[Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Water of Lijiang River Basin].

In order to clarify the pollution levels of heavy metals in the drinking water sources of the Lijiang River Basin, surface water samples were collected from 62 sites throughout the Lijiang River during May 2019. Heavy metals, including As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Hg, Co, and Sb, in the water samples were analysed. Health risk assessments associated with these nine heavy metals were conducted using the health risk assessment model from the US EPA. The results indicated that the order of the average concentrations of heavy metals in the water samples were Mn > Zn > As > Cr > Cu > Sb > Co > Cd > Hg. No heavy metals exceeded the limit values of the drinking water health standards in China (GB 5749-2006), and the concentrations were lower than the limitations of Grade Ⅰ level in the environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838-2002). According to the spatial distribution, the high contents areas of As, Cr, Zn, and Sb were predominantly distributed downstream of the Lijiang River, while the high contents areas of Cd, Cu, Hg, Co, and Mn were mostly distributed in the upper reaches. Multivariate analysis indicated that Cd, Mn, Cu, and Co were primarily from agricultural production; Cr, Zn, and Sb were mainly from tourism transportation; As was predominantly from the weathering of rock parent material and soil erosion; Hg was mainly from the improper disposal of domestic garbage and atmospheric deposition. The results of the health risk assessment indicated that children were more susceptible to the threat of heavy metal pollution than adults, and the average annual risk of carcinogenic heavy metals to human health through drinking water ingestion were higher than those of non-carcinogenic metals. The maximum personal average annual health risk of Cr was higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (5×10-5 a-1). The average annual risk of non-carcinogenic heavy metals (10-14-10-9 a-1) decreased in the order of Co > Cu > Hg > Zn > Sb > Mn, which were far below the maximum allowance levels recommended by the ICRP.

Association between CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Meta analysis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the association between CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) through a Meta analysis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated and English and Chinese databases (PubMed, OVID Database, CBM, CNKI, and Wanfang Data) were searched comprehensively. The studies (from January 1999 to April 2015) related to the association between CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and susceptibility to childhood ALL were collected. STATA 12.0 Software was applied to perform the Meta analysis for the articles included.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 12 articles were included for analysis (11 English articles and 1 Chinese article), which involved 3 355 cases in total. The results of the Meta analysis showed a significant association between CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and susceptibility to childhood ALL (allele model: OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.61; dominant model: OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.13-1.56; codominant model: OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.54). According to the results of a subgroup analysis based on ethnic origin, an increased risk of childhood ALL was observed in both Asian subgroup (dominant model: OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.19-2.08; codominant model: OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.20-2.17) and the Caucasian subgroup (allele model: OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.04-1.63; dominant model: OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.00-1.49).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CYP1A1*2A polymorphism may be associated with the genetic susceptibility to childhood ALL.</p>

Correlations between 6-mercaptopurine treatment-related adverse reactions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and polymorphisms of thiopurine methyltransferase gene / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) treatment-related adverse reactions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and to assess the association between the polymorphisms of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene and these 6-MP related toxicities.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Total RNA was extracted from bone marrow samples of 46 children with ALL and was then reversed to cDNA. TPMT(*)1S and (*)3C were screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) combining with DNA sequencing. Drug toxicities were classified according to national cancer institute-common toxicity criteria version 3.0 (NCI CTC 3.0). The relationship between TPMT gene polymorphisms and the adverse reactions of 6-MP treatment was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the maintenance treatment period, 22% (10/46) of children discontinued 6-MP treatment because of serious adverse reactions. Two children with TPMT(*)3C genotypes presented severe adverse reactions, including 1 child with homozygotic mutation who had 6-MP dose-related myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. The main side effects of 6-MP were myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal reaction. And there were no significant differences between TPMT(*)1S genotypes and severe myelosuppression or hepatotoxicity caused by 6-MP (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TPMT(*)3C may correlate with severe adverse reactions caused by 6-MP.</p>

Relationship between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism and adverse reactions of high-dose methotrexate in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms and toxicities after high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) infusion in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MTHFR variants in 52 children with ALL were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Toxicities of children who received HD-MTX chemotherapy were evaluated according to the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The children carrying MTHFR 1298AC had a higher risk of developing thrombocytopenia compared with the carriers of the 1298 AA genotype (OR=13.7, 95%CI=1.18-159.36, P=0.036). There was no significant difference in HD-MTX chemotherapy-related adverse effects between the patients with different MTHFR C677T or G1793A genotypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>MTHFR A1298C polymorohism may associate with the toxicity of HD-MTX chemotherapy in children with ALL.</p>

Association of single nucleotide polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene with susceptibility to acute leukemia / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess whether polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Chinese Han children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study has included 87 patients with ALL, 22 patients with AML and 120 healthy controls. All subjects were analyzed with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A 677CT genotype of the MTHFR gene was associated with decreased risk of ALL (OR=0.23, 95%CI: 0.07-0.79). However, MTHFR A1298C genotypes were not associated with the risk of either disease. 677TT/1298AA and 677CC/1298AC genotypes were associated with increased risk of ALL(OR=3.78, 95% CI: 1.38-10.40; OR=3.17, 95% CI: 1.18-8.53, respectively), whereas the genotype 677CT/1298AA was associated with susceptibility to AML (OR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.97).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our data suggested that C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene may increase the risk of childhood AML.</p>

Analysis of a G1793A polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in children with acute leukemia / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the distribution of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene G1793A genotype and allele frequency in children with acute leukemia (AL),and to analyze the association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and the risk of AL.Methods Bone marrow samples from 109 childhood patients with AL and peripheral blood samples from 120 control children were obtained to prepare complementary DNAs (cDNAs).The cDNAs were analyzed for MTHFR G1793A polymorphism by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing.Results The frequencies of 1793 GG,GA and AA genotyp(s) in MTHFR of the AL patients,acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients,acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients and the control children were 83.5％,15.6％,0.9％ ;82.8％,16.1％,1.1％ ;86.4％,13.6％,0％ and 89.2％,7.5％,3.3％,respectively.While the A allele frequency of MTHFR G1793A in those group were 8.7％,9.2％,6.8％ and 7.1％,respectively.However,no significant difference was observed in MTHFR G1793A genotypes or A allele frequency between the patients and controls (all P ＞0.05).The MTHFR 1793 GA + AA genotype was linked with an increased risk of AL,ALL and AML (AL:OR =1.71,95％ CI:0.77-3.80,P =0.19;ALL:OR =2.00,95％ CI:0.85-4.49,P =0.12;AML:OR =1.36,95％CI:0.33-5.62,P =0.67),but no significant difference in our population(all P ＞ 0.05).The A allele frequency of MTHFR G1793A in the study was 7.9％,significantly different from those reported in Ashkenazi Jewish,African-American,Brazilian,Austrian,Irau and Harbin populations (all P ＜0.05).Conclusion MTHFR G1793A may be not a genetic susceptibility factor for pediatric AL,but may exhibit an ethnic difference.

ALK gene mutations in childhood neuroblastoma / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate mutations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in Chinese children with neuroblastoma (NB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Genomic DNA was extracted from 22 cases of paraffin-embedding NB tumor tissues. Gene mutations in the exons 20-26 which were mutational hotspots of ALK were analyzed by PCR-DNA direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A novel synonymous mutation C3586T (Leu1196Leu) and a known synonymous mutation C3375A (Gly1125Gly) were found and located at exon 23 and exon 21 of ALK respectively. There were 10 cases (46%) of known synonymous mutation C3375A in 22 cases of NB. The C3375A allelic frequency was 27%. No statistically significant correlation was found between mutation C3375A and clinical parameters of NB such as age, sex, metastasis and tumor differentiation. Mutation was not found in the other 5 exons.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A novel ALK gene synonymous mutation C3586T was identified using PCR-DNA sequencing. A known mutation C3375A in ALK was successfully identified in children, and its incidence is not influenced by the clinical features of childhood NB.</p>

Analysis of a 452C/T single nucleotide polymorphism in γ-glutamyl hydrolase gene in children with acute leukemia / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of γ-glutamyl hydrolase gene (GGH) 452C/T genotype and allele frequency in children with acute leukemia (AL) and healthy children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bone marrow samples from 92 children with AL and peripheral blood samples from 124 healthy children were obtained to prepare complementary DNAs (cDNAs). The cDNAs were analyzed for a GGH 452C/T polymorphism by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (RT-PCR-DGGE) and direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of the AL patients with TT, CT and CC genotypes were 2.2%, 13.0% and 84.8%, and the frequencies of the control children were 1.6%, 16.9% and 81.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in GGH genotype or T allele frequency between the two groups (P> 0.05). However, the T allele frequency in Han Chinese children was significantly different from those reported in Japanese, Mexican and African-American populations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The frequency of 452C/T polymorphism of GGH gene in Han Chinese children has been determined. The results suggested that an ethnic difference may exist.</p>

A novel missense mutation of folypolyglutamate synthetase gene / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine allelic frequencies of coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of folypolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) gene in Chinese Han children with acute leukemia (AL), in order to provide a basis for detecting the relationship between FPGS genetic polymorphisms and tumor individualized chemotherapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>cSNPs of exon 5 were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in 91 children with AL and 124 children with upper respiratory infection as controls. Genotypes and allelic frequencies were examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A novel missense mutation, 502/490 T>C (L151/101P), was found in exon 5 of FPGS from control children. The novel mutation was found in mitochondrial variants in two cases and cytosolic variants in three cases. The cytosolic and mitochondrial variants displayed allelic frequencies of 0.70 % and 0.47 % respectively. The novel mutation was not associated with susceptibility to AL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A novel missense mutation 502/490 T>C (L151/101P) in exon 5 of FPGS gene is firstly found in Chinese Han children, and the cytosolic and mitochondrial variants display allelic frequencies of 0.70 % and 0.47 % respectively.</p>

Association of single nucleotide polymorphism of reduced folate carrier gene with susceptibility to acute leukemia / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the allele and genotype frequencies of reduced folate carrier gene (RFC) 80G/A polymorphism in Chinese patients with acute leukemia (AL) and healthy control children, and to provide clue for association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of RFC and the occurrence of AL.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bone marrow samples from 98 childhood patients with AL and peripheral blood samples from 135 healthy children were obtained to prepare complementary DNAs (cDNAs). The cDNAs were analyzed for the polymorphisms in RFC 80G/A by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (RT-PCR-DGGE) and direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The A allele frequencies of the AL patients and control children were 0.515 and 0.415, respectively (P< 0.05). Chi-square test confirmed a statistical significance of the association between RFC80 G/A and AL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RFC 80AA or GA genotype may contribute to increasing the susceptibility to AL.</p>