The association between plain water intake and periodontitis in the population aged over 45: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2009-2014.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of beverage consumption on overall health and oral health. Specifically, high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and coffee has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders and periodontitis. Conversely, high intake of plain water has been linked to various health benefits, including weight management and reduced energy intake. However, no previous studies have explored the potential association between plain water intake and the risk of periodontitis. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between plain water consumption and periodontitis in a middle-aged and elderly population. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among participants aged ≥ 45 in the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Multivariable regression analysis, subgroup analysis and smooth fitting tests were conducted to explore the independent relationship between plain water intake and periodontitis. RESULTS: A total of 5,882 participants were enrolled,62.02% have periodontitis. Periodontitis patients have lower plain water intake. The multivariable regression tests showed that the risk of periodontitis decreased with increased plain water intake quartiles (Q4 OR = 0.78; 95%CI 0.62-0.96) after fully adjustment. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed that gender, age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension or BMI does not significantly interact with the association. However, the relation was significant in males (Q4 OR = 0.64; 95%CI 0.47-0.86) but not in females (Q4 OR = 0.97;95% CI 0.71-1.31). In the smoothed curve fits stratified by gender, the curve for male participants displayed as a U-shape, with an optimal plain water intake at 1200 ml/day. For males drinking plain water less than 1200 ml/day, the risk of periodontitis decreased by 24% with each increase of 500 ml plain water intake (OR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.66-0.87, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Together, the results showed that plain water intake is negatively associated with periodontitis risk in US middle aged and elderly population. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism unites this association. Attention should be given to adequate plain water intake when considering dietary suggestions to the population at high risk of developing periodontitis, especially for men.

Diagnostic value of cervical vertebral maturation stages for midpalatal suture maturation assessment: a study in the Chinese population.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between cervical vertebral maturation stages (CVMS) and midpalatal suture maturation stages (MPSMS), and to analyze the diagnostic value of CVMS for the assessment of MPSMS. METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 233 subjects (8-20 years) were selected. The CVMS was determined using the McNamara and Franchi method, while the MPSMS was evaluated using the Angelieri method. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the results, and positive likelihood ratios were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic value of CVMS in identifying MPSMS. RESULTS: Spearman rank correlation results showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.867, P < 0.001) between CVMS and MPSMS. The positive likelihood ratios of CS12, CS4, and CS56 for the identification of stages AB, C, and DE were 12.17, 7.64, and 7.79, respectively. The values of the positive likelihood ratios of the other groups were less than five. CONCLUSION: CS12 of the CVMS can be used as a reliable indicator for the assessment of MPSMS stage AB. From CVMS stage 4 forward, midpalatal suture maturation should be evaluated using CBCT.

Quantitative evaluation of palatal bone thickness for the placement of orthodontic miniscrews in adults with different facial types.

OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively evaluate palatal bone thickness in adults with different facial types using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).  Methods: The CBCT volumetric data of 123 adults (mean age, 26.8 years) collected between August  2014 and August 2016 was retrospectively studied. The subjects were divided into a low-angle group (39 subjects), a normal-angle group (48 subjects) and a high-angle group (36 subjects) based on facial types assigned by cephalometric radiography. The thickness of the palatal bone was assessed at designated points. A repeated-measure analysis of variance (rm-ANOVA) test was used to test the relationship between facial types and palatal bone thickness. Results: Compared to the low-angle group, the high-angle group had significantly thinner palatal bones (p less than 0.05), except for the anterior-midline, anterior-medial and middle-midline areas.  Conclusion: The safest zone for the placement of microimplants is the anterior part of the paramedian palate. Clinicians should pay special attention to the probability of thinner bone plates and the risk of perforation in high-angle patients.

[Effect of soft tissue thickness of upper lip on lip retraction in orthodontical-treated Class II, Division 1 females].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the Chinese Han national criteria for the thickness of upper lip in Chongqing and to investigate the effect of lip thickness on lip retraction in orthodontic treatment.
 METHODS: A total of 240 adult patients (male=120, female=120) of Chinese Han nationality aged 18-35 years in Chongqing were treated with cephalograms and measured the thickness of upper lip. We established the Chinese Han national criteria for the thickness of upper lip in Chongqing according to the results. Sixty-eight female patients with Angle II 1 from Department of Orthodontics Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were treated with maxillary premolars extraction, and pre- and post-treated with lateral cephalograms, then divided into 3 groups according to our criteria: a thin lips group, a normal lips group and a thick lips group. The ratio of the incisors retraction and the upper lip retraction were measured and calculated. The correlation between incisors retraction and the upper lip retraction was analyzed by the Pearson correlation method.
 RESULTS: There was statistical significance in the thickness of upper lip between males and females (P<0.01). The ratio of maxillary inscior retraction to the upper lip soft tissue retraction was 1.6:1, 2.2:1 and 2.9:1 in the thin lips group, the normal lips group and the thick lips group, respectively.
 CONCLUSION: Gender differences exist in the thickness of upper lip. Upper lip retraction with the incisors was negatively correlated with the soft tissue thickness of the upper lip in females with Angle II 1.