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Symbiotic nodules comprise two classes, indeterminate and determinate, defined by the presence/absence of apical meristem and developmental zonation. Why meristem and zonation are absent from determinate nodules remains unclear. Here, we define cell types in developing soybean nodules, highlighting the undifferentiated infection zones and differentiated nitrogen-fixation zones. Auxin governs infection zone maintenance. GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) enzymes deactivate auxin by conjugation and promote cell differentiation. gh3 mutants increased undifferentiated cells and enlarged infection zones. The central symbiosis-transcription factor NIN2a activates GH3.1 to reduce auxin levels and facilitates cell differentiation. High auxin promotes NIN2a protein accumulation and enhances signaling, further deactivating auxin and depleting infection zones. Our findings shed light on the NIN2a-GH3-auxin module that drives soybean nodule cell differentiation. This study challenges our understanding of determinate nodule development and proposes that the regulation of nodule zonation offers valuable insights into broader mechanisms of cell differentiation across plant species.
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Diferenciación Celular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Glycine max , Homeostasis , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Proteínas de Plantas , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Simbiosis , Glycine max/metabolismo , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas/metabolismo , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Fijación del NitrógenoRESUMEN
Artificial light can affect eyeball development and increase myopia rate. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) degrades the extracellular matrix, and induces its remodeling, while tissue inhibitor of matrix MMP-2 (TIMP-2) inhibits active MMP-2. The present study aimed to look into how refractive development and the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in the guinea pigs' remodeled sclerae are affected by artificial light with varying spectral compositions. Three weeks old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to groups exposed to five different types of light: natural light, LED light with a low color temperature, three full spectrum artificial lights, i.e. E light (continuous spectrum in the range of ~390-780 nm), G light (a blue peak at 450 nm and a small valley 480 nm) and F light (continuous spectrum and wavelength of 400 nm below filtered). A-scan ultrasonography was used to measure the axial lengths of their eyes, every two weeks throughout the experiment. Following twelve weeks of exposure to light, the sclerae were observed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to detect the MMP-2 and TIMP-2 protein and mRNA expression levels in the sclerae. After four, six, eight, ten, and twelve weeks of illumination, the guinea pigs in the LED and G light groups had axial lengths that were considerably longer than the animals in the natural light group while the guinea pigs in the E and F light groups had considerably shorter axial lengths than those in the LED group. Following twelve weeks of exposure to light, the expression of the scleral MMP-2 protein and mRNA were, from low to high, N group, E group, F group, G group, LED group; however, the expression of the scleral TIMP-2 protein and mRNA were, from high to low, N group, E group, F group, G group, LED group. The comparison between groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). Continuous, peaks-free or valleys-free artificial light with full-spectrum preserves remodeling of scleral extracellular matrix in guinea pigs by downregulating MMP-2 and upregulating TIMP-2, controlling eye axis elongation, and inhibiting the onset and progression of myopia.
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Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz , Esclerótica , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-2 , Animales , Cobayas , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-2/metabolismo , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-2/genética , Esclerótica/metabolismo , Luz , Miopía/metabolismo , Refracción OcularRESUMEN
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is an important pathogen that is threatening the worldwide salmon and trout industry. But there is no therapeutic drug available for now. In this study, we demonstrate that MK-0608 is highly efficient against IPNV and low cytotoxic, with a 50 % effective concentration (EC50) of 0.20 µM and selectivity index (SI) of about 268. Time of addition assay illustrated that MK-0608 targeted the early stage of IPNV life cycle. Furthermore, we found that MK-0608 blocked IPNV attachment on the premise of sufficient pre-incubation time but MK-0608 did not influence viral internalization and release. MK-0608 could inhibit IPNV genome synthesis, and combination with ribavirin enhanced the inhibition effect, which might be functional via binding to IPNV RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which was predicted by using molecular docking methods. In vivo test showed that IPNV was extremely suppressed in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with one single dose of MK-0608, and the higher dosage of 50 mg/kg could cause 3 log decrease of IPNV loads in fish tissues.
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Antivirales , Infecciones por Birnaviridae , Enfermedades de los Peces , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Replicación Viral , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa/fisiología , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/virología , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/virología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/farmacología , ARN Viral/genética , Replicación de ARNRESUMEN
The MADS-box gene family controls plant flowering and floral organ development; therefore, it is particularly important in ornamental plants. To investigate the genes associated with the MADS-box family in Clematis courtoisii, we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing on C. courtoisii using the PacBio Sequel third-generation sequencing platform, as no reference genome data was available. A total of 12.38 Gb of data, containing 9,476,585 subreads and 50,439 Unigenes were obtained. According to functional annotation, a total of 37,923 Unigenes (75.18% of the total) were assigned with functional annotations, and 50 Unigenes were identified as MADS-box related genes. Subsequently, we employed hmmerscan to perform protein sequence similarity search for the translated Unigene sequences and successfully identified 19 Unigenes associated with the MADS-box gene family, including MIKC*(1) and MIKCC (18) genes. Furthermore, within the MIKCC group, six subclasses can be further distinguished.
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Clematis , Clematis/genética , Transcriptoma , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/genética , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/metabolismo , Genes de Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Plantas/genética , Filogenia , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
An important way to reduce urban-rural disparity lies in encouraging migrant workers to return to their hometowns for entrepreneurship. This paper examines the effect of the Integrated Medical Insurance System on the return-to-hometown entrepreneurship among migrant workers. Using microdata from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) spanning from 2013 to 2019, we find that the Integrated Medical Insurance System (IMIS) significantly increases the likelihood of migrant workers returning to their hometowns for entrepreneurship by 0.44%. This result remains stable after a series of robustness checks. Heterogeneity results indicate that this "pullback effect" is more pronounced for those who are male and with lower educational levels, higher income, larger social networks, and lower risk preferences. Finally, the interaction between the Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation policy (MEI) and IMIS can create a more significant combined effect in promoting the return of migrant workers to their hometowns for entrepreneurial activities.
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Seguro , Migrantes , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Emprendimiento , Renta , ChinaRESUMEN
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes infectious hematopoietic necrosis and severe economic losses to salmon and trout aquaculture worldwide. Currently, the only commercial vaccine against IHNV is a DNA vaccine with some biosafety concerns. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, 1,483 compounds were screened from a traditional Chinese medicine monomer library, and bufalin showed potential antiviral activity against IHNV. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of bufalin was >20 µM, and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.1223 µΜ against IHNV. Bufalin showed the inhibition of diverse IHNV strains in vitro, which confirmed that it had an inhibitory effect against all IHNV strains, rather than random activity against a single strain. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization. Bufalin also inhibited IHNV infection in vivo and significantly increased the survival of rainbow trout compared with the mock drug-treated group, and this was confirmed by in vivo viral load monitoring. Our data showed that the anti-IHNV activity of bufalin was proportional to extracellular Na+ concentration and inversely proportional to extracellular K+ concentration, and bufalin may inhibit IHNV infection by targeting Na+/K+-ATPase. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout. IMPORTANCE: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the pathogen of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) which outbreak often causes huge economic losses and hampers the healthy development of salmon and trout farming. Currently, there is only one approved DNA vaccine for IHN worldwide, but it faces some biosafety problems. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, we report that bufalin, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows potential antiviral activity against IHNV both in vitro and in vivo. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization, and bufalin inhibited IHNV infection by targeting Na+/K+-ATPase. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout.
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Bufanólidos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Virus de la Necrosis Hematopoyética Infecciosa , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Vacunas de ADN , Animales , Virus de la Necrosis Hematopoyética Infecciosa/genética , Medicina Tradicional China , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Adenosina Trifosfatasas , Necrosis , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The yellow-leaf gl1 mutant of Lagerstroemia indica exhibits an altered phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway compared to wild-type (WT). However, details on the metabolites associated with leaf color variation, including color-specific metabolites with bioactive constituents, are not fully understood. METHODS: Chemical and metabolomics approaches were used to compare metabolite composition and antioxidant capacity between the gl1 mutant and WT leaves. RESULTS: The mutant exhibited an irregular xylem structure with a significantly lower phenolic polymer lignin content and higher soluble phenolic compounds. Untargeted metabolomics analysis identified phenolic compounds, particularly lignans, as key differential metabolites between gl1 and WT, with a significant increase in the mutant. The neolignan derivative balanophonin-4-O-D-glu was identified as a characteristic metabolite in the gl1 mutant. The soluble phenolic compounds of the gl1 mutant exhibited higher FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than in WT. Correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in L. indica. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolites associated with leaf color variation in the L. indica yellow-leaf gl1 mutant demonstrated high antioxidant capacity, particularly in scavenging hydroxyl radicals.
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Books act as a crucial carrier of cultural dissemination in ancient times. This work involves joint efforts between visualization and humanities researchers, aiming at building a holistic view of the cultural exchange and integration between China and Japan brought about by the overseas circulation of Chinese classics. Book circulation data consist of uncertain spatiotemporal trajectories, with multiple dimensions, and movement across hierarchical spaces forms a compound network. LiberRoad visualizes the circulation of books collected in the Imperial Household Agency of Japan, and can be generalized to other book movement data. The LiberRoad system enables a smooth transition between three views (Location Graph, map, and timeline) according to the desired perspectives (spatial or temporal), as well as flexible filtering and selection. The Location Graph is a novel uncertainty-aware visualization method that employs improved circle packing to represent spatial hierarchy. The map view intuitively shows the overall circulation by clustering and allows zooming into single book trajectory with lenses magnifying local movements. The timeline view ranks dynamically in response to user interaction to facilitate the discovery of temporal events. The evaluation and feedback from the expert users demonstrate that LiberRoad is helpful in revealing movement patterns and comparing circulation characteristics of different times and spaces.
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MAIN CONCLUSION: Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis have unveiled the physiological and molecular responses of rhubarb to infection by smut fungi. Rhubarb is an important medicinal plant that is easily infected by smut fungi during its growth. Thus far, no research on the influence of smut fungi on the growth of rhubarb and its secondary metabolism has been conducted. In this study, petioles of Chinese rhubarb (Rheum officinale) [healthy or infected with smut fungus (Thecaphora schwarzmaniana)] were characterized. Microscopic structure, global gene expression profiling, global metabolic profiling, and key enzyme activity and metabolite levels in infected plants were analyzed. Infection by smut fungi resulted in numerous holes inside the petiole tissue and led to visible tumors on the external surface of the petiole. Through metabolic changes, T. schwarzmaniana induced the production of specific sugars, lipids, and amino acids, and inhibited the metabolism of phenolics and flavonoids in R. officinale. The concentrations of key medicinal compounds (anthraquinones) were decreased because of smut fungus infection. In terms of gene expression, the presence of T. schwarzmaniana led to upregulation of the genes associated with nutrient (sugar, amino acid, etc.) transport and metabolism. The gene expression profiling showed a stimulated cell division activity (the basis of tumor formation). Although plant antioxidative response was enhanced, the plant defense response against pathogen was suppressed by T. schwarzmaniana, as indicated by the expression profiling of genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress-related hormone signaling and the synthesis of plant disease resistance proteins. This study demonstrated physiological and molecular changes in R. officinale under T. schwarzmaniana infection, reflecting the survival tactics employed by smut fungus for parasitizing rhubarb.
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Rheum , Transcriptoma , Rheum/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , MetabolomaRESUMEN
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the pathogen of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), which can cause high mortality in salmonids, harm the healthy development of salmon-trout aquaculture, and lead to huge economic losses. However, in China, there is currently neither a commercially available vaccine to prevent IPNV infection nor antiviral drugs to treat IPNV infection. The genome of IPNV consists of two segments of dsRNA named A and B. Segment B encodes the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) VP1 which is essential for viral RNA replication and is therefore considered an important target for the development of antiviral drugs. In this study, we investigate whether 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC), a nucleoside analog which target viral polymerases, has an inhibitory effect on IPNV both in vitro and in vivo. The results show that 2CMC inhibits IPNV infection by inhibiting viral RNA replication rather than viral internalization or attachment. In vivo experiment results showed that 2CMC could inhibit viral RNA replication and reduce viral load in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In our study, we have revealed that 2CMC has a potent inhibitory effect against IPNV infection. Our data suggest that 2CMC is an attractive anti-IPNV drug candidate which will be highly valuable for the development of potential therapeutics for IPNV.
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Infecciones por Birnaviridae , Enfermedades de los Peces , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Animales , ARN , Antivirales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The tumor-associated microbiota plays a vital role in cancer development. Accumulating evidence shows that Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) participates in the progression of multiple tumor types. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the expression of methyltransferase-like protein 3 (METTL3) during Fn infection and elucidated the function and pathway of Fn-induced m6A methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: The abundance of Fn in patient tissues was determined by qPCR. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were performed to measure METTL3 expression in cells and tissues. METTL3 function was evaluated in vitro by colony formation and cell migration assays. MeRIP-qPCR was performed to determine the relationship between METTL3 and c-Myc. In addition, the half-lives of genes that are downstream of METTL3 were determined with RNA stability assays. RESULTS: Fn was enriched in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), breast cancer (BRCA), ESCC, and colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor tissues. METTL3 expression was positively associated with Fn abundance in ESCC tissues. Fn could survive and proliferation as well as increase METTL3 expression in ESCC, HCC, CRC, and BRCA cells. Moreover, METTL3 overexpression promoted ESCC cells proliferation, migration in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, Intracellular Fn infection increases METTL3 transcription. METTL3 promoted c-Myc mRNA methylation in the 3'-untranslated Region (3'-UTR) and enhanced its mRNA stability in a YTH N6-Methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1(YTHDF1)-dependent manner, which contributes to Fn induced ESCC proliferation and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that intracellular Fn infection promotes ESCC development and metastasis, and eradicating Fn infection may be a promising strategy for treating ESCC.
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Breeding crop varieties with high yield and ideal plant architecture is a desirable goal of agricultural science. The success of "Green Revolution" in cereal crops provides opportunities to incorporate phytohormones in crop breeding. Auxin is a critical phytohormone to determine nearly all the aspects of plant development. Despite the current knowledge regarding auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin signaling have been well characterized in model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, how auxin regulates crop architecture is far from being understood, and the introduction of auxin biology in crop breeding stays in the theoretical stage. Here, we give an overview on molecular mechanisms of auxin biology in Arabidopsis, and mainly summarize auxin contributions for crop plant development. Furthermore, we propose potential opportunities to integrate auxin biology in soybean (Glycine max) breeding.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) was once considered an untreatable disease. Through years of research, many drugs have been discovered and are widely used for the treatment of MS. However, the current treatment can only alleviate the clinical symptoms of MS and has serious side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide neuroprotection by migrating to injured tissues, suppressing inflammation, and fostering neuronal repair. Therefore, MSCs therapy holds great promise for MS treatment. This review aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of use of MSCs in MS treatment as well as its development prospect in clinical treatment by analysing the existing clinical studies.
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Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Esclerosis Múltiple , Humanos , Esclerosis Múltiple/terapia , Esclerosis Múltiple/etiología , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/métodos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/fisiología , NeuroprotecciónRESUMEN
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an important pathogen that causes significant economic losses to salmon trout farming. Although vaccines have been invented for the treatment of IHNV, findings from our previous survey show that breeding enterprises and farmers require effective oral drugs or immune enhancers. However, studies on the development of oral drugs are limited. In the present study, we used bioinformatics methods to predict the protein targets of andrographolide (Andro) in IHNV. Cells were infected with IHNV, and the effect of andrographolide was explored by evaluating the expression levels of genes implicated in oxidative stress, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of genes implicated in apoptosis and necrosis. In the present study, cells were divided into NC, IHNV, IHNV+10 µM andrographolide, and IHNV+20 µM andrographolide groups. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression level of genes, and an antioxidant enzyme detection kit was used to evaluate the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Fluorescent staining was performed using a reactive oxygen species detection kit (ROS) and Hoechst 33342/PI double staining kit, and the mechanism of alleviation of apoptosis and oxidative stress andrographolide after IHNV infection was determined. The results indicated that andrographolide inhibits viral growth by binding to the NV protein of IHNV and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the body through the CTSK/BCL2/Cytc axis, thereby inhibiting the occurrence of IHNV-induced apoptosis. This is the first study to explore the antagonistic mechanism of action of andrographolide in alleviating IHNV infection. The results provide valuable information on alternative strategies for the treatment of IHNV infection during salmon family and provide a reference for the use of andrographolide as an antioxidant agent in agricultural settings.
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Antioxidantes , Diterpenos , Virus de la Necrosis Hematopoyética Infecciosa , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo , Apoptosis , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genéticaRESUMEN
Both infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are the causative agents of acute and highly contagious diseases of juvenile salmonids, resulting in severe economic losses to these cold-water fish globally. There is an urgent need to explore antiviral agents against IHNV and IPNV due to the lack of commercially available vaccines and antiviral drugs. More importantly, the co-infection of IHNV and IPNV is prevalent in nature, which not only aggravates extensive damage to the salmonids but also poses challenges to its prevention and control. The antiviral effects of a crude polysaccharide derived from seaweed (CSP) on IHNV and IPNV were evaluated in this study separately. Furthermore, the underlying antiviral mechanisms of CSP to IHNV and IPNV were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that CSP possessed excellent safety and good ability to inhibit IHNV, IPNV, and their co-infection. CSP preferred to act at the early stage of viral infection. The antiviral mechanism of CSP on IHNV is possibly involved in preventing viral attachment and release, while in IPNV, it is involved in suppressing viral attachment, entry, and release. Taken together, the results of this study shed new light on developing novel agents against viral infection in salmonid fish.
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Infecciones por Birnaviridae , Coinfección , Enfermedades de los Peces , Virus de la Necrosis Hematopoyética Infecciosa , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Infecciones por Rhabdoviridae , Algas Marinas , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Agua/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Objective: By means of network pharmacology, potential targets and molecular pathways of QiZhenYuanDan in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) were studied. Methods: TCMSP database was used to obtain the main active components and target information of Astragali Radix, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Corydalis Rhizoma and Salvia Miltiorrhiza in QiZhenYuanDan. Disease targets were retrieved by OMIM and other databases. Molecular networks were constructed using Cytoscape. STRING database was searched and PPI network diagram was drawn to obtain the key targets of QiZhenYuanDan in the treatment of AS; and the targets were uploaded to Metascape data platform for GO and KEGG analysis. Results: There were 118 targets of intersection between QiZhenYuanDan and AS, which were used as the predicted targets of QiZhenYuanDan on AS. GO analysis showed that the biological functions of QiZhenYuanDan in the treatment of AS targets mainly involved biological processes, such as the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, cytokine receptor binding. KEGG pathway was mainly enriched in 155 signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, NF-κB signal pathway and inflammatory bowel disease pathway. Conclusion: Based on the result of network pharmacology study, the mechanisms of Qizhenyuandan for AS treatment was preliminarily revealed. The active ingredients such as quercetin and kaempferol act on targets such as IL-6 and PI3K-Akt, and exert anti-AS effects by inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative stress, as well as inflammatory responses. Our result indicates that QiZhenYuanDan exhibits anti-AS effect via a multi-component, multi-target and multi-route synergistic process.
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Aterosclerosis , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Aterosclerosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional China , Farmacología en Red , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-aktRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies about the association between genetic polymorphisms in TNFA, TNFB, and IFNG and the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been performed extensively. However, the results are inconclusive. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the contribution of the polymorphisms in TNFA, TNFB, and IFNG to the susceptibility of MS. METHODS: The PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched to identify relevant studies up to October 2021. A meta-analysis was performed, and pooled odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were computed using fixed or random effects models. RESULTS: A marginally significant association of the IFNG +874AT genotype with high risk of MS was observed in a heterozygous comparison (OR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.02-2.23). However, no significant association between the TNFA (-308 G/A, - 238 G/A, and - 376 G/A) and TNFB +252A/G polymorphisms and MS risk was observed both in overall analysis and in subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provides evidence that the TNFA (-308 G/A, - 238 G/A, and - 376 G/A) and TNFB +252A/G polymorphisms were not risk factors for the occurrence of MS. Further studies with larger samples are necessary to reach the concise results about the contribution of other polymorphisms to the risk of MS.
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Linfotoxina-alfa/genética , Esclerosis Múltiple , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Humanos , Esclerosis Múltiple/genética , Oportunidad Relativa , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
Plasmonic nanostructures with hot spots are very efficient in generating energetic (hot) electrons to realize light-driven chemical reactions. This effect primarily originates from high electric fields with nonuniform distribution in the hot-spot area. However, charge-transfer (CT) at plasmonic nanostructure interfaces and its effect on hot-electron generation have not been explored in detail. Here, a series of semiconductor/metal interfaces, with continuously adjustable energy-band structures, were constructed by the assembly of CdxZn1-xS supports and Au nanoparticles (NPs) interconnected with p-aminothiophenol (PATP) molecules. The plasmon-mediated oxidation of PATP embedded in CdxZn1-xS/PATP/45 nm-Au NP molecular junctions was systematically investigated using gap-mode-liked surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Combining in situ SERS studies with energy-level analysis, interfacial CT was found to be a primary determinant of hot-electron-induced oxygen activation on large Au NP surfaces. This study provides a new perspective on the hot-electron generation mechanism to facilitate the rational design of efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.
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OBJECTIVE: To find new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis through analyzing the differential expression protein in sepsis by proteomics and bioinformatics analysis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). METHODS: Patients with sepsis admitted to the emergency department of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from January to December 2019 were enrolled. And meanwhile, healthy volunteers who had normal physical examinations were included as the control group. Blood samples from two groups were collected. The samples were randomly selected for the protein concentration by data independent acquisition (DIA). Bioinformatics method was used in differentially expressed proteins by gene ontology (GO) pathway, enrichment analyses, groups meta-analysis and survival curves construction. ELISA method was used to verified marker screened. Then the data of transferrin receptor CD71 and the clinical data of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood lactic acid (Lac) were collected to construct receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve), and biomarker was screened for diagnostic and prognostic of sepsis. RESULTS: The result of DIA showed that 71 differentially expressed proteins were screened out from sepsis group, 6 proteins were down-regulated and 65 proteins were up-regulated. Those differentially expressed proteins were enriched in the inflammatory response, response to stress, leukocyte migration in the GO pathway and enrichment analyses. The meta-analysis showed that the expression level of CD71 was higher in sepsis group than normal control group [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.47, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was -0.93 to 0.00, P < 0.01], the expression level of CD71 was higher in non-survivor group than survivor group (SMD = -0.44, 95%CI was -0.70 to -0.18, P = 0.63). Survival curve showed that the expression of CD71 was inversely correlated to survival rates, the patients with a lower expression had higher survival rates (P = 0.000 34); the ELISA showed that the level of CD71 was higher in sepsis group than normal control group (nmol/L: 156.83±84.71 vs. 87.99±47.89, P < 0.05), the level of CD71 was higher in non-survivor group than survivor group (nmol/L: 219.63±125.59 vs. 130.97±40.45, P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of CD71 in diagnostic performance of sepsis was 0.790 (sensitivity was 65.1%, specificity was 90.0%), the AUC of CD71 in prognostic performance of sepsis was 0.744 (sensitivity was 57.1%, specificity was 94.1%); CD71 had a better prognostic performance than PCT (AUC = 0.547, sensitivity was 64.3%, specificity was 55.9%), CRP (AUC = 0.594, sensitivity was 64.3%, specificity was 61.8%), Lac (AUC = 0.540, sensitivity was 42.9%, specificity was 82.4%). CONCLUSIONS: CD71 had a great value of diagnostic and prognostic performance in sepsis, and it was expected to be a potential biomarker for sepsis.
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Sepsis , Biomarcadores , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Humanos , Polipéptido alfa Relacionado con Calcitonina/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Curva ROC , Receptores de Transferrina , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/metabolismoRESUMEN
Accurately measuring the pH of atmospheric aerosols is a prerequisite for understanding the multiphase chemistry that profoundly affects the environment and climate systems. Despite the advancements of experimental techniques for in situ pH measurements in aerosols, current studies are limited to measuring the static pH of aerosol microdroplets with an unperturbed composition. This steady-state scenario, however, deviates from the real-world aerosols undergoing atmospheric aging reactions, specifically, those characterized with a spontaneous displacement of strong bases (or acids) with high volatility. Here, we introduce a continuous and in situ measurement of aerosol pH by using a 4-mercaptopyridine-functionalized silver nanoparticle probe and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We find that the ammonium depletionâa spontaneous displacement of ammonium by dicarboxylic acid saltsâcontinuously acidifies aerosol water over time. The decaying trends of pH in the aerosols under various humidity conditions can be unified with a universal exponential function. Such an exponentially decaying function further indicates that the ammonium depletion reaction is a self-limiting process. Our technique can be applied to study the dynamic change of aerosol acidity during the complex atmospheric aging processes, toward elucidating their implications on atmospheric chloride, nitrate, and ammonium cycles.