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The present study aimed to determine microbial community, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and volatilome of Bulang pickled tea during fermentation. Sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS revealed that Bualng pickled tea was dominated by Lactobacillus plantarum, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified Debaryomyces, Candida metapsilosis, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and unclassified Aspergillus. The overall contents of SCFAs increased, with acetic acid showing the highest content. A total of 398 differential volatile metabolites were detected using differential metabolomics analysis. Out of these different volatile compounds, ten key volatile compounds including (Z)-4-heptenal, 1-(2-thienyl)-ethanone, 5-methyl-(E)-2-hepten-4-one, 2-ethoxy-3-methylpyrazine, p-cresol, 2-methoxy-phenol, ethy-4-methylvalerate, 3-ethyl-phenol, p-menthene-8-thiol, and 2-s-butyl-3-methoxypyrazinewere were screened based on odor activity value (OAV). The Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation of SCFAs and volatile compounds with microorganisms, especially L. plantarum and C. sphaerospermum. This study provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the flavor quality formation mechanism of Bulang pickled tea.
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Bacterias , Fermentación , Té , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Té/química , Té/microbiología , Té/metabolismo , Microbiota , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/análisis , Camellia sinensis/metabolismo , Camellia sinensis/química , Camellia sinensis/microbiología , Hongos/metabolismo , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/genética , Odorantes/análisisRESUMEN
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to improve gut dysbiosis in dogs; however, it has not completely been understood in police dogs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FMT on performance and gut microflora in Kunming police dogs. Twenty Wolf Cyan dogs were randomly assigned to receive physiological saline or fecal suspension at low, medium, or high doses through oral gavage for 14 days. Growth performance, police performance, serum biochemical profiling, and gut microflora were determined 2-week post-FMT. Dogs after FMT treatment were also subjected to an hour road transportation and then were evaluated for serum stress indicators. Overall, FMT enhanced the growth performance and alleviated diarrhea rate in Kunming dogs with the greatest effects occurring in the low dose FMT (KML) group. The improvement of FMT on police performance was also determined. These above alterations were accompanied by changed serum biochemical parameters as indicated by elevated total protein and albumin and reduced total cholesterol and glycerol. Furthermore, the serum stress indicators after road transportation in dog post-FMT significantly decreased. Increased bacterial diversity and modified bacterial composition were found in the feces of dogs receiving FMT. The fecal samples from FMT dogs were characterized by higher abundances of the genera Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium and lower concentrations of Cetobacterium, Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus. The present study supports a potential benefit of FMT on police performance in Kunming dogs. KEY POINTS: ⢠FMT improves the growth performance and reduces diarrhea rates in Kunming police dogs. ⢠FMT alleviates the serum stress profiles after road transportation in Kunming police dogs. ⢠FMT modifies the gut microbiota composition of Kunming police dogs.
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Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Perros de Trabajo , Perros , Animales , Heces , Bifidobacterium , DiarreaRESUMEN
The adult worker bees were fed sucrose syrup or sucrose syrup supplemented with Lactobacillus helveticus KM7, prebiotic isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO), or L. helveticus KM7 combined with IMO. Survival rate, gut microbiota, and gene expression of gut antimicrobial peptides in worker honey bees were determined. Administration of L. helveticus KM7 and IMO significantly increased the survival rate in worker bees relative to bees fed sucrose only. Then, higher concentration of both lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium in the gut and lower counts of gut fungi, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella were observed in bees fed the combination of KM7 and IMO compared with control bees. The combination of L. helveticus KM7 with IMO showed a greater or comparable modulating effect on those bacteria relative to either KM7 or IMO alone. Furthermore, the combination treatment of L. helveticus KM7 and IMO enhanced mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, including Abaecin, Defensin, and the gene encoding prophenoloxidase (PPO) in the gut compared with both control bees and those either L. helveticus KM7 or IMO alone. These results suggest that the combination of L. helveticus KM7 and IMO synergistically modifies the gut microbiota and immunity and consequently improves the survival rate of Apis cerana adult workers.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Lactobacillus helveticus , Abejas , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Bacterias , Sacarosa , InmunidadRESUMEN
Previous studies have shown that social categorization can induce an own-group face recognition bias. However, similar and better other-group face recognition emerged recently. In this research, we aimed to examine whether competitive cues and group status accompanied by social categorization can modulate the inter-group face recognition bias. Moreover, we investigated how the group identification of individuals with different statuses affected the inter-group face recognition bias. The results indicated that an own-group face recognition bias emerged for targets with in-group labels compared to out-group labels. Moreover, when the group labels signaled competitive cues, the own-group face recognition bias was reversed. Furthermore, low-status and similar-status individuals exhibited out-group face recognition bias, but high-status individuals did not. In addition, the higher the in-group identification scores of participants from the low-status group, the stronger the out-group face recognition bias. These results suggested that competitive cues would reverse the own-group face recognition bias and the group status would play a modulating role in face recognition bias.
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This study aimed to investigate the probiotic potential of gut indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) originated from Apis cerana. Six Limosilactobacillus reuteri and one Lactobacillus helveticus were isolated from gut samples of A. cerana adult worker bee. All isolates antagonized the growth of pathogens including Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, and Flavobacterium frigidimaris, and L. helveticus KM7 showed the greatest antimicrobial activity among them. All strains were sensitive to cefotaxime, amoxicillin, cephalothin, penicillin G, kanamycin, and vancomycin, moderately sensitive to novobiocin and resistant to gentamicin. Six out of seven strains were sensitive to ampicillin. L. helveticus KM7 was chosen to evaluate in vivo probiotic effect of adult worker bees of A. cerana through fed sucrose syrup supplemented with KM7. Administration of KM7 increased survival rate and gut LAB but decreased gut fungi and Enterococcus in honeybees. Expressions of genes related to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including Abaecin and Defensin were also induced in the gut of honeybees. The results suggested that L. helveticus KM7 with greater probiotic properties could improve the survival rate of adult worker honeybees of A. cerana through regulating gut microbiota and AMPs genes expression.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Lactobacillales , Probióticos , Animales , Abejas , Enterococcus , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Lactobacillus/fisiología , Probióticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) ST was isolated from De'ang pickled tea in Yunnan Province, China. The genomes of strain ST were fully sequenced and analyzed using the PacBio RS II sequencing system. Our previous study has shown that L. plantarum ST is a potential probiotic strain. It had strong tolerance in the simulated artificial gastrointestinal tract, and in the antagonism tests, this strain showed strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, as a probiotic, it may be used in animal breeding. L. plantarum ST genome was composed of 1 circular chromosome and 7 plasmids. The length of the whole genome was 3320817 bp, and the annular chromosome size was 3058984 bp, guanine + cytosine (G ± C) content (%) was 44.76%, which contained 2945 protein-coding sequences (CDS). This study will contribute to a further comprehensive understanding of L. Plantarum ST at the genomic level and provide a theoretical basis for its future application in animal breeding.
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This study aimed to investigate in vitro effects of the selected prebiotics alone, and in combination with two potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains on the microbial composition of Apis cerana gut microbiota and acid production. Four prebiotics, inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, and isomalto-oligosaccharides were chosen, and glucose served as the carbon source. Supplementation of this four prebiotics increased numbers of Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria while decreasing the pH value of in vitro fermentation broth inoculated with A. cerana gut microbiota compared to glucose. Then, two potential probiotics derived from A. cerana gut at different dosages, Lactobacillus helveticus KM7 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri LP4 were added with isomalto-oligosaccharides in fermentation broth inoculated with A. cerana gut microbiota, respectively. The most pronounced impact was observed with isomalto-oligosaccharides. Compared to isomalto-oligosaccharides alone, the combination of isomalto-oligosaccharides with both lactobacilli strains induced the growth of Bifidobacterium, LAB, and total bacteria and reduced the proliferation of Enterococcus and fungi. Consistent with these results, the altered metabolic activity was observed as lowered pH in in vitro culture of gut microbiota supplemented with isomalto-oligosaccharides and lactobacilli strains. The symbiotic impact varied with the types and concentration of Lactobacillus strains and fermentation time. The more effective ability was observed with IMO combined with L. helveticus KM7. These results suggested that isomalto-oligosaccharides could be a potential prebiotic and symbiotic with certain lactobacilli strains on A. cerana gut microbiota.
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Abejas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Prebióticos , Probióticos , Simbióticos , Animales , Abejas/microbiología , Bifidobacterium/fisiología , Fermentación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Glucosa/farmacología , Lactobacillus/fisiología , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Probióticos/farmacología , Simbióticos/análisisRESUMEN
Short-term or acute temperature stress affect the immune responses and alters the gut microbiota of broilers, but the influences of long-term temperature stress on stress biomarkers and the intestinal microbiota remains largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of three long-term ambient temperatures (high (HC), medium (MC), and low (LC) temperature groups) on the gene expression of broilers' heat shock proteins (Hsps) and inflammation - related genes, as well as the caecal microbial composition. The results revealed that Hsp70 and Hsp90 levels in HC group significantly increased, and levels of Hsp70, Hsp90, IL-6, TNF-α, and NFKB1 in LC group were significantly higher than in MC group (p < 0.05). In comparison with the MC group, the proportion of Firmicutes increased in HC and LC groups, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased in LC group at phylum level (p < 0.05). At genus level, the proportion of Escherichia/Shigella, Phascolarctobacterium, Parabacteroides,and Enterococcus increased in HC group; the fraction of Faecalibacterium was higher in LC group; and the percentage of Barnesiella and Alistipes decreased in both HC and LC groups (p < 0.05). Functional analysis based on communities' phylogenetic investigation revealed that the pathways involved in environmental information processing and metabolism were enriched in the HC group. Those involved in cellular processes and signaling, metabolism, and gene regulation were enriched in LC group. Hence, we conclude that the long-term temperature stress can greatly alter the intestinal microbial communities in broilers and may further affect the host's immunity and health.
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Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Ciego/microbiología , Pollos/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Pollos/genética , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos/metabolismo , Femenino , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Masculino , Filogenia , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Temperature, which is an important environmental factor in broiler farming, can significantly influence the deposition of fatty acids in muscle. 300 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups and reared at high, medium and low temperatures (HJ, MJ and LJ), respectively. Breast muscle and jejunal chyme samples were collected and subjected to analyses of fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Through spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the data were used to characterize the correlation between jejunal microbial diversity and muscle fatty acid deposition in the broilers. The results showed that Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas, Petrobacter and Variovorax were significantly enriched in the MJ group, and all of them were positively correlated with the fatty acid profiling of muscle and multiple lipid metabolism signaling pathways. Lactobacillus was significantly enriched in the HJ group and exhibited a positive correlation with fatty acid deposition. Pyramidobacter, Dialister, Bacteroides and Selenomonas were significantly enriched in the LJ group and displayed negative correlation with fatty acid deposition. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the jejunal microflora manifested considerable changes at high and low ambient temperatures and that jejunal microbiota changes were correlated with fatty acid deposition of muscle in broilers.
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Pollos/microbiología , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Temperatura , Animales , Pollos/fisiología , Yeyuno/microbiología , MetagenomaRESUMEN
For centuries, fermented soy foods have been dietary staples in Asia and, now, in response to consumer demand, they are available throughout the world. Fermentation bestows unique flavors, boosts nutritional values and increases or adds new functional properties. In this review, we describe the functional properties and underlying action mechanisms of soy-based fermented foods such as Natto, fermented soy milk, Tempeh and soy sauce. When possible, the contribution of specific bioactive components is highlighted. While numerous studies with in vitro and animal models have hinted at the functionality of fermented soy foods, ascribing health benefits requires well-designed, often complex human studies with analysis of diet, lifestyle, family and medical history combined with long-term follow-ups for each subject. In addition, the contribution of the microbiome to the bioactivities of fermented soy foods, possibly mediated through direct action or bioactive metabolites, needs to be studied. Potential synergy or other interactions among the microorganisms carrying out the fermentation and the host's microbial community may also contribute to food functionality, but the details still require elucidation. Finally, safety evaluation of fermented soy foods has been limited, but is essential in order to provide guidelines for consumption and confirm lack of toxicity.
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Alimentos Fermentados/microbiología , Glycine max/química , Leche de Soja/química , Fermentación , Humanos , Microorganismos Modificados Genéticamente/genética , Alimentos de Soja/microbiología , Leche de Soja/metabolismo , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/microbiologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from De'ang pickled tea, a traditional food consumed by the De'ang nationality of Yunnan, China. Twenty-six LAB strains isolated from De'ang pickled tea were subjected to identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Twenty-four belonged to Lactobacillus plantarum, one belonged to Enterococcus casseliflavus, and one belonged to Lactobacillus acidophilus. Eighteen out of 26 LAB strains which showed a higher capability to tolerate simulated gastrointestinal juices were chosen to further evaluate their probiotic properties. Varied adhesive abilities and auto-aggregative capacities of selected LAB strains were dependent on species and even strains. All tested LAB strains were resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, and vancomycin and sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Ten out of the 18 strains are resistant to ampicillin, and the remaining strains are sensitive to ampicillin; 4 out of the 18 strains showed resistance to erythromycin. Compared to reference strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG, these LAB strains had a greater or comparative antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli. In contrast, eight out of the 18 strains suppressed growth of Shigella flexneri. Two L. plantarum strains, ST and STDA10, not only exhibited good probiotic properties but also showed a good ability of scavenging DPPH and ABTS+. This study suggests that L. plantarum ST and STDA10 could be used as potential probiotics applied in functional foods.
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Lactobacillales , Probióticos/farmacología , Té/microbiología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Adhesión Bacteriana , China , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Fermentación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Lactobacillales/efectos de los fármacos , Lactobacillales/aislamiento & purificación , Lactobacillales/fisiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Pu-erh tea has shown anti-obesity effects but little is known about its effect on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes. This study investigated the effects of the aqueous extracts of raw pu-erh tea and ripened pu-erh tea on proliferation and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadiopocytes. We examined dose and time effects of both aqueous extracts on proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The contents of triglycerides in cytoplasm and the mRNA expression of critical transcriptional factors involved in differentiation were determined. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate of preadipocytes by pu-erh tea extracts treatment were test for toxic and pro-apoptotic effects. Both aqueous extracts of pu-erh tea inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at the selected time points. At lower concentration of raw pu-erh tea extracts (less than 300 µg/ml) and ripened pu-erh tea extracts (less than 350 µg/ml), no significant cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic were observed. Ripened pu-erh tea was more effective with lower IC50 than raw pu-erh tea. Both extracts suppressed the differentiation and down-regulated the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins-α. Therefore, these results indicate that both aqueous extracts of pu-erh tea can inhibit proliferation and differentiation with ripened pu-erh tea more potent. Polyphenol rich in both extracts may play a role in the inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Té/química , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos/citología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína alfa Potenciadora de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Ratones , Obesidad , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Triglicéridos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of aucubin on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Exposure of PC12 cells to 0.25 mm H2O2 induced a leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and decreased cell viability, as shown by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In a dose over 0.1 mm, aucubin increased PC12 cellular viability and markedly attenuated H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death. Quantitation of apoptosis by flow cytometry indicated that aucubin inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Nuclear damage was alleviated by aucubin, as shown by Hoechst staining. In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde were reduced and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase was augmented in these cells. These results indicated that aucubin inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through regulation of the endogenous oxidant-antioxidant balance. Our results suggest that aucubin is a potential protective agent for the treatment of oxidative-stress-induced neurodegenerative disease.
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Apoptosis , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/efectos adversos , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Forma del Núcleo Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Activación Enzimática , Citometría de Flujo , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo , Células PC12 , Ratas , Coloración y Etiquetado , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The antiobesity and antihyperlipidaemic effects of pu-erh tea in rats with high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups and fed varying diets for an 8-week period: control diet, HFD, and HFD supplemented with low, moderate or high doses of pu-erh tea extract (0.5 g, 2 g and 4 g/kg BW/day, respectively). Pu-erh tea significantly reduced the total body weight and the weight of various adipose pads. Pu-erh tea administration also significantly lowered plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in rats with HFD-induced obesity, but did not affect high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Moreover, pu-erh tea significantly increased lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase activities in epididymal fat tissue in rats with HFD-induced obesity. Analysis of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that pu-erh tea significantly enhanced mRNA levels of hormone-sensitive lipase in rats with HFD-induced obesity. These results suggest that pu-erh tea attenuated visceral fat accumulation and improved hyperlipidemia in a rat model of HFD-induced obesity.
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Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Dieta , Epidídimo/efectos de los fármacos , Grasa Intraabdominal/efectos de los fármacos , Lipasa/efectos de los fármacos , Lipasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Té/química , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a 32-kDa protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is abundant in brown adipose tissue, as a proton transporter in mitochondria inner membrane which uncouples oxidative metabolism from ATP synthesis and dissipates energy through the heat. UCP1 has been reported to play important roles for energy homeostasis in rodents and neonate of larger mammals including human. Recently, numerous candidate genes were searched to determine the genetic factors implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, related metabolic disorders and diabetes. UCP-1, which plays a major role in thermogenesis, was suggested to be one of the candidates. This review summarizes data supporting the existence of brown adipocytes and the role of UCP1 in energy dissipation in adult humans, and the genetic variety association with the fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes.
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Adipocitos Marrones/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/genética , Canales Iónicos/genética , Membranas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Obesidad/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Termogénesis/genética , Adulto , Componentes del Gen , Humanos , Proteína Desacopladora 1RESUMEN
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major cause of mortality in shrimp lacking a true adaptive immune response. In this study, high activity egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against WSSV for passive immunization of crustaceans was already prepared as crude and purified product, while an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test was used for quality control of IgY activity. The effectiveness of IgY of intramuscular injection, oral administration, and immersion was investigated in crayfish (Procambius clarkiaii) against WSSV. The result showed that the groups treated with IgY from inactivated WSSV and DNA vaccine were, respectively, 20% and 80% mortality, which were significant difference in survival rates (P < 0.05) from the positive control groups. The groups in diet added 10% egg yolk powder and 1% IgY power showed 53.3% and 67.7% mortality, respectively, and the immersion showed 46.7% mortality, which have significantly different compared to the positive groups (P < 0.05). These results indicated passive immunization of specific IgY antibodies through intramuscular injection, oral administration, and immersion have effective to protect crayfish against WSSV. It is noteworthy that IgY as feed additive and immersion solution is useful and feasible methods in practical work. Thus, our results suggest that the passive immunization of crayfish with IgY against WSSV will have potential development to prevent and control WSSV in practical culture.
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Astacoidea/inmunología , Yema de Huevo/metabolismo , Inmunización Pasiva/métodos , Inmunoglobulinas/inmunología , Virus del Síndrome de la Mancha Blanca 1/inmunología , Animales , PollosRESUMEN
AIM OF THE STUDY: In this study, we evaluated protective effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) and a possible signaling pathway involved during endotoxic shock induced by intraperitoneal injection lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were intraperitoneal administrated with ASE (100, 200 or 400mg/kg) prior to injection of 50 microg/kg LPS and 1g/kg D-GalN. The levels of tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum and liver. Nitric oxide (NO) production in serum and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein level were investigated. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in liver was determined. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of ASE pretreatment on infiltration of inflammatory cells into the heart, liver and lung of mice. RESULTS: Treatment of mice with ASE prior to LPS/D-GalN injection significantly improved the survival rate. ASE pretreatment inhibited the elevation of TNF-alpha in serum and liver. ASE also decreased iNOS level in liver and the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in serum. In addition, IL-10 levels in serum and liver were markedly enhanced. ASE pretreatment inhibited NF-kappaB activation in liver of mice. Moreover, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the heart, liver and lung of mice was also attenuated by ASE pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that ASE protected mice against LPS/D-GalN-induced endotoxic shock involving inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, which caused down-regulation of TNF-alpha and involved up-regulation of IL-10. Acanthopanax senticosus may thus prove beneficial in the prevention of endotoxic shock.
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Eleutherococcus , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Choque Séptico/prevención & control , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Interleucina-10/análisis , Interleucina-10/sangre , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/análisis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangreRESUMEN
Excess production of reactive oxygen species by macrophages has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of the stem bark extract of Acanthopanax senticosus on the production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of mouse peritoneal macrophages to A. senticosus extract significantly suppressed superoxide anion production induced by zymosan in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, exposure of mouse peritoneal macrophages to A. senticosus extract significantly inhibited hydrogen peroxide production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal administration of A. senticosus extract to KM mice reduced the ex vivo production of zymosan induced-superoxide anion and PMA-induced hydrogen peroxide by their peritoneal macrophages. Exposure to A. senticosus extract did not affect the cell viability or systemic toxicity. A. senticosus inhibited reactive oxygen species production by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo and may be partly responsible for the antiinflammatory function.
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Eleutherococcus/química , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Macrófagos Peritoneales/citología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/administración & dosificación , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacología , Zimosan/farmacologíaRESUMEN
AIM OF THE STUDY: The herb Acanthopanax senticosus (Siberian ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine. However, little is known about anti-inflammatory effects and its mechanisms of action. Excess production of nitric oxide (NO) is one of the characteristics of inflammation. In this study we examined the effects of A. senticosus extract (ASE) on NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and investigated its mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with 10 microg/ml LPS plus 20U/ml IFN-gamma in the presence or absence of ASE. NO production and iNOS gene expression were investigated. We further evaluated the effect of ASE on oxidative stress-sensitive transcription nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. RESULTS: ASE significantly suppressed NO production and iNOS gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. ASE also reduced DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB in LPS plus IFN-gamma stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Further studies indicated that LPS plus IFN-gamma-induced inhibitory factor-kappa B alpha (I-kappaBalpha) degradation and p65 nuclear translocation were inhibited in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to ASE. Moreover, ASE inhibited the LPS plus IFN-gamma mediated increase in intracellular peroxides production. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest ASE suppresses iNOS gene expression through the inhibition of intracellular peroxides production, which has been implicated in the activation of NF-kappaB.
Asunto(s)
Eleutherococcus/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Línea Celular , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Interferón gamma , Lipopolisacáridos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Medicina Tradicional China , Ratones , FN-kappa B/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Peróxidos/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Excess nitric oxide (NO) production has been implicated in inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of the stem bark extract of Acanthopanax senticosus (A. senticosus) on NO production in murine macrophages in vitro and in vivo. In vitro exposure of RAW264.7 cells to 1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 microg/mL of A. senticosus extract significantly suppressed NO production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro exposure of mouse resident peritoneal macrophages to 1, 10, 100 and 1000 microg/mL of A. senticosus extract significantly suppressed NO production induced by LPS and IFN-gamma in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo administration of A. senticosus extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) to KM mice dose-dependently inhibited LPS and IFN-gamma induced production of NO in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages ex vivo. Exposure to A. senticosus extract had no effect on cell viability and systemic toxicity. The results demonstrated that the stem bark extract of A. senticosus extract inhibits NO production in murine macrophages in vitro and in vivo.