Rhabdomyosarcoma: a rare laryngeal neoplastic entity.

A case of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx is presented, which is extremely rare in a laryngeal site. The symptomatology and macroscopic aspect of the neoplasm can simulate the presence of other neoplastic variants of the larynx, and, for this reason, histological examination must be associated with immunohistochemistry for correct diagnosis and treatment.

Thyroarytenoid muscle invasion in T1 glottic carcinoma.

We report the prevalence of thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle invasion in 109 consecutive patients with T1 glottic carcinoma submitted to endoscopic laser cordectomy between February 1997 and January 2006, in order to evaluate if routine resection of the TA is necessary. A total of 109 patients staged as T1 underwent endoscopic treatment with carbon dioxide laser (CO(2)), 36 cases were treated with type I or II cordectomies, and 73 patients underwent type III, IV or V cordectomies, with resection of all or part of the TA. Over a total of 109 patients, 6 (5.5%) cases staged as pT1 showed TA invasion. The endoscopic treatment of T1 glottic cancer should be as conservative as possible in terms of TA resection, since muscle invasion is rare. In many cases, type III and IV cordectomies can be regarded as excessive treatment. Muscle invasion found histologically after type II cordectomy can be managed by further excision.

Revision stapes surgery for recurrent transmissional hearing loss after stapedectomy and stapedotomy for otosclerosis.

A total of 20 stapedotomy and 24 stapedectomy cases were retrospectively reviewed to establish the causes of failure, and to evaluate hearing results after revision surgery. Our series included 23 male and 21 female patients. Mean age at revision time was 42 years, and the mean interval from primary surgery and revision stapes surgery was 27 months. The retrospective review of our data, revealed that the most common cause for revision surgery was a displaced prosthesis (47.7%). After revision surgery, the mean post-operative air-bone gap was 14.78 dB. A mean post-operative air-bone gap within 10 dB occurred in 24 patients (54.5%), in 14 patients (31.5%) this was between 11 and 20 dB, in 5 patients (11.5%) between 21 and 30 dB, and in one patient (2.5%) > 30 dB. There were no "dead ears" in this series. Our results compare to other reported series, and confirm that after revision stape surgery, an air-bone gap closure within 10 dB is difficult to obtain. In the present series, the use of the total ossicular replacement prosthesis resulted in the poorest functional hearing results.

Endoscopic CO2 laser treatment of supraglottic carcinoma.

Aim of the study was to evaluate whether laser endoscopic microsurgery is a reliable and appropriate approach to treatment of laryngeal supraglottic cancer. A retrospective study was made of 12 patients (11 M/1 F; mean age 62.5 years) treated from December 1995 to October 2001 in the Department of Surgical Sciences and Organ Transplantations, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Cagliari, Italy. Surgical steps and oncologic results are reported. These 12 patients with supraglottic cancer underwent transoral laser surgery (TNM classification: T1, 3 patients; T2, 9 patients; N-, 9 patients; N+, 3 patients; M-, 12 patients). On the basis of the different subsites removed, the following resections were performed: 1 limited excisional biopsy (false chord), 3 wide excisional biopsies (2 or 3 subsites), 2 simple epiglottectomies, 1 extended epiglottectomy, 3 horizontal supraglottic laryngectomies, and 2 horizontal supraglottic laryngectomies that were extended to the anterior commissure and to one arytenoid, respectively. Five patients underwent functional neck dissection, and one patient underwent post-operative radiotherapy at sites of tumour and lymph nodes. Temporary tracheotomy was carried out in 10 patients. Mean follow-up was 33.3 months. No local recurrences were noted. Local control was thus 100%. Aspiration was the main post-operative problem, but there were no cases of aspiration-associated pneumonia. Moreover, no patient needed laryngectomy or a permanent tracheotomy for aspiration. In conclusion, although our experience with supraglottic cancers treated by endoscopy is still too limited to confirm the definitive oncologic validity of this type of surgery, in our hands, it seems to be a reasonable tool in selected cases and a safe, time- and cost-effective alternative to traditional surgery or radiotherapy for selected supraglottic carcinomas.

Surgical therapy of T1 and selected cases of T2 glottic carcinoma: cordectomy, horizontal glottectomy and CO2 laser endoscopic resection.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Among the different laryngeal neoplasms, glottic carcinoma is known to be one of the most suitable for functional management. Nevertheless, the best treatment for T1 and T2 glottic carcinoma, whether an open neck procedure, endoscopy or radiotherapy, with reference to recurrence, survival, and functional results, has long been debated. STUDY DESIGN: From February 1983 to September 1997, 83 patients with well to undifferentiated glottic carcinoma (48 pT1a, 14 pT1b, and 21 selected cases of pT2 with impairment of vocal cord mobility) were submitted to surgery at the Otorhinolaryngologic Section of the Department of Surgical Sciences and Organ Transplantations of Cagliari University. Surgical treatment included 30 laryngofissures with simple or enlarged cordectomy, 22 horizontal glottectomies and 31 endoscopic laser resections. A retrospective review of the records of the patients was performed in order to obtain a better understanding of the outcome of the three different surgical procedures in our institution. RESULTS: According to the Kaplan-Meier method, the probability of remaining free of local recurrence 3 years after primary surgery was 0.90 for the T1 group and 0.85 for the T2 group. The distribution of recurrences for cordectomy, glottectomy and CO2 laser at 3 years showed a cumulative probability of remaining free of disease after primary surgery of 0.86, 0.85 and 0.88. The probability of remaining free of local recurrence 3 years after salvage surgery was 0.96 for the T1 group and 0.95 for the T2 group. Analyzing the phenomena for type of surgical procedure, local control at 3 years after salvage surgery for cordectomy, glottectomy and exclusive CO2 laser was 0.93, 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. In the endoscopic group, local control rate after any type of salvage therapy modified the percentage at 3 years to 100%. Anterior commissure spread (AC1-AC2) resulted in a difference (not statistically significant) in local control between the group of patients without and with anterior commissure involvement. Laryngeal preservation was achieved in 93.7% (45/48) of patients who survived after salvage surgery following open neck procedures and in 100% of patients originally submitted to the endoscopic approach. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, although open laryngeal procedures can be still considered a valid option in the treatment of T1 and selected cases of T2 glottic carcinoma, endoscopic laser excision offered an oncologically adequate alternative to the traditional techniques, with minimum discomfort for the patient and satisfactory preliminary functional results.