL-17 when stimulated with live schistosome eggs. Neutralization of IL-23 or blockade of the IL-1 receptor, but not IL-6 neutralization, abrogated egg-induced IL-17 secretion by transgenic T cells, whereas exogenous IL-23 or IL-1ß reconstituted their ability to produce IL-17 when stimulated by syngeneic IL-12p40-deficient dendritic cells. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that IL-17 production was initiated by IL-23 and amplified by IL-1ß. Significantly, schistosome-infected IL-12p40-deficient or IL-1R antagonist-treated CBA/J mice developed markedly reduced hepatic immunopathology with a dampened egg Ag-specific IL-17 response. These results demonstrate that the IL-23-IL-1-IL-17 axis has a central role in the development of severe schistosome egg-induced immunopathology.