Valor de la determinación inmunohistoquímica de SMARCA4/BRG1 en el diagnóstico del carcinoma de ovario de célula pequeña variante hipercalcémica. Presentación de dos casos / The value of immunohistochemistry using SMARCA4/BRG1 in the diagnosis of small cell ovarian carcinoma hypercalcemic type. A report of two cases

El carcinoma de células pequeñas de ovario variante hipercalcémica se describe dentro de los tumores de origen histológico incierto. Presentamos 2 casos en mujeres de 32 y 29años de edad, respectivamente. En el momento del diagnóstico ambas pacientes presentaban masas de gran tamaño en las que no era posible realizar cirugía completa. Histológicamente los dos tumores mostraban una proliferación celular difusa de células pequeñas con espacios pseudofoliculares. La imagen microscópica, en ambos casos, planteó diagnóstico diferencial con entidades como el tumor de células de la granulosa tipo adulto o juvenil, el carcinoma de células pequeñas de tipo pulmonar, el disgerminoma, e incluso con un tumor neuroectodérmico periférico. Para ello, la ausencia de inmunotinción para SMARCA4/BRG1 en la totalidad de las células tumorales junto a una imagen histológica concreta son de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico de esta entidad (AU)

Small cell carcinoma of ovary-hypercalcemic type is an undifferentiated carcinoma. We describe two cases in women aged 32 and 29. Both presented with large masses and complete surgical extirpation was impossible. Histologically, the images were similar, with diffuse cell proliferation, accompanied by the presence of follicle-like spaces. In both cases it was necessary to make a differential diagnosis with entities such as adult or juvenile granulosa cell tumour, small cell carcinoma of pulmonary type, dysgerminoma and even peripheral neuroectodermal tumour. The absence of SMARCA4/BRG1 immunostaining proved very useful in the diagnosis of hypercalcemic small cell ovarian carcinoma (AU)

[The value of immunohistochemistry using SMARCA4/BRG1 in the diagnosis of small cell ovarian carcinoma hypercalcemic type. A report of two cases]. / Valor de la determinación inmunohistoquímica de SMARCA4/BRG1 en el diagnóstico del carcinoma de ovario de célula pequeña variante hipercalcémica. Presentación de dos casos.

Small cell carcinoma of ovary-hypercalcemic type is an undifferentiated carcinoma. We describe two cases in women aged 32 and 29. Both presented with large masses and complete surgical extirpation was impossible. Histologically, the images were similar, with diffuse cell proliferation, accompanied by the presence of follicle-like spaces. In both cases it was necessary to make a differential diagnosis with entities such as adult or juvenile granulosa cell tumour, small cell carcinoma of pulmonary type, dysgerminoma and even peripheral neuroectodermal tumour. The absence of SMARCA4/BRG1 immunostaining proved very useful in the diagnosis of hypercalcemic small cell ovarian carcinoma.

Attenuated JNK signaling in multidrug-resistant leukemic cells. Dual role of MAPK in cell survival.

Having found previously that leukemic cells with multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype, but not their sensitive counterparts, exhibit collateral sensitivity to cold stress in a P-gp-dependent manner, our aim was to study the signaling pathways involved in this phenomenon in sensitive (L1210) and resistant cells (L1210R and CBMC-6). It was observed that the acquisition of MDR phenotype by leukemic cells or their transfection with the extrussion pump, P-gp, modifies the activation profile and regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) in cells exposed to low temperatures. More specifically, cold stress provoked the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in sensitive cells, while attenuated JNK signaling was observed in MDR cells. This effect was also observed, although with less intensity, in P-gp-transfected cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors to determine the role of MAPK in leukemic cell survival in physiological conditions or under cold stress, a dual temperature-dependent role was observed for JNK in MDR cell survival. At 37°C JNK is necessary for the survival of parental, resistant and P-gp-transfected cells; however, the use of inhibitors of either extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) or JNK significantly counteracts cold-induced death of resistant and P-gp-transfected cells, supporting a role for ERK and JNK in cold-stress induced cell death. Finally, a connectivity model concerning MAPK is proposed, summarizing how cold stress and MDR-1 might trigger apoptosis in resistant cell lines. These findings on MDR cells may assist in the design of specific therapeutic strategies to complement current chemotherapy.

Estudio macro y microscópico de salpingectomías profilácticas en mujeres BRCA positivo / Macro and microscopic study of prophylactic salpingectomy in women with BRCA mutations

El cáncer seroso ovárico está englobado dentro del carcinoma de ovario. Se distinguen 1 tipos de carcinomas serosos: tipo 1 (mutación frecuente de PTEN, KRAS y BRAF) que corresponde al carcinoma seroso de bajo grado y tipo 2 (mutación frecuente de p53) que corresponde al carcinoma seroso de alto grado. Su origen ha sido motivo de controversia; clásicamente predominaba la hipótesis de la ovulación incesante, que atribuía el origen a daños en la superficie ovárica durante la ovulación y metaplasias posteriores. Actualmente se han propuesto hipótesis que sitúan a la trompa de Falopio como el origen del carcinoma seroso ovárico de alto grado. Con el fin de demostrar esta hipótesis, se analizaron 20 muestras consecutivas de pacientes salpingooforectomizadas bilateralmente con mutaciones en BRCA1-2 conocidas. Se estudió la trompa macroscópicamente según el protocolo SEE-FIM y se siguió el algoritmo diagnóstico de carcinoma intraepitelial tubárico seroso de Kurman. Se realizó inmunohistoquímica para Ki-67 y p53 en todas las secciones. Así encuadramos a todas las trompas estudiadas en 4 categorías: normal, STIC (carcinoma intraepitelial), STIL (lesión tubárica intraepitelial en transición) y señal p53. En nuestra serie hemos obtenido 7 casos con diagnósticos diferentes al normal (35%): 2 STIL (10%) y 5 señal p53 (25%). El resto de trompas no mostraron atipia citológica ni inmunotinción con los anticuerpos usados. El estudio de los ovarios no mostró lesiones en ninguno de los casos. Estos resultados están de acuerdo con los obtenidos por otros investigadores, reflejando una lesión tubárica inicial, que revela una mutación del gen supresor de tumores (p53) que podría jugar un papel importante en la tumorogénesis del carcinoma seroso ovárico de alto grado (AU)

Serous ovarian cancer is a type of ovarian carcinoma. Two subtypes of serous carcinoma can be distinguished: Type 1 (frequent mutation of PTEN, KRAS and BRAF), corresponding to low-grade serous carcinoma, and Type 2 (frequent mutation of p53), corresponding to high-grade serous carcinoma. Its origin is not clear; classically causative factors included continuous ovulation, damage to the ovarian surface during ovulation and subsequent metaplasia. However, recently it has been proposed that the fallopian tube may be the origin of high-grade serous carcinoma. In order to test this hypothesis, we analyzed samples from 20 patients with known mutations in BRCA1-2 who had undergone bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The fallopian tube was studied macroscopically following the SEE-FIM protocol and Kurman's algorithm for the diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. All the sections were tested immunohistochemically with Ki-67 and p53 and the fallopian tubes were classified into 4 categories: normal, STIC (intraepithelial carcinoma), STIL (intraepithelial tubal lesion in transition) and p53 signature. In the series studied, 7 cases (35%) were diagnosed as abnormal: 2 STIL (10%) and 5 p53 signature (25%). The rest of the fallopian tubes showed no cytological atypia or immunostaining with the antibodies used. A study of the ovaries found no lesions in any of the cases. These findings agree with the results of other authors, and point to an initial lesion in the tube, reflecting a mutation of a tumour-suppressing gene (p53), which might play an important role in the development of high grade ovarian serous carcinoma (AU)