[Angle class I malocclusion in primary dentition and findings in permanent dentition--a follow-up study].

The aim of the study was to examine stability and changes in Angle Class I malocclusion from deciduous to permanent dentition in 168 subjects. All the subjects had Class I malocclusion in deciduous dentition, and were examined by the same orthodontist on two occasions during deciduous and permanent dentition. None of the subjects had received orthodontic therapy in the meantime. The results showed considerable changes from primary to permanent dentition. Crowding in primary dentition was retained in permanent dentition in 45.2% cases. In 16.2% cases it changed into normocclusion and 38.6% subjects developed other types of malocclusion. Open bite was retained in permanent dentition in 17.8% cases and in 17.8% subjects transformed into normocclusion. 64.4% subjects developed other types of malocclusion. Cross bite was retained in permanent dentition in 21.4% cases and in 28.6% subjects changed to normocclusion. Other types of malocclusion in permanent dentition developed in 50% subjects. In 30.8% of cases finding of premature loss of deciduous teeth was accompanied by extraction of some permanent teeth. Normocclusion was retained in 19.2% cases while 50% of children developed some type of malocclusion. Crowding, which was retained in permanent dentition in 45.2% cases, showed the highest degree of stability. Children with this type of anomaly in primary dentition displayed the highest frequency of total malocclusions (83.3% subjects). Out of all anomalies in primary dentition, cross bite most frequently switched to normal occlusion in permanent dentition (in 28.6% cases).

[Verification of maxillary and mandibular asymmetry via orthopantogram's analysis]. / Verifica dell'asimmetria mascellare e mandibolare tramite analisi di ortopantomografia.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyse the homologous variables' symmetry (horizontal, vertical, angular and of area surface) of the right and left segment in the maxilla and in the mandible of subjects with a normal occlusion and a malocclusion. METHODS: Two-hundred and two orthopantomograms were analysed (162 with malocclusion, 40 with normal occlusion). These points of reference were used: orbital, condilion, gonion, menton, point A (intersection point between the vertical line passing through the centre of the nasal septum and the horizontal line which links the 2 points O), point B (intersection point between the mandibular margin and the vertical line passing through point O) and point T (intersection point of A-Cn on the maxillary tuberosity). RESULTS: This study did not confirm any statistically significant differences between the right and left analysed variables studied in both groups. CONCLUSION: Orthopantomography may be a useful test in the screening for facial asymmetry.

[Estimating facial asymmetries in individuals with malocclusion and normocclusion]. / Valutazione delle asimmetrie facciali in soggetti con normocclusione e malocclusione.

BACKGROUND: The en face photographs taken in standard conditions were used to examine the facial symmetry in examinees with normocclusion and malocclusion. METHODS: A total of 80 examinees were included in the study (40 of whom had normocclusion and another 40 had malocclusion) without any prior orthodontic therapy. The face was divided into six squares by the mediosagittal line drawn through the Trihion, Glabella, Subnasals and Gnathion as well as by horizontal lines drawn through the same points. The four lower squares - the middle and the lower thirds of the face were taken into account to analyse facial symmetry. The symmetry between individual squares was measured by applying transparent paper with a millimetre-sized squares web and a planimetry. RESULTS: The results did not show any asymmetry between left and right parts of the face in either group of examinees. CONCLUSIONS: A high correlation was established among all the analysed variables.

[The demonstrative and information values of correlational methods in predicting the mesiodistal dimensions of the crowns of the canine teeth and premolars]. / Pokazatel'nost' i informativnost' korreliatsionnykh metodov pri prognozirovaniia meziodistal'nykh razmerov koronok klykov i premoliarov.

Authors have analyzed the reliability of correlative methods with plaster-casts of 100 examines (50 boys and 50 girls) with permanent dentition, according to Moyers's and author's own methods, and methods of multiple regression analysis according to Bachmann and Traenkmann and collab., while anticipation of mesiodistal crown diameters of canines and premolar (C, P1, P2) in both jaws. The predictable amounts of crown width C, P1, P2 in the maxilla were larger than the measured on the model, according to the method: Moyers in 81% of cases, Legovic in 67% of cases, Bachmann in 35% and Traenkmann and collab. in 73% of cases. The predictable amounts of crown width C, P1, P2 in mandible were larger than the one measured on the model: Moyers in 81% of cases, Legovic in 80%, Bachmann in 45% and Traenkmann and collab. in 26% of cases, and smaller compared with the measured model: Moyers in 15% of cases, Legovic in 18%, Bachmann in 55% and Traenkmann and collab. in 74% of cases.

Longitudinal occlusal changes from primary to permanent dentition in children with normal primary occlusion.

This purpose of this research was to examine the stability of normal occlusion during the transition from primary to permanent dentition. The sample consisted of 128 children (83 boys and 45 girls) 4.5 to 5.5 years old with normal occlusion in the primary dentition. The subjects were reexamined at 12.5 to 13.5 years. None had received orthodontic treatment. Although all the subjects had normal occlusion in the primary dentition, 72.7% (73.5% boys and 71.1% girls) had developed anomalies following eruption of the permanent teeth. These anomalies included crowding, Class II Division 1 or Class II Division 2 malocclusion, mesial occlusion complex, lateral crossbite, anterior crossbite, premature tooth loss, openbite or other anomalies.

[The development of third molars in the children of Croatia]. / Razvitie tret'ikh moliarov u detei Khorvatii.

The objective of this research was to investigate the prevalence of third molars in children in Istria aged 7 to 18. There are 2350 panoramic radiographs of children in Istria that have been analysed and then divided into 7 age groups. In each of these groups there was the same number of boys and girls. It can be expected that over 50% of examinees have third morals at ages between 10-11. The development of third morals starts earlier in the mandible, and it is statistically significant that there are more third morals in the mandible before the age of 12 than in the maxilla (p < 0.01). Furthermore, it is statistically significant that nine year old girls have more third morals than boys, but twelve year old boys more than girls. The differences in the prevalence of third morals between the jaw sides were statistically significant only for mandibles of twelve year old girls. Hypodontia of third morals has been found in 4.5% of boys and 5.8% of girls aged 14 to 18.

[Occlusal anomalies in the deciduous and mixed bites]. / Anomalii okkliuzii vo vremennom i smennom prikusakh.

In 311 examines (177 boys and 134 girls) with primary dentition and 535 examinees (285 boys and 250 girls) with mixed dentition in Istria--Croatia, the frequency of orthodontic and occlusive anomalies in regard of space plane and premature extraction of c, m1 and m2 are investigated. The orthodontic anomalies are defected in 46.95%, premature loss in 11.25% and occlusive anomalies in 40.85% of examinees with primary dentition, while in mixed dentition the 58.69% of examinees have orthodontic anomaly, the 17.20% premature loss and the 48.97% of examinees have occlusal anomaly. In both phases of dentition the most frequent are occlusive anomalies in the following planes: sagittal, vertical and sagittal-vertical.

[Occlusal anomalies in the deciduous and mixed bites]. / Anomalii okkliuzii vo vremennom i smennom prikusakh.

In 311 examinees (177 boys and 134 girls) with primary dentition and 535 examinees (285 boys and 250 girls) with mixed dentition in Istria--Croatia, the frequency of orthodontic and occlusal anomalies in regard of space plane and premature extraction of c, m1 and m2 are investigated. The orthodontic anomalies are fortified in 46.95%, premature loss in 11.25% and occlusal anomalies in 40.83% of examinees with primary dentition, while in mixed dentition the 58.69% of examinees have orthodontic anomaly, the 17.20% premature loss and the 48.97% of examinees have occlusal anomaly. In both phases of dentition the most frequent are occlusal anomalies: combination of sagittal-vertical plane, and those in sagittal and vertical space plane respectively.

Comparison of dental maturity between two ethnic groups.

Dental maturity is one of the indicators of the craniofacial region growth and development. The aim of the study was to identify and compare dental growth and development in two ethnic groups. The material consisted of 480 orthopantomograms; 240 selected from orthodontic and dental patients from Zagreb (Croatia) and Damascus (Syria) each. Each ethnic group included 120 boys and 120 girls, while the radiographs were classified into 6 groups of 20 each, according to sex and chronologic age (8-13 years). Dental maturity was evaluated by the method of Nolla. The results were statistically analyzed and presented in tables. The subjects from Damascus showed a delay in dental maturity by 1 (girls) to 2 (boys) years compared to the homologous group from Zagreb. The reference values determined in the study may serve as a diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic tool in the orthodontics and pedodontics of the respective cities.

Development of third molars in children in Istria.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of third molars in children in Istria aged 7 to 18. The study was performed on 2350 panoramic radiographs of children in Istria that have been analysed and then divided into 7 age groups. Each of these groups consisted of the same number of boys and girls. It has been found that the development of third molars starts earlier in the mandible, and that before the age of 12 there are more third molars in the mandible than in the maxilla (p < 0.01). Nine-year old girls have statistically significantly more third molars than the boys of that age, but twelve year old boys have more than the girls. The differences in the prevalence of third molars between the jaw sides was statistically significant only for mandibles of twelve year old girls. Hypodontia of third molars has been found in 4.5% of boys and 5.8% of girls aged 14 to 18.

Orthodontic anomalies in primary and permanent dentition--a longitudinal study.

This research has intention to examine the stability and the changes of the Classes from the period of primary to permanent dentition on longitudinally examined subjects. The sample consisted of 246 children (132 boys and 114 girls) with orthodontic anomalies in primary dentition that were not orthodontically treated until the ensuing visit made by the same orthodontist in permanent dentition. 71.9% of the examined children (72.7% boys and 71.0% girls) registered no Class changes within the analysed period. Between boys the falling of the Class I occlusion, from primary to permanent dentition is unsignificant, but between girls Class I occlusion is falling significant and grow Class II malocclusion. In boys 29.2% of changes occurred in Class I occlusion of which 25.0% were brought to Class II while 4.2% to Class III malocclusion. In girls from 32.9% changed Class I occlusion, 28.9% changed into Class II, and 3.9% into Class III malocclusion. The Class II malocclusion during the development of dentition is more stable than the Class I occlusion.

Body height and weight and respiratory diseases in skeletal Class II/1 orthodontic patients.

The aims of this study were to determine if there is an increased incidence of respiratory diseases in patients with Angle Class II/1 skeletal intermaxillary relationship in comparison to eugnathic patients and if there is a difference of body height and weight between them. The sample consisted of 60 eugnathic subjects and 88 subjects with Class II/1. Girls were examined at an age of 6, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 14 and boys at an age of 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 15. All subjects underwent an orthodontic and medical examination in these time intervals. Data about their respiratory diseases as well as those about their height and weight were taken from their medical files in school dispensaries and were statistically analyzed. No statistically significant differences with regard to the frequency of respiratory diseases were found between eugnathic subjects and those with Class II/1. In almost all investigated time intervals subjects with Class II/1 were statistically significantly higher than the eugnathic subjects, but only in the 8-years old male group with Class II/1 the subjects were heavier than others. The results of this study suggest that patients with Class II/1 either have a faster growth pattern or belong to an asthenic constitution type.

[The characteristics of third-molar development in children from 2 geographic areas of Croatia]. / Caratteristiche dello sviluppo dei terzi molari in bambini di due zone geografiche della Croazia.

BACKGROUND: The development differences of wisdom teeth in children in two geographical regions of Croatia (Istria and Slavonia) have been studied. METHODS: One thousand orthopantomograms have been analyzed (Istria: 574-280 boys and 294 girls; Slavonia: 426-210 boys and 216 girls); they were carried out in children aged from 6 years and 6 months to 12 years and 6 months, divided into six groups. All of them presented the following criteria: absence of numerical anomalies of permanent teeth (wisdom teeth not included), absence of extraction of permanent teeth and of different syndromes. The development of wisdom teeth was assessed by Gat's method. RESULTS: The development of wisdom teeth begins earlier in Istrian subjects, but in both groups the wisdom tooth crypt appeared also after the 12 years and 6 months. The greatest increase is frequency of wisdom teeth germ in both groups was observed in children aged between 9 or 10 years. Most of Istrian children, compared with those in Slavonia, had wisdom teeth germs. As to jaw differences, it was observed that children in Istria (except the group of those 11 years old) have significantly more wisdom teeth germs in the mandible (p < 0.01). Significant jaw differences were found only in the group of 8-years-old Slavonian children. The differences in presence of wisdom teeth between males and females and sites of each jaw were not found to be significant.

[The growth of certain craniofacial dimensions in regard to the development of normal occlusion and malocclusion in the period of mixed dentition]. / Crescita di determinate dimensioni cranio-facciali considerando lo sviluppo della normoocclusione e malocclusione nel periodo della dentazione mista.

The authors have analysed the growth of the craniofacial parameters zygion-zygion, eurvon-eurvon, glabella-opisthocranion, nasion-gnathion and nasion-prosthion with examinees aged 5 to 13 years with normal occlusion and malocclusion. No statistically significant differences in the growth of the analysed parameters in regard to the constancy or change of the examinee's orthodontic diagnosis in the period of mixed dentition have been found.

[Anomalies in the number of permanent teeth in orthodontic patients in 2 localities in Croatia]. / Anomalie nel numero dei denti permanenti nei pazienti ortodontici in due località della Croazia.

The authors investigated the frequency of anomalies among permanent teeth in two regions in Yugoslavia--Istria and Slavonia--in a group of 4449 orthodontic patients (1890 boys and 2559 girls, age 6-18 years; in Istria: 1060 boys and 1341 girls, in Slavonia: 830 boys and 1218 girls). The anomalies were diagnosed by clinical examination and by orthopantomogram analysis. The anomalies were significantly more frequent in children of Istria compared to the ones of Slavonia, i.e. hypodontia was found in 6.25% versus 2.34% and hyperdontia in 1.37% versus 0.63%. Hypodontia in the mandible prevailed among the children in Istria while that in the maxilla among the children in Slavonia. The differences in the sequence of the hypodontia frequency for each tooth in both sexes have been established separately for the two regions.

[Dental caries in the support area and the therapeutic problem of the positioning of the canines and premolars in the dental arches]. / Zahnkaries in der Stützzone und das therapeutische Problem der Einordnung von Eckzähnen und Prämolaren in den Zahnbogen.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the health of teeth in the buccal segments following space loss resulting from approximal caries of deciduous molars. The sum of the mesiodistal diameters of unerupted cuspids and bicuspids was predicated with the help of tables and calculated on the basis of correlation with the total width of the lower incisors. On average boys had 5.1 carious deciduous cuspids and molars as compared with 4.8 for girls. The results concluded that 60 to 70% of the cases of space loss resulting from carious lesions of approximal surfaces of deciduous molars occurred in the maxilla and 46 to 54% in the mandible, when factors including which jaw, side and sex were taken into account.

[Bolton indices in Cl II/1, Cl II/2 and Cl I anomalies with frontal crowding]. / Indici di Bolton nelle anomalie Cl II/1, Cl II/2 e Cl I con affollamento frontale.

The Bolton indices in Kl II/1, Kl II/2 and Kl I anomalies with frontal crowding are examined.

[Spacing of permanent incisors and its influence on the available space for mandibular canines and premolars]. / Utjecaj postava trajnih sjekutica na velicinu prostora za smjestaj donjih ocnjaka i pretkutnjaka.

The report analysed differences between deposal space in segments I2-M1 measured from mesioaproximal surface C to mesioaproximal surface M1, measured by Moyers's method and by predictable width of teeth crowns C, P1 and P2 established by correlation method with known value sum of lower incisors with significance of 75% at 158 subjects both sexes with mixed dentition. In regard to spacing of incisors subjects are distributed in three groups: normal spacing of incisors, crowding of incisors and the spaces between incisors. Differences among predictable widths of crowns C, P1 and P2 and desposal space in segments I2-M1 evaluated by two methods show statistically significant differences at groups with crowding of incisors and the spaces between the incisors. Moyers's method of measuring desposal space for position C, P1 and P2 in dental arch is not convenient for the effect of evaluation of premature loss of deciduous teeth from resistance zone on the loss of the space in dental arch at mentioned spacing of incisors.