Epidemiological investigation of risk factors for cataract among people aged 50 and over in Tacheng area, Xinjiang / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of cataract and its risk factors in the Jiu Shi Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and Han and Kazak people aged 50 years old and over in Emin County, Tacheng area, Xinjiang.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of cataract among people aged 50 years old and over was performed by the Department of Ophthalmology of North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital in the Jiu Shi Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and Emin County from October 2015 to June 2018.The basic sampling units (BSUs) were divided according to the administrative regions, with about 1 000 people in each administrative region.With a population exceeding 1 500, sample units would be divided into more than two BSUs according to the population.Xinjiang Tacheng area was divided into 240 BSUs, and 12 BSUs were selected by random number table method for inspection.With the lens opacity classification system Ⅱ (LOCS Ⅱ) as the diagnostic standard, the prevalence rate of cataract in different nationalities and different ages in this area was evaluated, and the relationship between age, nationality, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, ultraviolet irradiation time and the prevalence rate of cataract was analyzed.This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Jiu Shi Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (No.SW-201501-04).Results:The prevalence rate of cataract among people aged 50 and over in the Jiu Shi Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and Emin County was 76.34%.The prevalence rate of cataract in 50-<60-year-old group, 60-<70-year-old group, 70-<80-year-old group and ≥80-year-old group was 23.30%, 77.40%, 89.60% and 100.00%, respectively.There were significant differences in the prevalence among people between different ages, different nationalities, with and without hypertension, with and without diabetes, with and without hyperlipidemia (all at P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the prevalence among people between different sexes, with and without coronary heart disease, smoking or not, different ultraviolet irradiation time (all at P>0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age (50-<60 years old: [ OR=39.93, 95% CI: 20.77-76.77; 60-<70 years old: OR=3.81, 95% CI: 2.05-7.08; 70-<80 years old: OR=1.72, 95% CI: 0.92-3.22]), hypertension ( OR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.13-2.11) and hyperlipidemia ( OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.10-2.03) were independent risk factors for cataract. Conclusions:The incidence of cataract in the Jiu Shi Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and people aged 50 and over in Emin County is higher than that in other parts of China, in which age, hypertension and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors for cataract.

The CEBPE rs2239633 genetic polymorphism on susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an updated meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We performed an updated meta-analysis to clarify the relationship between the CEBPE rs2239633 polymorphism and the childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CALL) susceptibility. METHODS: All the case-control studies were updated on October 5, 2020, through Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) electronic database. The heterogeneity in the study was tested by the Q test and I2, and then the random ratio or fixed effect was utilized to merge the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We also performed sensitivity analysis to estimate the impact of individual studies on aggregate estimates. Publication bias was investigated by using funnel plot and Egger's regression test. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata 12.0. RESULTS: A total of 20 case-control studies were selected, including 7014 patients and 16,428 controls. There was no association of CEBPE rs2239633 polymorphism with CALL (CC vs CT + TT: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.94-1.26; CC + CT vs TT: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.94-1.30; C vs T: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.92-1.13). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, there is no significant association of this polymorphism and CALL risks among Asian and Caucasian populations in the three genetic models (CC vs CT + TT, CC + CT vs TT, and C vs T). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis found no significant association between the CEBPE rs2239633 polymorphism and susceptibility to CALL.

The CEBPE rs2239633 genetic polymorphism on susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an updated meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES@#We performed an updated meta-analysis to clarify the relationship between the CEBPE rs2239633 polymorphism and the childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CALL) susceptibility.@*METHODS@#All the case-control studies were updated on October 5, 2020, through Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) electronic database. The heterogeneity in the study was tested by the Q test and I@*RESULTS@#A total of 20 case-control studies were selected, including 7014 patients and 16,428 controls. There was no association of CEBPE rs2239633 polymorphism with CALL (CC vs CT + TT: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.94-1.26; CC + CT vs TT: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.94-1.30; C vs T: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.92-1.13). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, there is no significant association of this polymorphism and CALL risks among Asian and Caucasian populations in the three genetic models (CC vs CT + TT, CC + CT vs TT, and C vs T).@*CONCLUSION@#This meta-analysis found no significant association between the CEBPE rs2239633 polymorphism and susceptibility to CALL.

The burden of injury in China, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive evaluation of the burden of injury is an important foundation for selecting and formulating strategies of injury prevention. We present results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 of non-fatal and fatal outcomes of injury at the national and subnational level, and the changes in burden for key causes of injury over time in China. METHODS: Using the methods and results from GBD 2017, we describe the burden of total injury and the key causes of injury based on the rates of incidence, cause-specific mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in China estimated using DisMod-MR 2.1. We additionally evaluated these results at the provincial level for the 34 subnational locations of China in 2017, measured the change of injury burden from 1990 to 2017, and compared age-standardised DALYs due to injuries at the provincial level against the expected rates based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of development of income per capita, years of education, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: In 2017, in China, there were 77·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5-81·6) new cases of injury severe enough to warrant health care and 733 517 deaths (681 254-767 006) due to injuries. Injuries accounted for 7·0% (95% UI 6·6-7·2) of total deaths and 10·0% (9·5-10·5) of all-cause DALYs in China. In 2017, there was a three-times variation in age-standardised injury DALY rates between provinces of China, with the lowest value in Macao and the highest in Yunnan. Between 1990 and 2017, the age-standardised incidence rate of all injuries increased by 50·6% (95% UI 46·6-54·6) in China, whereas the age-standardised mortality and DALY rates decreased by 44·3% (41·1-48·9) and 48·1% (44·6-51·8), respectively. Between 1990 and 2017, all provinces of China experienced a substantial decline in DALY rates from all injuries ranging from 16·3% (3·1-28·6) in Shanghai and 60·4% (53·7-66·1) in Jiangxi. Age-standardised DALY rates for drowning; injuries from fire, heat and hot substances; adverse effects of medical treatments; animal contact; environmental heat and cold exposure; self-harm; and executions and police conflict each declined by more than 60% between 1990 and 2017. INTERPRETATION: Between 1990 and 2017, China experienced a decrease in the age-standardised DALY and mortality rates due to injury, despite an increase in the age-standardised incidence rate. These trends occurred in all provinces. The divergent trends in terms of incidence and mortality indicate that with rapid sociodemographic improvements, the case fatality of injuries has declined, which could be attributed to an improving health-care system but also to a decreasing severity of injuries over this time period. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Further promotion on children injury prevention and control in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Injury is an important public health problem that threatening children’s health. Researches have been carried out to prevent child injuries in China. Disease burden on injury for children have been moderated, but remained as the first cause of death in Chinese children, so injury prevention among children should still be treated as priority to promote children’s health. It is necessary to establish and improve strategies in injury prevention which should be led by the government and correlated institutes, as to carry out a systematic, comprehensive and scientific system for children injury prevention and control. In order to reduce children’s injuries and promote children’s health, relevant policies and regulations should base on "Healthy China 2030" to formulate and implement action plans, to carry out practice and scientific research on children injury prevention, and to strengthen the team construction and talent training on this issue.

Importance for surveillance on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

The first national surveillance of COPD in mainland China was carried out in 2014, with the nationally representative data obtained. The national surveillance was significantly important for the monitoring of prevalence, risk factors, and changing trend of COPD among Chinese adults aged ≥ 40. The surveillance was also important in the development of national COPD prevention and control policy, the evaluation of prevention and control progress, the establishment of COPD comprehensive surveillance system, and the building of a professional COPD monitoring and prevention team. In this editorial, we briefly introduced the method and content of COPD surveillance, and reported the rate of spirometry examination and COPD awareness among adults aged ≥40 in China. We also analyzed the rate of main risk factors for COPD, such as tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to dust or chemical and indoor exposure to biomass or coal, and the distribution of high-risk population. This study provided fundamental data for the prevention and control of COPD in China.

A summary of item and method of national chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance in China / 中华流行病学杂志

COPD refers to a group of chronic respiratory diseases which seriously influence the people's health and life quality. The national COPD surveillance in China has been implemented since 2014 with the goal of monitoring the prevalence and trend of COPD and related risk factors in China. The paper summarizes the item and method of national COPD surveillance in China.

Survey of smoking prevalence in adults aged 40 years and older in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: Smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD. Understanding the smoking rate, current smoking rate, average age to start smoking and average daily consumption of cigarettes among people aged ≥40 years in China can provide scientific evidence for the effective control and prevention of COPD. Methods: Data were from COPD surveillance in China (2014 to 2015) which covered 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. A total of 75 107 adults aged ≥40 years selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 125 surveillance sites (county/district) were surveyed by electronic questionnaire during face to face interviews. The smoking rate and other smoking index were estimated by using weighting complex sampling design. Results: The smoking rate and current smoking rate were 40.0% (95%CI: 38.5%-42.0%) and 31.0% (95%CI: 29.7%-32.0%), respectively, among the Chinese aged ≥40 years in 2014. The smoking rate and current smoking rate in males (74.1% and 57.6%) were much higher than those in females (5.4% and 4.0%). And the two rates were significantly higher in rural area (41.2% and 32.4%) than in urban area (38.8% and 29.5%). The mean age of smokers to start smoking was 20.1 (95%CI: 19.7-20.5) years. The younger the smokers were, the earlier their average age to start smoking was (The ages to start smoking for smokers aged 40-, 50-, 60-, ≥70 years were 18.3, 19.2, 20.9 and 23.1 years, respectively). Average daily cigarette consumption of current daily smokers was 18.9 (95%CI: 18.1-19.7) cigarettes, and the daily cigarette consumption was higher in males (19.3 cigarettes) than in females (12.5 cigarettes). Conclusion: The smoking rate in males aged ≥40 years is high in China. Compared with urban area, the smoking rate in rural area is higher, posing a big challenge for COPD control and prevention.

Analysis on passive smoking exposure in adults aged 40 years and older in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To describe and analyze the passive smoking exposure level in adults aged ≥40 years in China. Methods: A total of 75 107 adults from 125 sites of COPD surveillance points in China were surveyed by electronic questionnaire during face to face interviews. After comprehensive weighting of the samples, the passive smoking exposure level was analyzed. Results: The passive smoking exposure rate of the adults aged ≥40 years was 44.9% (95%CI: 42.3%-47.5%). The exposure rate was highest in those aged from 40 to 49 years (51.0%, 95%CI: 47.9%-54.1%) in term of age groups, in those with senior high school education level and above (48.6%, 95%CI: 44.9%-52.2%) in term of education level, and in office workers (57.7%, 95%CI: 51.8%-63.7%) in term of occupation. The adults reporting passive smoking exposure every days in a week accounted for 27.7% (95%CI: 25.5%-29.8%), and those reporting household passive smoking exposure accounted for 28.3% (95%CI: 26.2%-30.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the passive smoking exposure level was different in different age groups and occupation groups. Conclusion: The passive smoking exposure level is still high in adults in China. Age and occupation are the influencing factors of passive smoking exposure level.

Analysis on occupational exposure to dust and harmful gas and corresponding protection in adults aged 40 years and older in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the current status of dust and/or harmful gas exposure in adults aged ≥40 years and corresponding protection in China, and provide evidence for strengthening the occupational protection against dust and harmful gas exposure. Methods: The data were obtained from 2014-2015 COPD surveillance in China. A total of 75 107 adults aged ≥40 years selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 125 surveillance points in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) were surveyed in face to face interviews. Occupational exposure was defined as occupational exposure to dust and/or harmful gas for more than 1 year. The weighted percentages of exposure were estimated by using complex sampling design. Results: Among eligible 71 061 participants, the exposure rate of dust and/or harmful gas was 46.3%. The exposure rate in rural area (51.7%) was significantly higher than that in urban area (40.3%), and the exposure rate in the western area was higher than those in the eastern and central areas (P<0.001). Among the groups with different education level, the exposure rate in those with education level of primary school and below was highest (49.7%, P<0.001). The exposure protection rate was 26.7%, and the exposure protection rate was highest in the eastern area (29.9%), followed by that in the central area (27.0%) and that in the western area (22.9%) The exposure protection rate in urban area was significantly higher than that in rural area, and the exposure protection rate was lowest in those with education level of primary school and below. The regular exposure protection was taken by only 50.7% of the adults surveyed. Conclusion: The exposure rate of dust and/or harmful gas is high in China, while the exposure protection rate is very low. Health education, occupational protection and supervision should be strengthened among those with low education level, and those living in rural area and in the western area.

Current status of household polluting fuel use in adults aged 40 years and older in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the status and distribution characteristics of household polluting fuel use in China. Methods: The data were collected from the adults aged ≥40 years who were recruited through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling in 2014-2015 COPD surveillance conducted in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China. A total of 75 107 adults aged ≥40 years in 125 surveillance points were surveyed in face to face interview. Polluting fuels included biomass fuels (wood, dung, crop residues and charcoal), coal (including coal dust and lignite) and kerosene. The weighted percentage of family using polluting fuels, combustion method for cooking or heating and ventilation installation with 95%CI were estimated by complex sampling design. Results: According to the survey results from 75 075 adults, the percentage of family using polluting fuels for cooking or heating was 59.9% (95%CI: 54.2%-65.7%), the percentage in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). As for different polluting fuels, the percentage of using only biomass fuels for cooking or heating was 25.9% (95%CI:20.5%-31.3%), the percentage of using only coal (including kerosene) was 18.9% (95%CI: 13.2%-24.7%), and the percentage of using both biomass fuels and coal was 15.1% (95%CI: 10.8%-19.4%). Among seven geographic areas in China, the percentages of using biomass fuels ranged from 53.8% in southern China to 23.0% in northern China (P=0.039), the percentages of using coal (including kerosene) ranged from 59.5% in northwestern China to 22.3% in southern China (P=0.001). Among the families using polluting fuels, the percentages of mainly using traditional open fires and stoves were 21.3% (95%CI: 16.9%-25.8%) and 31.5% (95%CI: 25.8%-37.2%), respectively; the percentage of having ventilation installation was72.7% (95%CI: 66.9%-78.5%). Conclusions: Household polluting fuel use is common in China, but differs with area, traditional fuel combustion method is widely used, the coverage of ventilation installation need to be improved. In order to promote COPD prevention and control, it is necessary to develop strategies on fuels and fuel combustion method improvement to reduce indoor air pollution resulted from household fuel combustion.

Survey and analyses of population at high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the distribution and characteristics of people aged ≥40 years who are at high risk of COPD in China and provide evidence for COPD prevention and control. Methods: The survey was conducted among the subjects selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China for 2014-2015 national chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance. A total of 75 107 people aged ≥40 years in 125 surveillance points were surveyed in face to face interviews. Subjects who met at least one of the following conditions, including chronic respiratory symptoms, exposure to risk factors, medical history of respiratory diseases, and family history, were defined as population at high risk. The weighted proportion of the population at high risk of COPD and 95%CI were estimated by using complex sampling design. Results: Among eligible 74 296 subjects, the proportion of population at high risk of COPD was 89.5% (95%CI: 87.8%-91.2%). The proportion significantly increased with age (P<0.001). The proportion of the population at high risk was significantly higher in men than in women (P<0.001), and in rural area than in urban area (P<0.001). The highest proportion of population at high risk was observed in men in rural area in western China. The proportion of population at high risk of COPD who met at least two conditions was 32.0% (95%CI:29.7%-34.2%), the proportion of those who met at least three conditions was 7.4% (95%CI: 6.6%- 8.3%), and the proportion of those who met all the conditions was 1.5% (95%CI: 1.2%-1.8%). Among population at high risk of COPD, those who only had exposure to one risk factor accounted for 61.7% (95%CI: 59.8%-63.7%). Conclusion: About 90% of people aged ≥40 years in China are at high risk for COPD. It is necessary to conduct population-based screening for COPD and take comprehensive measures to reduce prevalence of risk factors.

Awareness of knowledge about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and related factors in residents aged 40 years and older in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the awareness of knowledge about COPD and related factors in residents aged ≥40 years in China. Methods: Through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, residents aged ≥40 years were selected from 125 sites of COPD surveillance (2014-2015) in 31 provinces of China for a face to face questionnaire survey. The demographic characteristics and awareness rate of knowledge about COPD among 75 082 subjects were described as frequency and percentage. The awareness rate of knowledge about COPD and its 95% confidence interval (CI) among the residents aged ≥40 years were estimated with complicated sampling weights. Meanwhile, the knowledge awareness related factors were screened in complicated sampling data. Results: The awareness rate of COPD was 9.2%. The awareness rate of pulmonary function test was 3.6% and the awareness rate of COPD-related knowledge was 5.8%. All of the awareness rates were associated with gender, age, education level and occupation. Besides, the awareness rate of pulmonary function test and COPD-related knowledge were related with living area. Compared with females, the ORs of the three awareness rates among males were 0.88, 0.81 and 0.78. Compared with the residents aged ≥70 years, the ORs of the three awareness rates among those aged 60-69 years were 1.28, 1.08 and 1.51. Compared with the residents with education level of primary school or below, the ORs of the three awareness rates among those with college degree or above were 2.28, 3.43 and 3.14. The OR of the awareness rate of pulmonary function test among the residents in the eastern area was 1.77 compared with those in the central area. The ORs of the awareness rate of COPD-related knowledge among the residents in the eastern and western areas were 1.95 and 2.16 compared with those in the central area(all above P<0.05). Among COPD symptoms, the awareness rate of dyspnea was highest (67.9%), and among the risk factors for COPD, the awareness rate of smoking was highest (81.3%). The source of awareness of COPD for most residents was television program (38.2%). Conclusion: The awareness rate of knowledge about COPD was low in residents aged ≥40 years in China in 2014. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about COPD to improve the prevention and control of the disease.

Survey and analyses of rate of spirometry examination in adults aged 40 years and older in China, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the performance of spirometry examination in adults aged ≥40 years and provide evidence for the improvement of comprehensive prevention and control of COPD and the evaluation on the effects of current prevention and control measures. Methods: The study subjects were those included in national COPD surveillance in China during 2014-2015. The surveillance used a multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling strategy and a total of 125 surveillance points in 31 provinces were covered. A total of 75 107 adults aged ≥40 years received a questionnaire survey in face to face interviews to collect the information about their acceptance of spirometry examination in previous years. The estimated rate (95%CI) of spirometry examination was calculated based on complex sampling weight design. Results: A total of 74 591 subjects were included in the analyses. The estimated rate of spirometry examination was 4.5% (95%CI: 3.7%-5.2%), and it was significantly higher in men than in women (P<0.001), in urban population than in rural population (P<0.001). The rate of spirometry examination increased with the increase of education level (P<0.001). The rate of spirometry examination was highest in retirees (10.8%, 95%CI: 8.2%-13.3%), and lowest in those working in the industry of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy (2.4%, 95%CI: 2.0%-2.9%). The rate of spirometry examination was high in those with previous chronic respiratory diseases and respiratory symptoms, i.e. 13.4% (95%CI: 10.5%-16.4%) and 15.0% (95%CI: 10.5%-19.4%) respectively. The rate of spirometry examination in former smokers was 7.4% (95%CI: 6.0%-8.8%), slightly higher than those in current smokers and never smokers, 4.7% (95%CI: 3.9%-5.5%) and 3.9% (95%CI: 3.0%-4.7%), respectively. In different population groups, the rate of spirometry examination was lowest in rural population who had received no formal education (1.8%, 95%CI: 1.2%-2.3%) and highest in urban population with respiratory symptoms (20.2%, 95%CI: 12.6%-27.8%). Conclusion: The rate of spirometry examination is extremely low in adults aged ≥40 years in China, therefore effective measures should be taken to increase the rate of spirometry examination in adults in China.

Future challenges and solutions for safety in China: China CDC's exploration of injury prevention strategies / 《全球健康杂志（英文）》

As an important component of worldwide injury prevention, China has made great contribution to the development. China is serving as a model for other countries in the world, especially for developing countries, and China's experiences have great implications for them. Besides the description of the present situation and trends of China's injury prevention work and review for its development history, this paper has also introduced the existing issues and the current challenges, and informed the efforts of the staff in related field to find solutions from different aspects. All of them jointly boosted the development of global injury prevention.

Study on the coverage of cervical and breast cancer screening among women aged 35-69 years and related impact of socioeconomic factors in China, 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To estimate the cervical and breast cancer screening coverage and related factors among women aged 35-69 years who were in the National Cervical and Breast Screening Program, to provide evidence for improving cervical and breast cancer control and prevention strategy. Methods: Data used in this study were abstracted from the 2013 Chinese Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Surveillance Program. A total of 66 130 women aged 35-64 years and 72 511 women aged 35-69 years were included for this study. Weighted prevalence, (with 95% confidence interval, CI) was calculated for complex sampling design. Rao-Scott χ(2) method was used to compare the screening coverage among subgroups. A random intercept equation which involved the logit-link function, was fitted under the following five levels: provincial, county, township, village and individual. Fix effects of all explanatory variables were converted into OR with 95%CI. Results: In 2013, 26.7% (95%CI: 24.6%-28.9%) of the 35-64 year-old women reported that they ever had been screened for cervical cancer and 22.5% (95% CI: 20.4%-24.6%) of the 35-69 year-olds had ever undergone breast cancer screening. Lower coverage was observed among women residing in rural and central or western China than those in urban or eastern China (P<0.000 1). The coverage among women aged 50 years or older was substantially lower than those aged 35-49 years. Those who were with low education level, unemployed, low household income and not covered by insurance, appeared fewer number on this cervical or breast cancer screening program (P<0.000 1). Women living in rural and western China were having less chance of receiving the breast cancer screening (P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: It is essential to strengthen the community-based cervical and breast cancer screening programs, in order to increase the coverage. More attention should be paid to women aged 50 years or older, especially those socioeconomically disadvantaged ones.

Prevalence, awareness, status of treatment and control on type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49 in 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the rates on prevalence, awareness, status on treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49, in 2013. Methods: Data on China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in year 2013 was used for analysis. Source of data covered 302 surveillance points which were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling method that including 176 534 adults over 18 years of age, with 46 674 premenopausal women aged 18-49. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were determined after a 10-hour overnight fast for all the participants, before a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes was defined according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria-fasting blood glucose level as ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2 h) level as ≥11.1 mmol/L. After being weighed, according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification, the sample was used to estimate the rates of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by age, education, urban and rural areas, and geographic locations. Results: The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.6% among the Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49. No statistical difference on the prevalence rates (5.7% and 5.4%, respectively) was seen, between participants from the rural or the urban areas. Prevalence rates in the eastern, central or western geographic areas were 5.8%, 6.2% and 4.4% respectively. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of diabetes appeared as 29.3%, 27.9% and 29.4% in childbearing women aged 18-49. The rate of treatment was 95.4% among those who knew their diabetic situation in childbearing women aged 18-49 years. The control rate of diabetes was 38.9% among those who had taken measures to control glucose, in 18-49-year-old childbearing women. The rate of awareness on diabetes in childbearing women aged 18-49 years in urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas. There were significantly statistical differences on the treatment rates among groups of different education levels but not in the trend test. Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childbearing women aged 18-49 appeared high, but with low rates on awareness, treatment and control. However, statistical difference was seen on awareness, between urban and rural areas.

Study on the coverage of cervical and breast cancer screening among women aged 35-69 years and related impact of socioeconomic factors in China, 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To estimate the cervical and breast cancer screening coverage and related factors among women aged 35-69 years who were in the National Cervical and Breast Screening Program,to provide evidence for improving cervical and breast cancer control and prevention strategy.Methods Data used in this study were abstracted from the 2013 Chinese Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Surveillance Program.A total of 66 130 women aged 35-64 years and 72 511 women aged 35-69 years were included for this study.Weighted prevalence,(with 95％ confidence interval,CI) was calculated for complex sampling design.Rao-Scottx2 method was used to compare the screening coverage among subgroups.A random intercept equation which involved the logit-link function,was fitted under the following five levels:provincial,county,township,village and individual.Fix effects of all explanatory variables were converted into OR with 95％CI.Results In 2013,26.7％ (95％CI:24.6％-28.9％) of the 35-64 year-old women reported that they ever had been screened for cervical cancer and 22.5％ (95％ CI:20.4％-24.6％) of the 35-69 year-olds had ever undergone breast cancer screening.Lower coverage was observed among women residing in rural and central or western China than those in urban or eastern China (P＜0.000 1).The coverage among women aged 50 years or older was substantially lower than those aged 35-49 years.Those who were with low education level,unemployed,low household income and not covered by insurance,appeared fewer number on this cervical or breast cancer screening program (P＜0.000 1).Women living in rural and western China were having less chance of receiving the breast cancer screening (P＜0.05),but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion It is essential to strengthen the communitybased cervical and breast cancer screening programs,in order to increase the coverage.More attention should be paid to women aged 50 years or older,especially those socioeconomically disadvantaged ones.

Prevalence, awareness, status of treatment and control on type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49 in 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the rates on prevalence,awareness,status on treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49,in 2013.Methods Data on China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in year 2013 was used for analysis.Source of data covered 302 surveillance points which were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling method that including 176 534 adults over 18 years of age,with 46 674 premenopausal women aged 18-49.Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A 1 c levels were determined after a 10-hour overnight fast for all the participants,before a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes.Diabetes was defined according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria-fasting blood glucose level as ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2 h) level as ≥ 11.1 mmol/L.After being weighed,according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification,the sample was used to estimate the rates of prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by age,education,urban and rural areas,and geographic locations.Results The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.6％ among the Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49.No statistical difference on the prevalence rates (5.7％ and 5.4％,respectively) was seen,between participants from the rural or the urban areas.Prevalence rates in the eastern,central or western geographic areas were 5.8％,6.2％ and 4.4％ respectively.The rates of awareness,treatment and control of diabetes appeared as 29.3％,27.9％ and 29.4％ in childbearing women aged 18-49.The rate of treatment was 95.4％ among those who knew their diabetic situation in childbearing women aged 18-49 years.The control rate of diabetes was 38.9％ among those who had taken measures to control glucose,in 18-49-year-old childbearing women.The rate of awareness on diabetes in childbearing women aged 18-49 years in urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas.There were significantly statistical differences on the treatment rates among groups of different education levels but not in the trend test.Conclusion The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childbearing women aged 18-49 appeared high,but with low rates on awareness,treatment and control.However,statistical difference was seen on awareness,between urban and rural areas.

Importance for surveillance on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

The first national surveillance of COPD in mainland China was carried out in 2014,with the nationally representative data obtained.The national surveillance was significantly important for the monitoring of prevalence,risk factors,and changing trend of COPD among Chinese adults aged ≥ 40.The surveillance was also important in the development of national COPD prevention and control policy,the evaluation of prevention and control progress,the establishment of COPD comprehensive surveillance system,and the building of a professional COPD monitoring and prevention team.In this editorial,we briefly introduced the method and content of COPD surveillance,and reported the rate of spirometry examination and COPD awareness among adults aged ≥40 in China.We also analyzed the rate of main risk factors for COPD,such as tobacco smoking,occupational exposure to dust or chemical and indoor exposure to biomass or coal,and the distribution of high-risk population.This study provided fundamental data for the prevention and control of COPD in China.