Mordida aberta anterior e mordida cruzada posterior na dentição decídua em crianças nascidas pré-termo e a termo / Anterior open bite and posterior crossbite in deciduos dentition among preterm and full term children

Maloclusões podem ter como fatores etiológicos os hábitos de sucção não nutritiva. Estes hábitos, se praticados em períodos prolongados, intensos e com frequência, podem modificar o equilíbrio de bochechas, lábios e língua, ocasionando maloclusões, como mordida aberta anterior (MAA) e mordida cruzada posterior (MCP). Os hábitos de sucção digital ou chupeta podem ser mais prevalentes em crianças nascidas pré-termo comparadas às nascidas a termo, especialmente se necessitaram de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) e uso de sonda orogástrica, aumentando risco para maloclusões. Objetivou-se comparar a presença de MAA e MCP, associadas a hábitos de sucção digital e/ou chupeta, em crianças nascidas pré-termo e a termo. Foram usados dados secundários provenientes de prontuários odontológicos de 93 pacientes entre 18 a 38 meses, atendidos no Projeto de Extensão "Estratégias de Promoção de Saúde Bucal para Bebês" (disciplina de Odontopediatria - UFES). Os dados foram tabulados pelo SPSS e analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado. Apresentaram MAA 26,8% das crianças e MCP 7,5%; 37,6% manifestaram hábitos de sucção e 12,9% já tinham interrompido. A presença de MAA e MCP em crianças com hábitos de sucção digital e/ou chupeta foi verificada em 30,1%, sendo diretamente associada com a prematuridade (p = 0,041), internação em UTIN (p = 0,041) e utilização de intubação orotraqueal e/ou sonda orogástrica (p = 0,018). Concluiu-se que as maloclusões MAA e MCP associadas a hábitos de sucção digital e/ou chupeta foram mais frequentes em crianças nascidas pré-termo, entre aquelas internadas em UTIN e que usaram intubação orotraqueal e/ou sonda orogástrica (AU)

Malocclusions may have etiological factors as non-nutritive sucking habits. If these habits are practiced in prolonged, intense and frequent periods, they might disturb the balance among cheeks, lips and tongue, causing anterior open bite (AOB) and posterior crossbite (PCB) malocclusions. Fingersucking and pacifier sucking habits may be more prevalent in preterm children compared to those born full term, especially if the newborn required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and use of orogastric tube. This study aimed to compare the presence of AOB and PCB, associated to finger and/or pacifier sucking habits, in infants born preterm and full term. Secondary data were collected from dental records of 93 patients between 18 to 38 months old, treated in the Extension Project "Strategies of Oral Health Promotion for Infants" (Pediatric Dentistry - UFES). Data were tabulated using SPSS software and analyzed by chi-square test. 26.9% of infants showed AOB and 7.5% PCB; 37.6% manifested sucking habits as 12.9% have already stopped. The presence of AOB and PCB in infants with finger and/or pacifier sucking habits was found in 30.1% and directly correlated to prematurity (p = 0.041), admission to NICU (p = 0.041) and use of orogastric tube and/or orotracheal intubation (p = 0.018). It was concluded that AOB and PCB malocclusions associated with finger and/or pacifier sucking were more frequently observed in preterm born infants, among those who were admitted to NICU and submitted to orotracheal intubation and/or use of orogastric tube (AU)

Factores que dificultan la alimentación por vía oral del anciano hospitalizado / Fatores que dificultam a alimentação por via oral do idoso hospitalizado / Factors that make it difficult the oral feeding in elderly hospitalized

Identificar los factores que dificultan la alimentación por vía oral en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados. Es esta una investigación cualitativa, con delineamiento transversal, desarrollada con 111 ancianos hospitalizados en una institución hospitalaria ubicada en el sur del Rio Grande do Sul. Para recolección de datos se ha utilizado un instrumento denominado Escala de Evaluación Alimentaria para el Anciano Hospitalizado. Ha sido realizado un análisis factorial y descriptivo. Los datos cuantitativos generados fueron digitalizados y organizados en el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 20.0. Fueron identificados cuatro valores relacionados con la dificultad de alimentación por vía oral por los ancianos hospitalizados: factores ambientales, alimentarios, fisiológicos y los relacionados con el equipo de salud. Los factores ambientales se destacaron como aquellos que más dificultan la alimentación por vía oral de los pacientes ancianos hospitalizados, más fielmente los ítems que contemplan el dolor, la depresión y el uso/ acción de las medicinas (AU)

Identificar os fatores que mais dificultam a alimentação por via oral em pacientes idosos hospitalizados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, com delineamento transversal, desenvolvida com 111 idosos hospitalizados em uma instituição hospitalar localizada ao sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Para coleta de dados foi utilizado um instrumento denominado Escala de Avaliação Alimentar para o Idoso Hospitalizado. Foi realizada análise fatorial e descritiva. Os dados quantitativos gerados foram digitalizados e organizados no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0. Foram identificados quatro fatores relacionados a dificuldade de alimentação por via oral pelos idosos hospitalizados: fatores ambientais, alimentares, fisiológicos e os relacionados a equipe de saúde. Os fatores ambientais se destacaram como aqueles que mais dificultam a alimentação por via oral dos pacientes idosos hospitalizados, mais precisamente os itens que contemplam a dor, a depressão e o uso/ação de medicamentos (AU)

It aims to identify the factors that make it difficult the oral feeding in hospitalized elderly patients. This is a quantitative research with cross-sectional design, developed with 111 elderly hospitalized in a hospital located south of Rio Grande do Sul. For data collection it was used an instrument called Food Rating Scale for the Elderly Hospitalized. A factorial and descriptive analysis was performed. The quantitative data produced were scanned and organized in the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0. It was identified four factors related to the difficulty at oral feeding by the hospitalized elderly: environmental factors, eating, physiological and the ones related to the health team. Environmental factors stood out as those that cause the oral feeding to be more difficult in hospitalized elderly patients, specifically the items that include pain, depression and the use/action of drugs (AU)

The relation between xyr1 overexpression in Trichoderma harzianum and sugarcane bagasse saccharification performance.

This work investigates the influence of the positive regulator XYR1 of Trichoderma harzianum on the production of cellulolytic enzymes, using sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. Constitutive expression of xyr1 was achieved under the control of the strong Trichoderma reesei pki1 promoter. Five clones with xyr1 overexpression achieved higher xyr1 expression and greater enzymatic productivity when cultivated under submerged fermentation, hence validating the genetic construction for T. harzianum. Clone 5 presented a relative expression of xyr1 26-fold higher than the parent strain and exhibited 66, 37, and 36% higher values for filter paper activity, xylanase activity, and ß-glucosidase activity, respectively, during cultivation in a stirred-tank bioreactor. The overexpression of xyr1 in T. harzianum resulted in an enzymatic complex with significantly improved performance in sugarcane bagasse saccharification, with an enhancement of 25% in the first 24h. Our results also show that constitutive overexpression of xyr1 leads to the induction of several important players in biomass degradation at early (24h) and also late (48h) timepoints of inoculation. However, we also observed that the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 was upregulated in xyr1 overexpression mutants. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of improving cellulase production by modifying regulator expression and suggest an attractive approach for increasing total cellulase productivity in T. harzianum.

Myceliophthora thermophila M77 utilizes hydrolytic and oxidative mechanisms to deconstruct biomass.

Biomass is abundant, renewable and useful for biofuel production as well as chemical priming for plastics and composites. Deconstruction of biomass by enzymes is perceived as recalcitrant while an inclusive breakdown mechanism remains to be discovered. Fungi such as Myceliophthora thermophila M77 appear to decompose natural biomass sources quite well. This work reports on this fungus fermentation property while producing cellulolytic enzymes using natural biomass substrates. Little hydrolytic activity was detected, insufficient to explain the large amount of biomass depleted in the process. Furthermore, this work makes a comprehensive account of extracellular proteins and describes how secretomes redirect their qualitative protein content based on the nature and chemistry of the nutritional source. Fungus grown on purified cellulose or on natural biomass produced secretomes constituted by: cellobiohydrolases, cellobiose dehydrogenase, ß-1,3 glucanase, ß-glucosidases, aldose epimerase, glyoxal oxidase, GH74 xyloglucanase, galactosidase, aldolactonase and polysaccharide monooxygenases. Fungus grown on a mixture of purified hemicellulose fractions (xylans, arabinans and arabinoxylans) produced many enzymes, some of which are listed here: xylosidase, mixed ß-1,3(4) glucanase, ß-1,3 glucanases, ß-glucosidases, ß-mannosidase, ß-glucosidases, galactosidase, chitinases, polysaccharide lyase, endo ß-1,6 galactanase and aldose epimerase. Secretomes produced on natural biomass displayed a comprehensive set of enzymes involved in hydrolysis and oxidation of cellulose, hemicellulose-pectin and lignin. The participation of oxidation reactions coupled to lignin decomposition in the breakdown of natural biomass may explain the discrepancy observed for cellulose decomposition in relation to natural biomass fermentation experiments.

Enhanced cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum by cultivation on glycerol followed by induction on cellulosic substrates.

The use of glycerol obtained as an intermediate of the biodiesel manufacturing process as carbon source for microbial growth is a potential alternative strategy for the production of enzymes and other high-value bioproducts. This work evaluates the production of cellulase enzymes using glycerol for high cell density growth of Trichoderma harzianum followed by induction with a cellulosic material. Firstly, the influence of the carbon source used in the pre-culture step was investigated in terms of total protein secretion and fungal morphology. Enzymatic productivity was then determined for cultivation strategies using different types and concentrations of carbon source, as well as different feeding procedures (batch and fed-batch). The best strategy for cellulase production was then further studied on a larger scale using a stirred tank bioreactor. The proposed strategy for cellulase production, using glycerol to achieve high cell density growth followed by induction with pretreated sugarcane bagasse, achieved enzymatic activities up to 2.27 ± 0.37 FPU/mL, 106.40 ± 8.87 IU/mL, and 9.04 ± 0.39 IU/mL of cellulase, xylanase, and ß-glucosidase, respectively. These values were 2 times higher when compared to the control experiments using glucose instead of glycerol. This novel strategy proved to be a promising approach for improving cellulolytic enzymes production, and could potentially contribute to adding value to biomass within the biofuels sector.

Enhancing of sugar cane bagasse hydrolysis by Annulohypoxylon stygium glycohydrolases.

The aim of this study was to develop a bioprocess for the production of ß-glucosidase and pectinase from the fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium DR47. Media optimization and bioreactor cultivation using citrus bagasse and soybean bran were explored and revealed a maximum production of 6.26 U/mL of pectinase at pH 4.0 and 10.13 U/mL of ß-glucosidase at pH 5.0. In addition, the enzymes extracts were able to replace partially Celluclast 1.5L in sugar cane bagasse hydrolysis. Proteomic analysis from A. stygium cultures revealed accessory enzymes, mainly belong to the families GH3 and GH54, that would support enhancement of commercial cocktail saccharification yields. This is the first report describing bioreactor optimization for enzyme production from A. stygium with a view for more efficient degradation of sugar cane bagasse.

Addition of feruloyl esterase and xylanase produced on-site improves sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis.

Accessory enzymes that assist biomass degradation could be used to improve the recovery of fermentable sugar for use in biorefineries. In this study, different fungal strains isolated from the Amazon rainforest were evaluated in terms of their ability to produce feruloyl esterase (FAE) and xylanase enzymes, and an assessment was made of the contributions of the enzymes in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. In the selection step, screening using plate assays was followed by shake flask submerged cultivations. After carbon source selection and cultivation in a stirred-tank bioreactor, Aspergillusoryzae P21C3 proved to be a promising strain for production of the enzymes. Supplementation of a commercial enzyme preparation with 30% (v/v) crude enzymatic complex from A. oryzae P21C3 increased the conversion of cellulose derived from pretreated sugarcane bagasse by 36%. Supplementation with FAE and xylanase enzymes produced on-site can therefore be used to improve the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse.

Avaliação dos fatores que dificultam a alimentação de idosos hospitalizados / Evaluation of the factors that make eating of hospitalized elderly difficult

Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores que dificultam a alimentação de idosos hospitalizados. Realizou-se pesquisa quantitativa, com delineamento transversal, desenvolvida com 92 idosos hospitalizados em duas instituições hospitalares do sul do Brasil, entre janeiro e setembro de 2012. Para coleta de dados, foi utilizada Escala de Avaliação Alimentar para o Idoso Hospitalizado. Realizou-se análise fatorial e descritiva dos dados. Foram identificados quatro fatores relacionados à dificuldade de alimentação dos idosos hospitalizados: fatores ambientais, alimentares, da equipe de saúde e fisiológicos. Os fatores ambientais se destacaram como os que mais dificultavam a alimentação dos idosos. Concluiu-se que os fatores identificados poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que visem garantir que a alimentação dos idosos ocorra de forma efetiva durante o período de internação hospitalar...

This study is aimed at evaluating the factors that hinder the eating of hospitalized elderly. It is a quantitative and crosssectionalresearch, made with 92 hospitalized elderly patients in two hospitals in southern Brazil, between January andSeptember 2012. For data collection an instrument called Eating Assessment Scale for the Elderly Hospitalized was used. Afactorial and descriptive data analysis was made. Four factors related to the difficulty of eating in hospitalized elderly wereidentified: environmental factors, food, health team and physiological factors. The environmental factors were highlighted asthe most difficult concerning eating of the elderly. It is concluded that the identified factors can contribute to the developmentof strategies which are aimed at assuring that the eating of the elderly occurs effectively during the period of hospitalization...

El objetivo fue evaluar los factores que dificultan la alimentación de ancianos hospitalizados. Investigación cuantitativa, condiseño transversal, desarrollada con 92 pacientes ancianos hospitalizados en dos hospitales del sur del Brasil, entre enero yseptiembre de 2012. Por recolección de datos, fue utilizada la Escala de Evaluación Alimenticia para Anciano Hospitalizado.Se realizó análisis factorial y descriptivo de los datos. Fueron identificados cuatro factores relacionados a la dificultad dealimentación de ancianos hospitalizados: factores ambientales, alimenticios, del equipo de salud y fisiológicos. Los factoresambientales se destacaron como los que más dificultaban la alimentación de los ancianos. En conclusión, los factoresidentificados podrán contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias destinadas a garantizar que la alimentación de los ancianosocurra efectivamente durante el período de internación hospitalaria...

Increased production of cellulases and xylanases by Penicillium echinulatum S1M29 in batch and fed-batch culture.

The development of more productive strains of microorganisms and processes that increase enzyme levels can contribute to the economically efficient production of second generation ethanol. To this end, cellulases and xylanases were produced with the S1M29 mutant strain of Penicillium echinulatum, using different concentrations of cellulose (20, 40, and 60 g L(-1)) in batch and fed-batch processes. The highest activities of FPase (8.3 U mL(-1)), endoglucanases (37.3 U mL(-1)), and xylanases (177 U mL(-1)) were obtained in fed-batch cultivation with 40 g L(-1) of cellulose. The P. echinulatum enzymatic broth and the commercial enzyme Cellic CTec2 were tested for hydrolysis of pretreated sugar cane bagasse. Maximum concentrations of glucose and xylose were achieved after 72 h of hydrolysis. Glucose yields of 28.0% and 27.0% were obtained using the P. echinulatum enzymatic extract and Cellic CTec2, respectively.

Understanding the cellulolytic system of Trichoderma harzianum P49P11 and enhancing saccharification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse by supplementation with pectinase and α-L-arabinofuranosidase.

Supplementation of cellulase cocktails with accessory enzymes can contribute to a higher hydrolytic capacity in releasing fermentable sugars from plant biomass. This study investigated which enzymes were complementary to the enzyme set of Trichoderma harzianum in the degradation of sugarcane bagasse. Specific activities of T. harzianum extract on different substrates were compared with the extracts of Penicillium echinulatum and Trichoderma reesei, and two commercial cellulase preparations. Complementary analysis of the secretome of T. harzianum was also used to identify which enzymes were produced during growth on pretreated sugarcane bagasse. These analyses enabled the selection of the enzymes pectinase and α-L-arabinofuranosidase (AF) to be further investigated as supplements to the T. harzianum extract. The effect of enzyme supplementation on the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse saccharification was evaluated using response surface methodology. The supplementation of T. harzianum enzymatic extract with pectinase and AF increased the efficiency of hydrolysis by up to 116%.

Experimental mixture design as a tool to enhance glycosyl hydrolases production by a new Trichoderma harzianum P49P11 strain cultivated under controlled bioreactor submerged fermentation.

This work investigates the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) profile of a new Trichoderma harzianum strain cultivated under controlled bioreactor submerged fermentation. The influence of different medium components (delignified steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse, sucrose, and soybean flour) on GH biosynthesis was assessed using experimental mixture design (EMD). Additionally, the effect of increased component concentrations in culture media selected from the EMD was studied. It was found that that a mixed culture medium could significantly maximize GH biosynthesis rate, especially for xylanase enzymes which achieved a 2-fold increment. Overall, it was demonstrated that T. harzianumP49P11 enzymes have a great potential to be used in the deconstruction of biomass.

Early weaning programs rats to have a dietary preference for fat and palatable foods in adulthood.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of early weaning on alimentary preference for the macronutrients protein, carbohydrate and fat in adult rats. Male Wistar rat pups were weaned by separation from the mother at 15 (D15) or 30 (D30) days old. Body weight and food intake were measured every 30 days until pups were 150 days old. At 110 days of age, the alimentary preference was evaluated for 1h on 3 consecutive days. At 120 days of age, the palatable diet test was conducted during 3 consecutive 24-h periods. Body weight and food intake were not altered, but early weaning in rats induced an alimentary preference to fat and hyperphagia of a palatable diet. In conclusion, early weaning, although did not modify body weight or basal food intake, promoted an increased preference for palatable and fatty foods. This demonstrates that early weaning is not capable of promoting perceptible alterations of alimentary behavior under normal laboratory conditions. However, in the presence of a stimulating factor such as a choice of nutrients or a palatable diet, a possible latent effect on dietary preferences may become apparent. Over the long term, this preference for foods with high caloric density can lead to obesity and metabolic perturbations.