Dynamic establishment and maintenance of the human intestinal B cell population and repertoire following transplantation in a pediatric-dominated cohort.

Introduction: It is unknown how intestinal B cell populations and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires are established and maintained over time in humans. Following intestinal transplantation (ITx), surveillance ileal mucosal biopsies provide a unique opportunity to map the dynamic establishment of recipient gut lymphocyte populations in immunosuppressed conditions. Methods: Using polychromatic flow cytometry that includes HLA allele group-specific antibodies distinguishing donor from recipient cells along with high throughput BCR sequencing, we tracked the establishment of recipient B cell populations and BCR repertoire in the allograft mucosa of ITx recipients. Results: We confirm the early presence of naïve donor B cells in the circulation (donor age range: 1-14 years, median: 3 years) and, for the first time, document the establishment of recipient B cell populations, including B resident memory cells, in the intestinal allograft mucosa (recipient age range at the time of transplant: 1-44 years, median: 3 years). Recipient B cell repopulation of the allograft was most rapid in infant (<1 year old)-derived allografts and, unlike T cell repopulation, did not correlate with rejection rates. While recipient memory B cell populations were increased in graft mucosa compared to circulation, naïve recipient B cells remained detectable in the graft mucosa for years. Comparisons of peripheral and intra-mucosal B cell repertoires in the absence of rejection (recipient age range at the time of transplant: 1-9 years, median: 2 years) revealed increased BCR mutation rates and clonal expansion in graft mucosa compared to circulating B cells, but these parameters did not increase markedly after the first year post-transplant. Furthermore, clonal mixing between the allograft mucosa and the circulation was significantly greater in ITx recipients, even years after transplantation, than in deceased adult donors. In available pan-scope biopsies from pediatric recipients, we observed higher percentages of naïve recipient B cells in colon allograft compared to small bowel allograft and increased BCR overlap between native colon vs colon allograft compared to that between native colon vs ileum allograft in most cases, suggesting differential clonal distribution in large intestine vs small intestine. Discussion: Collectively, our data demonstrate intestinal mucosal B cell repertoire establishment from a circulating pool, a process that continues for years without evidence of stabilization of the mucosal B cell repertoire in pediatric ITx patients.

Leveraging single-cell sequencing analysis and bulk-RNA sequencing analysis to forecast necroptosis in cutaneous melanoma prognosis.

Cutaneous melanoma, a malignancy of melanocytes, presents a significant challenge due to its aggressive nature and rising global incidence. Despite advancements in treatment, the variability in patient responses underscores the need for further research into novel therapeutic targets, including the role of programmed cell death pathways such as necroptosis. The melanoma datasets used for analysis, GSE215120, GSE19234, GSE22153 and GSE65904, were downloaded from the GEO database. The melanoma data from TCGA were downloaded from the UCSC website. Using single-cell sequencing, we assess the heterogeneity of necroptosis in cutaneous melanoma, identifying distinct cell clusters and necroptosis-related gene expression patterns. A combination of 101 machine learning algorithms was employed to construct a necroptosis-related signature (NRS) based on key genes associated with necroptosis. The prognostic value of NRS was evaluated in four cohorts (one TCGA and three GEO cohorts), and the tumour microenvironment (TME) was analysed to understand the relationship between necroptosis, tumour mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration. Finally, we focused on the role of key target TSPAN10 in the prognosis, pathogenesis, immunotherapy relevance and drug sensitivity of cutaneous melanoma. Our study revealed significant heterogeneity in necroptosis among melanoma cells, with a higher prevalence in epithelial cells, myeloid cells and fibroblasts. The NRS, developed through rigorous machine learning techniques, demonstrated robust prognostic capabilities, distinguishing high-risk patients with poorer outcomes in all cohorts. Analysis of the TME showed that high NRS scores correlated with lower TMB and reduced immune cell infiltration, indicating a potential mechanism through which necroptosis influences melanoma progression. Finally, TSPAN10 has been identified as a key target for cutaneous melanoma and is highly associated with poor prognosis. The findings highlight the complex role of necroptosis in cutaneous melanoma and introduce the NRS as a novel prognostic tool with potential to guide therapeutic decisions.

Dihydromyricetin ameliorates experimental ulcerative colitis by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps formation via the HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling pathway.

Dihydromyricetin (DHM), which has various biological functions, possesses therapeutic potential for ulcerative colitis (UC). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their components play a crucial role in several pathological processes in UC. However, whether DHM alleviates UC by regulating NETs remains unclear. Mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis were treated with DHM at different concentrations, and the severity of colitis was evaluated by assessing body weight, colon length, histological scores, cytokine production, and epithelial barrier integrity. To quantify and visualize NETs, the expression of cell free-DNA (cf-DNA) in serum and Cit-H3 in colonic tissue was analyzed via western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. HL-60 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDNs) were used to evaluate the effects of DHM on NETs in vitro. NETs were treated with DHM at varying concentrations or DNase I and used to repair the intestinal epithelial barrier in a Caco-2/HIEC-6 cell monolayer model. Furthermore, the genes targeted by DHM through neutrophils for alleviating UC were identified by screening online databases, and the results of network pharmacological analysis were verified via western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. DHM alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice by reversing weight loss, increased DAI score, colon length shortening, enhanced spleen index, colonic pathological damage, cytokine production, and epithelial barrier loss in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, it inhibited the formation of NETs both in vivo and in vitro. Based on the results of network pharmacological analysis, DHM may target HIF-1α and VEGFA through neutrophils to alleviate UC. Treatment with PMA increased the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA in D-HL-60 cells and BMDNs, whereas treatment with DHM or DNase I reversed this effect. Treatment with DMOG, an inhibitor of HIF prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH), counteracted the suppressive effects of DHM on NETs formation in D-HL-60 cells and BMDNs. Accordingly, it partially counteracted the protective effects of DHM on the intestinal epithelial barrier in Caco-2 and HIEC-6 cells. These results indicated that DHM alleviated DSS-induced UC by regulating NETs formation via the HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling pathway, suggesting that DHM is a promising therapeutic candidate for UC.

Nets in fibrosis: Bridging innate immunity and tissue remodeling.

Fibrosis, a complex pathological process characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, leads to tissue scarring and dysfunction. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins, significantly contribute to fibrotic diseases pathogenesis. This review summarizes the process of NETs production, molecular mechanisms, and related diseases, and outlines the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with fibrosis. Subsequently, this review comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of the intricate interplay between NETs and fibrosis across various organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, skin, and heart. The mechanisms by which NETs contribute to fibrogenesis, including their ability to promote inflammation, induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), activate fibroblasts, deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and trigger TLR4 signaling were explored. This review aimed to provide insights into the complex relationship between NETs and fibrosis via a comprehensive analysis of existing reports, offering novel perspectives for future research and therapeutic interventions.

Deep-learning enhanced high-quality imaging in metalens-integrated camera.

Because of their ultra-light, ultra-thin, and flexible design, metalenses exhibit significant potential in the development of highly integrated cameras. However, the performances of metalens-integrated camera are constrained by their fixed architectures. Here we proposed a high-quality imaging method based on deep learning to overcome this constraint. We employed a multi-scale convolutional neural network (MSCNN) to train an extensive pair of high-quality and low-quality images obtained from a convolutional imaging model. Through our method, the imaging resolution, contrast, and distortion have all been improved, resulting in a noticeable overall image quality with SSIM over 0.9 and an improvement in PSNR over 3 dB. Our approach enables cameras to combine the advantages of high integration with enhanced imaging performances, revealing tremendous potential for a future groundbreaking imaging technology.

Exploring Cr(VI)-induced blood-brain barrier injury and neurotoxicity in zebrafish and snakehead fish, and inhibiting toxic effects of astaxanthin.

Cr(VI) is a common hazardous heavy metal contaminant that seriously endangers human and aquatic animal health. GPX4 was the key enzyme that reduces heavy metal toxicity through inhibiting ferroptosis pathway. Astaxanthin was GPX4 activator that can weaken biological toxicity induced by Cr(VI) exposure. The present study was conducted to evaluate the major role of GPX4 in astaxanthin protects Cr(VI)-induced oxidative damage, blood-brain barrier injury and neurotoxicity in brain-liver axis through inhibiting ferroptosis pathway. In the current study, astaxanthin intervention can effectively alleviate Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier damage, and neurotoxicity. GPX4 plays a major role in mediating astaxanthin nutritional intervention to reduce ROS and liver non-heme iron accumulation, which would contribute to the reduction of ferroptosis. Meanwhile, astaxanthin maintains the stability of transport receptors and protein macromolecules such as TMEM163, SLC7A11, SLC3A2, FPN1 and GLUT1 in the brain liver axis, promoting substance exchange and energy supply. Moreover, astaxanthin alleviates Cr(VI)-induced neurotoxicity by promoting tight protein expression and reducing blood-brain barrier permeability.

Assessment of the quality, diagnosis, and therapeutic recommendations of clinical practice guidelines on patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review.

We conducted this study to systematically review and assess the current clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) related to the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim was to evaluate the quality of these included CPGs and provide clinicians with a convenient and comprehensive reference for updating their own CPGs. We searched four databases to identify eligible CPGs focusing on H. pylori diagnosis and treatment recommendations. The results were presented using evidence mappings. Quality and clinical applicability were assessed comprehensively using AGREE-II and AGREE-REX. Statistical tests, specifically Bonferroni tests, were employed to compare the quality between evidence-based guidelines and consensus. A total of 30 eligible CPGs were included, comprising 17 consensuses and 13 guidelines. The quality showed no statistical significance between consensuses and guidelines, mainly within the moderate to low range. Notably, recommendations across CPGs exhibited inconsistency. Nevertheless, concerning diagnosis, the urea breath test emerged as the most frequently recommended method for testing H. pylori. Regarding treatment, bismuth quadruple therapy stood out as the predominantly recommended eradication strategy, with high-dose dual therapy being a newly recommended option. Our findings suggest the need for specific organizations to update their CPGs on H. pylori or refer to recently published CPGs. Specifically, CPGs for pediatric cases require improvement and updating, while a notable absence of CPGs for the elderly was observed. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to improve the overall quality of CPGs related to H. pylori. Regarding recommendations, additional evidence is essential to elucidate the relationship between H. pylori infection and other diseases and refine test indications. Clinicians are encouraged to consider bismuth quadruple or high-dose dual therapy, incorporating locally sensitive antibiotics, as empirical radical therapy. .

Dynamic establishment and maintenance of the human intestinal B cell population and repertoire following transplantation.

It is unknown how intestinal B cell populations and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires are established and maintained over time in humans. Following intestinal transplantation (ITx), surveillance ileal mucosal biopsies provide a unique opportunity to map the dynamic establishment of gut lymphocyte populations. Using polychromatic flow cytometry that includes HLA allele group-specific mAbs distinguishing donor from recipient cells along with high throughput BCR sequencing, we tracked the establishment of recipient B cell populations and BCR repertoire in the allograft mucosa of ITx recipients. We confirm the early presence of naïve donor B cells in the circulation and, for the first time, document the establishment of recipient B cell populations, including B resident memory cells, in the intestinal allograft mucosa. Recipient B cell repopulation of the allograft was most rapid in infant (<1 year old)-derived allografts and, unlike T cell repopulation, did not correlate with rejection rates. While recipient memory B cell populations were increased in graft mucosa compared to circulation, naïve recipient B cells remained detectable in the graft mucosa for years. Comparisons of peripheral and intra-mucosal B cell repertoires in the absence of rejection revealed increased BCR mutation rates and clonal expansion in graft mucosa compared to circulating B cells, but these parameters did not increase markedly after the first year post-transplant. Furthermore, clonal mixing between the allograft mucosa and the circulation was significantly greater in ITx recipients, even years after transplantation, than in healthy control adults. Collectively, our data demonstrate intestinal mucosal B cell repertoire establishment from a circulating pool, a process that continues for years without evidence of establishment of a stable mucosal B cell repertoire.

Exposure estimates of parabens from personal care products compared with biomonitoring data in human hair from Northeast China.

Parabens (PBs), a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are extensively used as additives in personal care products (PCPs); however, distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous contamination from PCPs in hair remains a challenge. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the levels, distribution patterns, impact factors, and sources of PBs in 119 human hair samples collected from Changchun, northeast China. The detection rates of methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), and ethylparaben (EtP) in hair samples were found to be 100%. The concentration of PBs in hair followed the order of MeP (57.48 ng/g) > PrP (46.40 ng/g) > EtP (6.80 ng/g). The concentration of PrP in female hair was significantly higher (65.38 ng/g) than that observed in male hair (7.82 ng/g) (p < 0.05). The levels of excretion rates of MeP (ERMeP) and excretion rates of PrP (ERPrP) in the hair-dying samples (ERMeP: 17.89 ng/day; ERPrP: 14.15 ng/day) were found to be 2.52 and 2.40 times higher, respectively, compared to the non-hair-dying samples (ERMeP: 7.09 ng/day; ERPrP: 6.05 ng/day). However, the system exposure dosage (SED) results revealed that although hair dyes exhibited higher PBs, human exposure was found to be lower than certain PCPs. The results of the correlation analysis revealed that toner, face cream, body lotion, and hair conditioner were identified as the primary sources of PBs in male hair. Furthermore, the human exposure resulting from the utilization of female hair dye and serum exhibited a positive correlation with hair ERMeP and ERPrP levels, indicating in the screening of samples, excluding hair samples using hair dye and haircare essential oil can effectively avoid the interference caused by exogenous contamination from PCPs.

Financial investment risk prediction under the application of information interaction Firefly Algorithm combined with Graph Convolutional Network.

This paper improves the performance of the model by Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) and Firefly Algorithm (FA) to optimize the financial investment risk prediction model. It studies the application of GCN in financial investment risk prediction model and elaborates on the role of FA in the model. To further improve the accuracy of the prediction model, this paper optimizes and improves the FA and verifies the effectiveness of the optimized model through experiments. Experimental results show that the optimized model performs well in feature selection, and the optimal accuracy of feature selection reaches 91.9%, which is much higher than that of traditional models. Meanwhile, in the analysis of the number of iterations of the model, the performance of the optimized algorithm gradually tends to be stable. When the number of iterations is 30, the optimal value is found. In the simulation experiment, when an unexpected accident occurs, the prediction accuracy of the model decreases, but the prediction performance of the optimized algorithm proposed here is significantly higher than that of the traditional model. In conclusion, the optimized model has high accuracy and reliability in financial investment risk prediction, which provides strong support for financial investment decision-making. This paper has certain reference significance for the optimization of financial investment risk prediction model.

Efficient Spatially Sparse Inference for Conditional GANs and Diffusion Models.

During image editing, existing deep generative models tend to re-synthesize the entire output from scratch, including the unedited regions. This leads to a significant waste of computation, especially for minor editing operations. In this work, we present Spatially Sparse Inference (SSI), a general-purpose technique that selectively performs computation for edited regions and accelerates various generative models, including both conditional GANs and diffusion models. Our key observation is that users prone to gradually edit the input image. This motivates us to cache and reuse the feature maps of the original image. Given an edited image, we sparsely apply the convolutional filters to the edited regions while reusing the cached features for the unedited areas. Based on our algorithm, we further propose Sparse Incremental Generative Engine (SIGE) to convert the computation reduction to latency reduction on off-the-shelf hardware. With about 1%-area edits, SIGE accelerates DDPM by 3.0× on NVIDIA RTX 3090 and 4.6× on Apple M1 Pro GPU, Stable Diffusion by 7.2× on 3090, and GauGAN by 5.6× on 3090 and 5.2× on M1 Pro GPU. Compared to our conference paper, we enhance SIGE to accommodate attention layers and apply it to Stable Diffusion. Additionally, we offer support for Apple M1 Pro GPU and include more results to substantiate the efficacy of our method.

Microstructure and Properties of Nickel-Based Gradient Coatings Prepared Using Cold Spraying Combined with Laser Cladding Methods.

A cold spray-laser cladding composite gradient coating (CLGC) was successfully formed on a Cu substrate. In comparison with traditional laser cladding gradient coatings (LGC), cold spraying the pre-set Ni-Cu alloy's intermediate transition layer not only mitigates the negative impacts due to the high reflectivity of the copper substrate but also helps to minimize the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the substrate and coating. This reduces the overall crack sensitivity and improves the cladding quality of the coating. Besides this, the uniform distribution of hard phases in CLGC, such as Ni11Si12 and Mo5Si3, greatly increases its microhardness compared to the Cu substrate, thus resulting in the value of 478.8 HV0.5 being approximately 8 times that of the Cu substrate. The friction coefficient of CLGC is lowered compared to both the Cu substrate and LGC with respective values of 0.28, 0.54, and 0.43, and its wear rate is only one-third of the Cu substrate's. These results suggest CLGC has excellent anti-wear properties. In addition, the wear mechanism was determined from the microscopic morphology and element distribution and was found to be oxidative and abrasive. This approach combines cold spraying and laser cladding to form a nickel-based gradient coating on a Cu substrate without cracks, holes, or other faults, thus improving the wear resistance of the Cu substrate and improving its usability.

Plasmonic sensor based on offset-splicing and waist-expanded taper using multicore fiber for detection of Aflatoxins B1 in critical sectors.

In this work, authors have developed a portable, sensitive, and quick-response fiber optic sensor that is capable of detection of Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) quantitatively and qualitatively. Using multi-mode fiber (MMF) and multi-core fiber (MCF), the MMF-MCF-MCF-MMF fiber structure based on symmetric transverse offset splicing and waist-expanded taper is fabricated. The evanescent waves are enhanced to form a strong evanescent field by etching the fiber surface with hydrofluoric acid. To successfully excite the localized surface plasmon resonance phenomenon, gold nanoparticles are deposited on the optical fiber probe's surface. Further, to modify the fiber optic probes, Niobium carbide (Nb2CTx) MXene and AFB1 antibodies are functionalized. Nb2CTx MXene is employed to strengthen the biocompatibility of the sensor and increase the specific surface area of the fiber probe, while AFB1 antibody is used to identify AFB1 micro-biomolecules in a specific manner. The reproducibility, reusability, stability, and selectivity of the proposed fiber probe are tested and validated using various concentration of AFB1 solutions. Finally, the linear range, sensitivity, and limit of detection of the sensing probe are determined as 0 - 1000 nM, 11.7 nm/µM, and 26.41 nM, respectively. The sensor offers an indispensable technique, low-cost solution and portability for AFB1-specific detection in agricultural products and their byproducts with its novel optical fiber structure and superior detecting capability. It is also useful for marine species like fish and consequently affecting health of human body.

Optically Active Nanomaterials and Its Biosensing Applications-A Review.

This article discusses optically active nanomaterials and their optical biosensing applications. In addition to enhancing their sensitivity, these nanomaterials also increase their biocompatibility. For this reason, nanomaterials, particularly those based on their chemical compositions, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, inorganic-based nanomaterials, organic-based nanomaterials, and composite-based nanomaterials for biosensing applications are investigated thoroughly. These nanomaterials are used extensively in the field of fiber optic biosensing to improve response time, detection limit, and nature of specificity. Consequently, this article describes contemporary and application-based research that will be of great use to researchers in the nanomaterial-based optical sensing field. The difficulties encountered during the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials are also enumerated, and their future prospects are outlined for the reader's benefit.

Cardiac Troponin I Detection Using Gold/Cerium-Oxide Nanoparticles Assisted Hetro-Core Fiber Structure.

The article describes the development of a hetro-core optical fiber sensor structure based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) solution. This was accomplished by fabricating a single-mode fiber - multimode fiber - single-mode fiber (SMS) structure. Then, fiber structure is immobilized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) to improve its sensing capabilities. An UV-Vis spectrophotometer and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) are used to determine the morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the state of immobilized NPs on the surface of sensing region. The developed sensor probe has a linear range of 0 to 1000 ng/mL cTnI, a sensitivity of 3 pm/(ng/mL), and a limit of detection (LoD) of 108.15 ng/mL. In real time, the proposed sensor will be used in a practice to detect acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

A Novel Superhard, Wear-Resistant, and Highly Conductive Cu-MoSi2 Coating Fabricated by High-Speed Laser Cladding Technique.

The pursuit of an advanced functional coating that simultaneously combines high hardness, wear resistance, and superior electrical conductivity has remained an elusive goal in the field of copper alloy surface enhancement. Traditional solid solution alloying methods often lead to a significant increase in electron scattering, resulting in a notable reduction in electrical conductivity, making it challenging to achieve a balance between high hardness, wear resistance, and high conductivity. The key lies in identifying a suitable microstructure where dislocation motion is effectively hindered while minimizing the scattering of conductive electrons. In this study, a novel Cu-MoSi2 coating was successfully fabricated on a CuCrZr alloy surface using the coaxial powder feeding high-speed laser cladding technique, with the addition of 10-30% MoSi2 particles. The coating significantly enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the copper substrate while maintaining favorable electrical conductivity. As the quantity of MoSi2 particles increases, the coating's hardness and wear resistance gradually improve, with minimal variance in conductivity. Among the coatings, the Cu-30%MoSi2 coating stands out with the highest hardness (974.5 HV0.5) and the lowest wear amount (0.062 mg/km), approximately 15 times the hardness of the copper base material (65 HV0.5) and only 0.45% of the wear amount (13.71 mg/km). Additionally, the coating exhibits a resistivity of 0.173 × 10-6 Ω·m. The extraordinary hardness and wear resistance of these coatings can be attributed to the dispersion strengthening effect of MoxSiy particles, while the high electrical conductivity is due to the low silicon content dissolved into the copper from the released MoSi2 particles, as well as the rapid cooling rates associated with the high-speed laser cladding process.

Evaluation of Taraxacum mongolicum flavonoids in diets for Channa argus based on growth performance, immune responses, apoptosis and antioxidant defense system under lipopolysaccharide stress.

To ascertain the effects of Taraxacum mongolicum flavonoids (TMF) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immune indices, inflammatory response and antioxidant capacity of Channa argus, 400 C. argus with an average body weight of (8.08 ± 0.21) g were selected and divided randomly into four groups. They were fed with four experimental diets supplemented with TMF of 0 (control), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 56 d, and then challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 96 h, afterwards indices were detected. The results manifested that the addition of TMF above 50 mg/kg in the dietary could significantly improve the final body weight, WGR, SGR and PER of C. argus, while decreased FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, the 50 mg/kg group had the highest activity of digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase) in intestine and hepatopancreas, which were notably higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, 100 mg/kg group could effectively inhibit the liver and gut injury caused by LPS and reduce the contents of ALT and AST, LPS and LBP in serum. In the immune (LY, AKP, ACP, IgM, C3) and antioxidant (T-AOC, SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, GR, ASA, MDA) systems, 100 mg/kg groups were the optimal group, which were remarkably higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of genes revealed that 100 mg/kg group could noteworthy restrain the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (tnf-α, il-1ß, il-8) and pro-apoptosis (cas-3,8,9, p53, bax, bcl-2) related genes, up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory (il-10, tgf-ß) factors, antioxidant-related (nrf2, gpx, gst, cat) genes and heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90). Simultaneously, the survival rate of C. argus in the 100 mg/kg TMF-supplemented group was the highest after LPS challenge. Our results elucidate that dietary supplementation TMF protects C. argus from LPS-induced inflammatory injury, to ameliorate digestion, immune response, antioxidant status and apoptosis, implying that TMF could be regarded as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent adding to aquatic animal feed.

Novel Optical Fiber-Based Structures for Plasmonics Sensors.

Optical fiber sensors based on surface plasma technology have many unique advantages in specific applications such as extreme environmental monitoring, physical parameter determination, and biomedical indicators testing. In recent decades, various kinds of fiber probes with special structures were developed according to special processing such as tapering, splicing, etching, fiber balls, grating etc. In this paper, the fabrication technology, characteristics, development status and application scenarios of different special optical fiber structures are briefly reviewed, including common processing equipment. Furthermore, many special novel optical fiber structures reported in recent years are summarized, which have been used in various kinds of plasmonic sensing work. Then, the fiber-plasmonic sensors for practical applications are also introduced and examined in detail. The main aim of this review is to provide guidance and inspiration for researchers to design and fabricate special optical fiber structures, thus facilitating their further research.