Predicting carotid restenosis by comparison of plaque MCP-1 mRNA expression and serum levels.

As cardiovascular pathology grows in numbers, research into the discovery of new chemokine biomarkers should not be neglected, as they seem to be paramount in atherosclerosis prevention and its early detection. Chemokines attract and activate leukocytes and are well recognized in the environment of inflammatory response. MCP-1 is a valuable chemokine whose potential to become a new crucial atherosclerosis marker is surely worth investigating. Since quantities of MCP-1 found in lesions are as low as immeasurable, we propose the use of an immunohistochemical method for the quantification of MCP-1 levels in atherosclerotic lesions. Additionally, serum levels of MCP-1 can be measured by commercially available immunoassays. Proposed MCP-1 concentration increase may explain the acceleration in lesion's atherosclerosis progression as chemokine activation occurs once they bind to specific ligands. If proven, this hypothesis would indicate the need for further studies in order to objectively link the increased MCP-1 expression with carotid restenosis.

Vomiting as a reliable sign of concussion.

Concussion is the most common type of traumatic brain injury, with headache being the most frequent symptom of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) (including dizziness, vomiting, nausea, lack of motor coordination or difficulty balancing). Concussion may be caused by a blow to the head, or by acceleration forces without a direct impact. Often, MTBI occurs as the result of a sports injury. Loss of consciousness is always present, unlike vomiting. Therefore, we hypothesize vomiting to be considered as a cardinal sign of concussion. Stimulation of vomiting centres finally triggers vomiting. Professional boxers and mixed martial arts competitions reluctantly agree with stringent rules and protective clothing. We discuss the issue of further protection for those engaged in these and other sports.

The potential value of early screening for neurological deficits in participants in certain sports.

Physicians occasionally encounter the punch-drunk syndrome among boxers after longlasting careers characterized by blows to the head. The list of sports leading to punch-drunk syndrome is rapidly increasing, making it a notable public health problem. A lack of specific findings leads to defects in reporting the condition, and consequently to delay in treatment. Although the rigorous enforcement of sport rules and constant improvements of sporting equipment have decreased the occurrence of the syndrome, early detection of punch-drunk syndrome is crucial and would have comprehensive benefits. Two groups of signs and symptoms can be identified: dementia and Parkinsonism. A prompt diagnosis with a correct classification of the suspected cases is crucial. Therefore, we offer an overview of the symptomatology as well as proposing the introduction of a screening method among risk groups based on generic and minute neurological examination and dementia testing.