Macrophages as determinants and regulators of systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the primary cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease characterized by tissue fibrosis. SSc-related ILD (SSc-ILD) occurs more frequently in females aged 30-55 years, whereas idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is more prevalent in males aged 60-75 years. SSc-ILD occurs earlier than IPF and progresses rapidly. FCN1, FABP4, and SPP1 macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis; SPP1 macrophages demonstrate upregulated expression in both SSc-ILD and IPF. To identify the differences between SSc-ILD and IPF using single-cell analysis, clarify their distinct pathogeneses, and propose directions for prevention and treatment. METHODS: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases GSE159354 and GSE212109, and analyzed lung tissue samples across healthy controls, IPF, and SSc-ILD. The primary measures were the filtered genes integrated with batch correction and annotated cell types for distinguishing patients with SSc-ILD from healthy controls. We proposed an SSc-ILD pathogenesis using cell-cell interaction inferences, and predicted transcription factors regulating target genes using SCENIC. Drug target prediction of the TF gene was performed using Drug Bank Online. RESULTS: A subset of macrophages activates the MAPK signaling pathway under oxidative stress. Owing to the lack of inhibitory feedback from ANNEXIN and the autoimmune characteristics, this leads to an earlier onset of lung fibrosis compared to IPF. During initial lung injury, fibroblasts begin to activate the IL6 pathway under the influence of SPP1 alveolar macrophages, but IL6 appears unrelated to other inflammatory and immune cells. This may explain why tocilizumab (an anti-IL6-receptor antibody) only preserves lung function in patients with early SSc-ILD. Finally, we identified BCLAF1 and NFE2L2 as influencers of MAPK activation in macrophages. Metformin downregulates NFE2L2 and could serve as a repurposed drug candidate. CONCLUSIONS: SPP1 alveolar macrophages play a role in the profibrotic activity of IPF and SSc-ILD. However, SSc-ILD is influenced by autoimmunity and oxidative stress, leading to the continuous activation of MAPK in macrophages. This may result in an earlier onset of lung fibrosis than in IPF. Such differences could serve as potential research directions for early prevention and treatment.

The effect of uveitis and undiagnosed spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Delay diagnosis of spondyloarthritis (SpA) is associated with poor functional ability and quality of life. Uveitis is the most frequent extraarticular manifestation in SpA, and its prevalence increases with longer disease duration. This study examines the effect of uveitis on the disease activity and functional outcome of undiagnosed SpA. We reviewed published and unpublished studies. Data were pooled using the random-effects model; pooled means, and mean differences (MDs) were calculated. In the included 14 studies, disease activity, functional index, and inflammatory markers were measured in 2581 patients with SpA with uveitis and 13,972 without. The pooled mean delay in diagnosis of SpA with uveitis (6.08 years; 95% CI 4.77 to 7.38) was longer than those without (5.41 years; 95% CI 3.94 to 6.89). The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score was the highest for a delay of 2-5 years (5.60, 95% CI 5.47 to 5.73) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) score was the lowest for a delay of < 2 years (2.92, 95% CI 2.48 to 3.37) and gradually increased to delay of > 10 years (4.17, 95% CI 2.93 to 5.41). Patients with SpA with uveitis had higher trend of Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS)-CRP and BASDAI. The delay to diagnosis was longer in SpA with uveitis, and disease activity was often higher than those without uveitis. Early diagnosis of SpA with timely initiation of an appropriate management plan may reduce the adverse effects of the disease and improve functional ability.

Diagnostic Utility of Serum IgG4 in Autoimmune Pancreatitis: An Updated Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Despite many studies suggesting an association between serum immunoglobulin G4 (sIgG4) and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), the evidence of utility in differentiation between AIP and pancreatic cancer (PC) remain uncertain. METHODS: The analysis based on published studies. Data were pooled by means of a random-effects model, and sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios (DOR), areas under summary receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated. RESULTS: In the included thirteen studies, sIgG4 were measured in 594 patients with AIP and 958 patients with PC. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR, and area under the curve were 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.75], 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92-0.95), 51.37 (95% CI: 23.20-113.74), and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95). Subgroup analyses of the DORs for region and year: Asia, (112.10; 95% CI: 27.72-453.32), non-Asia (26.01; 95% CI: 12.38-54.65), and year before 2011 (107.61; 95% CI: 39.30-294.68), year after 2011 (26.96; 95% CI: 9.78-74.32). Overall, sIgG4 was associated with AIP, the result revealed a moderate sensitivity 0.72 and high specificity 0.93. In the meta-analysis, the pooled DOR of sIgG4 levels of 2-fold upper limit 50.44 was similar with the DOR 51.37 when 1-fold cut-off value, but the summary receiver operating characteristic was 0.755 and 0.91. The higher specificity (from 93% to 98%) derived from the cut-off value (from 130-140 to 260-280 mg/dL) for sIgG4 occurred at a significant reduction in sensitivity (from 72% to 43%). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed sIgG4 is a good marker of AIP. Screening of sIgG4 may help clinicians differentiate between AIP and PC, and the best cut-off value should be 140 rather than 280 mg/dL.

Successful preventive treatment of congenital heart block during pregnancy in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-Sjögren's syndrome A/Ro antibody.

Congenital heart block (CHB) that is a manifestation of neonatal lupus syndrome (NLS) carries a poor prognosis. The treatment response of established heart block in NLS is usually unsatisfactory. Preventive treatment during pregnancy, however, before the critical period of cardiac development, can prevent the development of CHB. A Taiwanese woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was positive for anti-Sjögren's syndrome A (SSA)/Ro antibody. Her first pregnancy resulted in intra-uterine fetal death. Her second pregnancy resulted in CHB, despite dexamethasone treatment, and neonatal death at age 1 day despite pacemaker implantation. During her third pregnancy, dexamethasone was given starting at week 10, azathioprine at week 18, and plasmapheresis was performed every other day for 5 times starting at week 20 of gestation. Cesarean section was performed due to oligohydramnion at week 31 of gestation and a healthy girl was delivered. This case suggests that judicious use of fluorinated glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and plasmapheresis may prevent development of CHB in pregnant women with SLE who are anti-SSA/Ro antibody positive and have previous children with CHB.