Advances and challenges in the development of periodontitis vaccines: A comprehensive review.

Periodontitis is a prevalent polymicrobial disease. It damages soft tissues and alveolar bone, and causes a significant public-health burden. Development of an advanced therapeutic approach and exploration of vaccines against periodontitis hold promise as potential treatment avenues. Clinical trials for a periodontitis vaccine are lacking. Therefore, it is crucial to address the urgent need for developing strategies to implement vaccines at the primary level of prevention in public health. A deep understanding of the principles and mechanisms of action of vaccines plays a crucial role in the successful development of vaccines and their clinical translation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of potential directions for the development of highly efficacious periodontitis vaccines. In addition, we address the limitations of these endeavors and explore future possibilities for the development of an efficacious vaccine against periodontitis.

Risk factors associated with temporomandibular joint disorder: A mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), a prevalent orofacial disorder with complex aetiologies and considerable socioeconomic costs. This underscores the critical importance of developing a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with TMD, as existing research is hindered by deficiencies in establishing causal relationships and the limitations of traditional research methodologies. OBJECTIVES: This research explores the causal link between certain risk factors and temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) through Mendelian randomization (MR), providing multidimensional perspectives in addressing this worldwide health issue. METHODS: Utilizing instrumental variables, we applied advanced statistical methods, including the weighted median, inverse variance weighted (IVW) and MR-Egger, to evaluate the impact of twelve potential risk factors on TMD. RESULTS: Our results identified a significant positive association of TMD with malocclusion (p < .001), sleeping disorders (p = .006), anxiety (p = .002), major depression (p = .0002), daily cigarettes consumption (p = .029) and autoimmune diseases (p = .039). Conversely, a negative association was observed with educational attainment (p = .003). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that malocclusion, sleeping disorders, anxiety, major depression, daily cigarettes consumption and autoimmune diseases, could potentially increase TMD risk while educational attainment might mitigate its increase. No direct causal relationships were established between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, menopause, frequent alcohol consumption, coffee intake and severely worn dentition and TMD.

Ethanolic extract from Sophora moorcroftiana inhibit cell proliferation and alter the mechanical properties of human cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Previous studies have shown that the ethanol extract of Sophora moorcroftiana seeds (EESMS) possesses an antiproliferative effect on several tumors in vitro. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the impact of EESMS on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell proliferation. METHODS: The proliferation and apoptotic effects of HeLa cells treated with EESMS were evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Single-cell level atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to detect the mechanical properties of HeLa cells, and proteomics and bioinformatics methods were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of EESMS. RESULTS: EESMS treatment inhibited HeLa cell proliferation by blocking the G0/G1 phase, increasing the expression of Caspase-3 and affecting its mechanical properties, and the EESMS indicated no significant inhibitory effect on mouse fibroblasts L929 cell line. In total, 218 differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and eight differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in various cellular and biological processes. CONCLUSION: This study provides a perspective on how cells change through biomechanics and a further theoretical foundation for the future application of Sophora moorcroftiana as a novel low-toxicity chemotherapy medication for treating human cervical cancer.

Isocorydine Exerts Anticancer Activity by Disrupting the Energy Metabolism and Filamentous Actin Structures of Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells.

Isocorydine (ICD) exhibits strong antitumor effects on numerous human cell lines. However, the anticancer activity of ICD against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been reported. The anticancer activity, migration and invasion ability, and changes in the cytoskeleton morphology and mechanical properties of ICD in OSCC were determined. Changes in the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzymes Ⅰ-Ⅳ in cancer cells were studied. ICD significantly inhibited the proliferation of oral tongue squamous cells (Cal-27), with an IC50 of 0.61 mM after 24 h of treatment. The invasion, migration, and adhesion of cancer cells were decreased, and cytoskeletal actin was deformed and depolymerized. In comparison to an untreated group, the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzymes I-IV were significantly decreased by 50.72%, 27.39%, 77.27%, and 73.89%, respectively. The ROS production increased, the MMP decreased by 43.65%, and the ATP content decreased to 17.1 ± 0.001 (mmol/mL); ultimately, the apoptosis rate of cancer cells increased up to 10.57% after 24 h of action. These findings suggest that ICD exerted an obvious anticancer activity against OSCC and may inhibit Cal-27 proliferation and growth by causing mitochondrial dysfunction and interrupting cellular energy.

Define of Optimal Addition Period of Osteogenic Peptide to Accelerate the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

BACKGROUND: The addition of growth factiors is commonly applied to improve the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. However, for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), their complex differentiation processes result in the unknown effect at different stages. In this study, we focused on the widely used bone forming peptide-1 (BFP-1) and investigated the effect and mechanisms of its addition on the osteogenic induction of hPSCs as a function of the supplementation period. METHODS: Monolayer-cultured hPSCs were cultured in osteogenic induction medium for 28 days, and the effect of BFP-1 peptide addition at varying weeks was examined. After differentiation for varying days (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28), the differentiation efficiency was determined by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and alizarin red staining assays. Moreover, the expression of marker genes related to germ layers and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated at day 7. RESULTS: Peptide treatment during the first week promoted the generation of mesoderm cells and mesenchymal-like cells from hiPSCs. Then, the upregulated expression of osteogenesis marker genes/proteins was detected in both hESCs and hiPSCs during subsequent inductions with BFP-1 peptide treatment. Fortunately, further experimental design confirmed that treating the BFP-1 peptide during 7-21 days showed even better performance for hESCs but was ineffective for hiPSCs. CONCLUSION: The differentiation efficiency of cells could be improved by determining the optimal treatment period. Our study has great value in maximizing the differentiation of hPSCs by adding osteogenesis peptides based on the revealed mechanisms and promoting the application of hPSCs in bone tissue regeneration.

Carbon dots and composite materials with excellent performances in cancer-targeted bioimaging and killing: a review.

Carbon dots (CDs) are nanomaterials with excellent properties, including good biocompatibility, small size, ideal photoluminescence and surface modification, and are becoming one of the most attractive nanomaterials for the imaging, detection and treatment of tumors. Based on these advantages, CDs can be combined other materials to obtain composite particles with improved, even new, performance, mainly in photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This paper reviews the research progress of CDs and their composites in targeted tumor imaging, detection, diagnosis, drug delivery and tumor killing. It also discusses and proposes the challenges and perspectives of their future applications in these fields. This review provides ideas for future applications of novel CD-based materials in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Design of carbon dots for bioimaging and behavior regulation of stem cells.

Carbon dots (CDs) have been widely used in bioimaging, biosensing and biotherapy because of their good biocompatibility, optical properties and stability. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the research on CDs in terms of synthesis methods, optical properties and biotoxicity. We describe and envisage the directions for CDs application in stem cell imaging and differentiation, with the aim of stimulating the design of future related CDs. We used 'carbon dots', 'stem cells', 'cell imaging', 'cell differentiation' and 'fate control' as keywords to search for important articles. The Web of Science database was used to extract vital information from a total of 357 papers, 126 review articles and 231 article proceedings within 12 years (2011-2022).

Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of the Phosphate Transporter Gene Family in Sorghum.

The phosphate transporter (PHT) family mediates the uptake and translocation of the essential macronutrient phosphorus (P) in plants. In this study, 27 PHT proteins in Sorghum were identified via bioinformatics tools. Phylogenetic analysis of their protein sequences in comparison with those family proteins from Arabidopsis and rice indicated that these proteins could be clustered into five typical subfamilies. There are 12 SbPHT1 members, one SbPHT2, six SbPHT3s, six SbPHT4s, and two SbPHOs in Sorghum. Further analysis of the gene structure, conserved motifs, subcellular localization, and transmembrane domains suggested that these features are relatively conserved within each subfamily. Meanwhile, the qRT-PCR assay implied that SbPHT1;2, SbPHT1;11, and SbPHT4;6 were significantly upregulated in roots when exposed to low-phosphate conditions, suggesting that these genes might be involved in P uptake in low-phosphate conditions. Our study will increase our understanding of the roles of phosphate transporters in Sorghum.