Cardiometabolic diseases. / Doenças cardiometabólicas.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in populations and are among the leading causes of death. Objective: This sub-study of the Health, Well-being and Aging (SABE) study describes the self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) for its three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010). It also analyses the associations with selected risk factors. METHODS: Logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS: Predominance of women and average age (68 years) were maintained in all the waves. During the period, there was a general tendency of increasing prevalence of hypertension (53.1 to 66.7%), DM (16.7 to 25.0%), and CVD (23.0 to 27.2%); and stabilization of the CVD prevalence rate occurred only from 2006 to 2010. Women, with body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2, and ex-smokers had consistently higher risk of self-reported hypertension across the three waves. BMI >27kg/m2 was also associated with a higher probability of DM in the three waves, whereas with ex-smokers this occurred only in 2010. Ex-smokers presented higher risk of CVD in all the waves, but not excess weight. Wave pairs were analyzed to test changes in prevalence, and it was found a significant increase in diseases rates across the years. CONCLUSION: In summary, self-reported DM, hypertension, and CVD had high prevalence rates for participants of SABE Study, in São Paulo. The association of elevated BMI with cardiometabolic diseases suggests that body adiposity might favor their occurrence, although the study design does not guarantee a cause and effect relationship. Increased rates of affected individuals from the first to the third wave may reflect improvement in diagnostic conditions and/or control of these diseases' mortality during that period.

INTRODUÇÃO: Doenças cardiometabólicas são prevalentes nas populações, estando entre as principais causas de morte. Objetivos: Este subestudo do Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Sabe) descreve as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabete mellitus (DM) e doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCV) nas suas três ondas (2000, 2006 e 2010) e analisa a associação com fatores de risco selecionados. MÉTODOS: Empregou-se regressão logística. RESULTADOS: O predomínio de mulheres e a idade (68 anos) foram mantidos nas três ondas. No período, verificou-se tendência geral de aumento nas prevalências de hipertensão (53,1 a 66,7%), DM (16,7 a 25%) e DCV (23,0 a 27,2%) - estabilização da prevalência de DCV apenas de 2006 a 2010. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 27 kg/m2 e ex-fumantes tenderam consistentemente à maior probabilidade de hipertensão autorreferida ao longo das ondas. Apresentar IMC > 27 kg/m2 associou-se à maior probabilidade de referir DM nas três ondas, enquanto com ex-fumantes isso aconteceu apenas em 2010. Ter sido fumante também se associou à DCV nas ondas, mas não o excesso de peso. Averiguando-se pares de ondas para testar alterações nas prevalências, viu-se que em geral houve elevação significativa nos percentuais das doenças com o tempo. CONCLUSÃO: Em suma, DM, hipertensão e DCV autorreferidos ocorreram com elevadas prevalências nos participantes do Sabe em São Paulo. A associação de IMC elevado com doenças cardiometabólicas sugere que adiposidade corporal pode favorecê-las, embora esta análise não permita assegurar relação causa × efeito. É possível que o aumento dos percentuais de doentes da primeira para a terceira onda reflita melhora nas condições de diagnóstico e/ou no controle dessas doenças no período.

Doenças cardiometabólicas / Cardiometabolic diseases

RESUMO: Introdução: Doenças cardiometabólicas são prevalentes nas populações, estando entre as principais causas de morte. Objetivos: Este subestudo do Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Sabe) descreve as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabete mellitus (DM) e doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCV) nas suas três ondas (2000, 2006 e 2010) e analisa a associação com fatores de risco selecionados. Métodos: Empregou-se regressão logística. Resultados: O predomínio de mulheres e a idade (68 anos) foram mantidos nas três ondas. No período, verificou-se tendência geral de aumento nas prevalências de hipertensão (53,1 a 66,7%), DM (16,7 a 25%) e DCV (23,0 a 27,2%) - estabilização da prevalência de DCV apenas de 2006 a 2010. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 27 kg/m2 e ex-fumantes tenderam consistentemente à maior probabilidade de hipertensão autorreferida ao longo das ondas. Apresentar IMC > 27 kg/m2 associou-se à maior probabilidade de referir DM nas três ondas, enquanto com ex-fumantes isso aconteceu apenas em 2010. Ter sido fumante também se associou à DCV nas ondas, mas não o excesso de peso. Averiguando-se pares de ondas para testar alterações nas prevalências, viu-se que em geral houve elevação significativa nos percentuais das doenças com o tempo. Conclusão: Em suma, DM, hipertensão e DCV autorreferidos ocorreram com elevadas prevalências nos participantes do Sabe em São Paulo. A associação de IMC elevado com doenças cardiometabólicas sugere que adiposidade corporal pode favorecê-las, embora esta análise não permita assegurar relação causa × efeito. É possível que o aumento dos percentuais de doentes da primeira para a terceira onda reflita melhora nas condições de diagnóstico e/ou no controle dessas doenças no período.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in populations and are among the leading causes of death. Objective: This sub-study of the Health, Well-being and Aging (SABE) study describes the self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) for its three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010). It also analyses the associations with selected risk factors. Methods: Logistic regression models were performed. Results: Predominance of women and average age (68 years) were maintained in all the waves. During the period, there was a general tendency of increasing prevalence of hypertension (53.1 to 66.7%), DM (16.7 to 25.0%), and CVD (23.0 to 27.2%); and stabilization of the CVD prevalence rate occurred only from 2006 to 2010. Women, with body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2, and ex-smokers had consistently higher risk of self-reported hypertension across the three waves. BMI >27kg/m2 was also associated with a higher probability of DM in the three waves, whereas with ex-smokers this occurred only in 2010. Ex-smokers presented higher risk of CVD in all the waves, but not excess weight. Wave pairs were analyzed to test changes in prevalence, and it was found a significant increase in diseases rates across the years. Conclusion: In summary, self-reported DM, hypertension, and CVD had high prevalence rates for participants of SABE Study, in São Paulo. The association of elevated BMI with cardiometabolic diseases suggests that body adiposity might favor their occurrence, although the study design does not guarantee a cause and effect relationship. Increased rates of affected individuals from the first to the third wave may reflect improvement in diagnostic conditions and/or control of these diseases' mortality during that period.

Pragmatic criteria of the definition of neonatal near miss: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the validity of the pragmatic criteria of the definitions of neonatal near miss, extending them throughout the infant period, and to estimate the indicators of perinatal care in public maternity hospitals. METHODS: A cohort of live births from six maternity hospitals in the municipalities of São Paulo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out in 2011. We carried out interviews and checked prenatal cards and medical records. We compared the pragmatic criteria (birth weight, gestational age, and 5' Apgar score) of the definitions of near miss of Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al., and Silva et al. We calculated sensitivity, specificity (gold standard: infant mortality), percentage of deaths among newborns with life-threatening conditions, and rates of near miss, mortality, and severe outcomes per 1,000 live births. RESULTS: A total 7,315 newborns were analyzed (completeness of information > 99%). The sensitivity of the definition of Pileggi-Castro et al. was higher, resulting in a higher number of cases of near miss, Souza et al. presented lower value, and Pileggi et al. and de Silva et al. presented intermediate values. There is an increase in sensitivity when the period goes from 0-6 to 0-27 days, and there is a decrease when it goes to 0-364 days. Specificities were high (≥ 97%) and above sensitivities (54% to 77%). One maternity hospital in São Paulo and one in Niterói presented, respectively, the lowest and highest rates of infant mortality, near miss, and frequency of births with life-threatening conditions, regardless of the definition. CONCLUSIONS: The definitions of near miss based exclusively on pragmatic criteria are valid and can be used for monitoring purposes. Based on the perinatal literature, the cutoff points adopted by Silva et al. were more appropriate. Periodic studies could apply a more complete definition, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and management criteria, including congenital anomalies predictive of infant mortality.

Pragmatic criteria of the definition of neonatal near miss: a comparative study / Critérios pragmáticos da definição de near miss neonatal: um estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the validity of the pragmatic criteria of the definitions of neonatal near miss, extending them throughout the infant period, and to estimate the indicators of perinatal care in public maternity hospitals. METHODS A cohort of live births from six maternity hospitals in the municipalities of São Paulo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out in 2011. We carried out interviews and checked prenatal cards and medical records. We compared the pragmatic criteria (birth weight, gestational age, and 5' Apgar score) of the definitions of near miss of Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al., and Silva et al. We calculated sensitivity, specificity (gold standard: infant mortality), percentage of deaths among newborns with life-threatening conditions, and rates of near miss, mortality, and severe outcomes per 1,000 live births. RESULTS A total 7,315 newborns were analyzed (completeness of information > 99%). The sensitivity of the definition of Pileggi-Castro et al. was higher, resulting in a higher number of cases of near miss, Souza et al. presented lower value, and Pileggi et al. and de Silva et al. presented intermediate values. There is an increase in sensitivity when the period goes from 0-6 to 0-27 days, and there is a decrease when it goes to 0-364 days. Specificities were high (≥ 97%) and above sensitivities (54% to 77%). One maternity hospital in São Paulo and one in Niterói presented, respectively, the lowest and highest rates of infant mortality, near miss, and frequency of births with life-threatening conditions, regardless of the definition. CONCLUSIONS The definitions of near miss based exclusively on pragmatic criteria are valid and can be used for monitoring purposes. Based on the perinatal literature, the cutoff points adopted by Silva et al. were more appropriate. Periodic studies could apply a more complete definition, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and management criteria, including congenital anomalies predictive of infant mortality.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Testar a validade dos critérios pragmáticos de definições de near miss neonatal, estendendo-as para todo o período infantil, e estimar indicadores de assistência perinatal em maternidades públicas. MÉTODOS Constituiu-se uma coorte de nascidos vivos de seis maternidades dos municípios de São Paulo, Niterói e Rio de Janeiro em 2011. Foram realizadas entrevistas e consultas aos cartões de pré-natal e prontuários. Critérios pragmáticos (peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e escore de Apgar 5') das definições de near miss de Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al. e Silva et al. foram comparados. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade (padrão-ouro: óbito infantil), percentual de óbitos entre recém-nascidos com ameaça à vida e taxas de near miss, mortalidade e desfechos graves por 1.000 nascidos vivos. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 7.315 recém-nascidos (completude das informações > 99%). A sensibilidade da definição de Pileggi-Castro et al. foi maior, resultando em um maior número de casos de near miss; a de Souza et al. apresentou menor valor, e as de Pileggi et al. e de Silva et al. apresentaram valores intermediários. Há um aumento da sensibilidade quando se estende o período de 0-6 para 0-27 dias, e um declínio quando se amplia para 0-364 dias. Especificidades foram elevadas (≥ 97%) e superiores às sensibilidades (54% a 77%). Uma maternidade de São Paulo e outra de Niterói apresentaram, respectivamente, as menores e as maiores: taxas de mortalidade infantil, near miss, e frequência de nascimentos em situação de ameaça à vida, independentemente da definição. CONCLUSÕES As definições de near miss baseadas exclusivamente em critérios pragmáticos são válidas e podem ser utilizadas para fins de monitoramento. Com base na literatura perinatal, os pontos de corte adotados por Silva et al. foram mais adequados. Estudos periódicos poderiam aplicar uma definição mais completa, com incorporação de critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e de manejo, incluindo as anomalias congênitas preditoras do óbito infantil.

The study of the mother-child binomium: description and general results.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the characteristics of women during pregnancy/immediate postpartum cycles and the product of their pregnancy. METHOD: Data collection was conducted for a period of three months in 2011, in six maternity hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The data were obtained in an interview with the women after the end of the pregnancy and collected from hospital records. The sample included 7,058 women hospitalized for abortion or childbirth in five hospitals from SUS (Unified Health System) and from only one hospital for private health insurance patients and their 6,602 conceptuses (live births and stillborns). Statistical analysis was based on χ2 tests, with a significance level of α = 5%. RESULTS: It was observed that 6,530 women gave birth and 528 showed interruption of pregnancy. Regarding age, 1,448 were teenagers (20.5%). There were no deaths during hospitalization and 99.8% of women received a medical discharge. Maternal morbidity in the current pregnancy was analyzed, showing urinary tract infection, anemia and excessive vomiting as the main problems. The rate of cesarean sections accounted for 31.1% and complications in childbirth and postpartum were shown, respectively, by 834 (12.8%) and 265 (4.1%) women. The characteristics of the conceptuses were also studied: gestation length (9.3% of preterm among live births, and 68% among the stillborn); birth weight (underweight in 8.2% among live births, and 66% among the stillborn) and morbidity, measured by congenital anomalies and other diseases; these diseases were responsible for ICU stay, transfers to better-equipped hospitals (10 cases) and 37 deaths. Thirteen live births were still hospitalized at the end of the investigation.

The study of the mother-child binomium: description and general results / O estudo do binômio mãe-filho: descrição e resultados gerais

The present study investigated the characteristics of women during pregnancy/immediate postpartum cycles and the product of their pregnancy.

A pesquisa estudou as características de mulheres no ciclo gravídico/puerperal imediato e do produto de sua gestação.

FEV1 is a better predictor of mortality than FVC: the PLATINO cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the presence of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and reduction of lung function parameters were predictors of mortality in a cohort. MATERIALS/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Population based cohorts were followed in Montevideo, Santiago and Sao Paulo during 5, 6 and 9 years, respectively. Outcomes included all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer mortality; exposures were COPD, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Cox regression was used for analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, receiver operator characteristics curves and Youden's index were calculated. RESULTS: Main causes of death were cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer. Baseline COPD was associated with overall mortality (HR = 1.43 for FEV1/FVC

[Gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn: a cross-sectional study in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil]. / Ganho de peso gestacional e peso ao nascer do concepto: estudo transversal na região de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight, pre-pregnancy and gestational obesity and verify the association with the birth weight of the newborn. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 712 pregnant women admitted for delivery at the School of Medicine of Jundiaí hospital. The variables studied were socio-demographics, pregnancy, pre-pregnancy weight, prenatal care, total gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn. The majority (99.7%) had a pre-natal and 84.6% > 6 visits. The prevalence of pre-pregnancy overweight was 34.7%, and excessive total weight gain was 36.9%. A significant association was observed between the pregnant women's BMI classification and the newborn's weight (NB) classification and between total weight gain classification of the mother and the newborn's weight classification. In pregnant women with excessive weight a higher prevalence of newborns with appropriate weight was observed. In contrast, women with insufficient weight gain had 2.15 times higher risk of underweight newborns and 2.85 times higher risk of low weight newborns. Although a significant percentage of overweight pregnant women was observed, this influenced the insufficient weight of the pregnant woman though not the birth weight of the newborns.