[Pseudocyst of adrenal gland. Case report]. / Pseudoquiste de glándula suprarrenal. Reporte de un caso.

Background: Adrenal gland cysts are a rare entity, with a reported incidence in post-mortem series of 0.06-0.18%. However, the incidence seems to be increasing in recent years. The presentation of adrenal gland cysts is usually asymptomatic, but those cases in which symptoms are present are usually non-specific, which makes adrenal cysts generally recognized as incidentalomas. The finding is mainly made by computed tomography. The main objective of this article was to describe the clinical course of a patient with an adrenal gland pseudocyst, which is accompanied by symptoms of compression and persistent pain of long evolution in the left flank. Clinical case: A 65-year-old female patient attended the emergency room of a second-level hospital due to an increase in volume of the abdominal region with a sensation of fullness, heartburn, vomiting and pain. Computed tomography was performed, which reported a cystic mass and, later, exploratory laparotomy plus adrenalectomy were carried out. The pathology analysis reported a diagnosis of a 10 x 15 x 14 cm solid, cystic, and adherent tumor, coinciding with a pseudocyst of the adrenal gland. Conclusions: Adrenal gland cysts are rare. Computed tomography is recommended for its diagnosis and the standard of treatment is surgical intervention in the presence of symptoms.

Introducción: los quistes de glándula suprarrenal son una entidad rara, con un reporte en la incidencia de series post mortem de 0.06-0.18%. Sin embargo, la incidencia parece ir en aumento en los últimos años. La presentación de los quistes de glándula suprarrenal es habitualmente asintomática, pero en aquellos casos en que se presentan síntomas, estos suelen ser inespecíficos, lo cual hace que los quistes suprarrenales generalmente sean reconocidos como incidentalomas. El hallazgo se hace principalmente mediante tomografía computarizada. El objetivo principal de este artículo fue describir el curso clínico de una paciente con un pseudoquiste de glándula suprarrenal, que se acompaña de síntomas de compresión y dolor persistente de larga evolución en el flanco izquierdo. Caso clínico: mujer de 65 años que acudió a urgencias de un hospital de segundo nivel por aumento de volumen de región abdominal con sensación de plenitud, pirosis, vómito y dolor. Se realizó tomografía computarizada que reportó masa quística; posteriormente se realizó laparotomía exploradora y adrenalectomía. El análisis de patología reportó diagnóstico de tumor de 10 x 15 x 14 cm, sólido, quístico y adherido, coincidente con pseudoquiste de glándula suprarrenal. Conclusiones: los quistes de glándula suprarrenal son raros. Para su diagnóstico se recomienda realizar tomografía computarizada y el estándar de tratamiento es la intervención quirúrgica ante la presencia de sintomatología.

Detection and Surgical Approach to Pheochromocytoma: A Case Report.

Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors that produce, store, and secrete catecholamines. They are found in the chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla and manifest clinical symptoms by producing an excessive amount of one or more catecholamines, such as dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, as well as their inactive metabolites, such as metanephrine, normetanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine. This paper is the case report of a 53-year-old male patient with diabetes and hypertension who has been experiencing symptoms such as night sweats, frequent colds, weight loss, reduced appetite, and generalized anxiety. The patient presented with pelvic pain and sought medical attention, leading to an abdominal MRI scan that revealed a right adrenal mass. The patient's plasma metanephrine levels were found to be four-fold higher than the normal range. A contrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a right adrenal gland with increased dimensions and well-defined edges. A diagnosis of right adrenal pheochromocytoma was made. The patient underwent a right laparoscopic adrenalectomy, which resulted in a reduction in metanephrine levels and normal blood pressure readings. The patient presented a favorable clinical evolution in the post-surgical period, for which it was decided to be discharged home.

Porous Polymer Structures with Tunable Mechanical Properties Using a Water Emulsion Ink.

Recently, the manufacturing of porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with engineered porosity has gained considerable interest due to its tunable material properties and diverse applications. An innovative approach to control the porosity of PDMS is to use transient liquid phase water to improve its mechanical properties, which has been explored in this work. Adjusting the ratios of deionized water to the PDMS precursor during blending and subsequent curing processes allows for controlled porosity, yielding water emulsion foam with tailored properties. The PDMS-to-water weight ratios were engineered ranging from 100:0 to 10:90, with the 65:35 specimen exhibiting the best mechanical properties with a Young's Modulus of 1.17 MPa, energy absorption of 0.33 MPa, and compressive strength of 3.50 MPa. This led to a porous sample exhibiting a 31.46% increase in the modulus of elasticity over a bulk PDMS sample. Dowsil SE 1700 was then added, improving the storage capabilities of the precursor. The optimal storage temperature was probed, with -60 °C resulting in great pore stability throughout a three-week duration. The possibility of using these water emulsion foams for paste extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) was also analyzed by implementing a rheological modifier, fumed silica. Fumed silica's impact on viscosity was examined, revealing that 9 wt% of silica demonstrates optimal rheological behaviors for AM, bearing a viscosity of 10,290 Pa·s while demonstrating shear-thinning and thixotropic behavior. This study suggests that water can be used as pore-formers for PDMS in conjunction with AM to produce engineered materials and structures for aerospace, medical, and defense industries as sensors, microfluidic devices, and lightweight structures.

A Rare Case of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Abdominal Cavity: A Case Report.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare gastrointestinal neoplasms. We are presenting a 57-year-old female patient with a GIST of considerable dimensions that was deemed unresectable during the initial intervention. The patient had a previous surgical record of a peritoneal sarcomatosis tumor that covered approximately 50% of the abdominal cavity. The patient underwent surgical procedures, including exploratory laparotomy, lumpectomy, splenectomy, proximal gastrectomy, esophagogastric anastomosis, pyloroplasty, jejunostomy, and left diaphragm plasty. One of the observed results was the presence of a 50×40 cm exophytic multilobed cerebroid-like tumor in the abdomen region, specifically dependent on the gastric fundus. The primary treatment for patients without metastases is surgical removal of the tumor, with wedge resection being recommended for the preservation of organ function and quality of life postoperatively.

Direct Ink-Write Printing of Ceramic Clay with an Embedded Wireless Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor.

This research presents a simple method to additively manufacture Cone 5 porcelain clay ceramics by using the direct ink-write (DIW) printing technique. DIW has allowed the application of extruding highly viscous ceramic materials with relatively high-quality and good mechanical properties, which additionally allows a freedom of design and the capability of manufacturing complex geometrical shapes. Clay particles were mixed with deionized (DI) water at different ratios, where the most suitable composition for 3D printing was observed at a 1:5 w/c ratio (16.2 wt.%. of DI water). Differential geometrical designs were printed to demonstrate the printing capabilities of the paste. In addition, a clay structure was fabricated with an embedded wireless temperature and relative humidity (RH) sensor during the 3D printing process. The embedded sensor read up to 65% RH and temperatures of up to 85 °F from a maximum distance of 141.7 m. The structural integrity of the selected 3D printed geometries was confirmed through the compressive strength of fired and non-fired clay samples, with strengths of 70 MPa and 90 MPa, respectively. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using the DIW printing of porcelain clay with embedded sensors, with fully functional temperature- and humidity-sensing capabilities.

Outcomes of Carotid Body Tumor Management with Active Surveillance.

OBJECTIVES: To assess outcomes of carotid body tumors (CBTs) managed with active surveillance. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of CBTs managed with active surveillance from 2001 to 2019. RESULTS: A total of 115 cases were identified during chart review. Sixty-five of these patients were managed with active surveillance, and 11 patients had bilateral tumors for a total of 76 tumors. Follow-up records with symptomatic outcomes were available for 51 patients, and 47 tumors had follow-up imaging. Thirty-one (66%) actively surveilled CBTs remained stable or decreased in size while 16 (34%) increased in size. Patients undergoing active surveillance developed symptoms in 12 cases, 6 of these patients underwent surgical intervention. Nine CBTs managed with active surveillance (18%) were ultimately resected. The majority of patients who did not undergo surgical intervention never developed symptoms (36/42, 86%). CONCLUSIONS: Active surveillance may be a reasonable approach for a subset of CBTs.

A Phase III Study of Pafolacianine Injection (OTL38) for Intraoperative Imaging of Folate Receptor-Positive Ovarian Cancer (Study 006).

PURPOSE: The adjunctive use of intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) is gaining acceptance as a potential means to improve outcomes for surgical resection of targetable tumors. This confirmatory study examined the use of pafolacianine for real-time detection of folate receptor-positive ovarian cancer. METHODS: This phase III, open-label, 11-center study included subjects with known or suspected ovarian cancer, scheduled to undergo cytoreductive surgery. The objectives were to confirm safety and efficacy of pafolacianine (0.025 mg/kg IV), given ≥ 1 hour before intraoperative near-infrared imaging to detect macroscopic lesions not detected by palpation and normal white light. RESULTS: From March 2018 through April 2020, 150 patients received a single infusion of pafolacianine (safety analysis set); 109 patients with folate receptor-positive ovarian cancer comprised the full analysis set for efficacy. In 33.0% of patients (95% CI, 24.3 to 42.7; P < .001), pafolacianine with near-infrared imaging identified additional cancer on tissue not planned for resection and not detected by white light assessment and palpation, exceeding the prespecified threshold of 10%. Among patients who underwent interval debulking surgery, the rate was 39.7% (95% CI, 27.0 to 53.4; P < .001). The sensitivity to detect ovarian cancer was 83%, and the patient false-positive rate was 24.8%. Investigators reported achieving complete R0 resection in 62.4% (68 of 109) of patients. Drug-related adverse events were reported by 30% of patients (45 of 150) and most commonly included nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. No drug-related serious adverse events or deaths were reported. CONCLUSION: This phase III study of pafolacianine met its primary efficacy end point, identifying additional cancers not otherwise identified or planned for resection. Pafolacianine may offer an important real-time adjunct to current surgical approaches for ovarian cancer.

Rhinoplasty in a 3 Week Old: Surgical Challenges in the Setting of Severe Congenital Frontonasal Dysplasia.

OBJECTIVES: Congenital frontonasal dysplasia (CFND) is a rare heterogeneous collection of facial deformities. Due to the range of complexity, surgical management is not standardized. METHODS: We present a severe case of CFND and approach to managing multiple defects with a focus on rhinoplasty. RESULTS: This infant was born full term with a large mass instead of a nose, a bilateral cleft lip and palate, and hypertelorbitism. Our primary concerns initially were to address communication with the intracranial cavity, preserve a nasal lining, and improve nasal appearance and airway function in the short term without interfering with subsequent rhinoplasty and adult nasal appearance. CONCLUSIONS: This complex case of CFND is more severe than anything we encountered in our literature review and demonstrates the necessity for multidisciplinary approach to multiple craniofacial defects. Future plans for this patient include rhinoplasty with auricular graft, scar revision, and addressing tip support.

Utilizing digital pathology to quantify stromal caveolin-1 expression in malignant and benign ovarian tumors: Associations with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes.

Loss of stromal caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a biomarker of a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype and is related to progression, metastasis, and poor outcomes in several cancers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of Cav-1 expression in invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa). Epithelial and stromal Cav-1 expression were quantified in serous OvCa and benign ovarian tissue in two, independent cohorts-one quantified expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the other using multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) with digital image analysis designed to target CAF-specific expression. Cav-1 expression was significantly downregulated in OvCa stroma compared to non-neoplastic stroma using both the IHC (p = 0.002) and IF (p = 1.8x10-13) assays. OvCa stroma showed Cav-1 downregulation compared to tumor epithelium with IHC (p = 1.2x10-24). Conversely, Cav-1 expression was higher in OvCa stroma compared to tumor epithelium with IF (p = 0.002). There was moderate correlation between IHC and IF methods for stromal Cav-1 expression (r2 = 0.69, p = 0.006) whereas there was no correlation for epithelial expression (r2 = 0.006, p = 0.98). Irrespective of the staining assay, neither response to therapy or overall survival correlated with the expression level of Cav-1 in the stroma or tumor epithelium. Our findings demonstrate a loss of stromal Cav-1 expression in ovarian serous carcinomas. Studies are needed to replicate these findings and explore therapeutic implications, particularly for immunotherapy response.

Incremental Sampling Methodology for improved characterization of Agent Orange dioxin in Vietnam soil and sediment.

The Danang airport in Vietnam was used heavily by US forces in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2018, the remediation of dioxin contamination at the airport resulting from Agent Orange use and management was completed by the US government. Generation of reliable, defensible, and cost-effective confirmation sampling data over large areas and for large volumes was a significant challenge. Traditional discrete and composite sampling methods were utilized to assess dioxin concentrations and the extent of contamination present at the airport prior to remediation. Confirmation sampling was performed after excavation of contaminated soil and sediment across the entire 28-ha site to demonstrate that remaining concentrations met the Vietnamese standards for the airport site. The volume of excavated soil and sediment was 162,567 m3. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) was used for confirmation sampling to provide a defensible estimate of the mean concentration of dioxin remaining after excavation. The use of ISM revealed that traditional methods underestimated the volume of material requiring treatment. ISM also decreased sampling variability dramatically and provided more reliable estimates of true mean concentrations in an area when compared with traditional methods. The use of ISM: 1) better captured distributional heterogeneity and decreased variability between samples from the same DU by 64%; 2) resulted in low variability between duplicate analyses of the same sample (12%), indicating a reduction in compositional heterogeneity; 3) did not underestimate contaminant levels; and, 4) increased the frequency that excavation boundaries met project goals by 61%, when compared with traditional sampling.

Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search.

Domain-specific expertise changes the way people perceive, process, and remember information from that domain. This is often observed in visual domains involving skilled searches, such as athletics referees, or professional visual searchers (e.g., security and medical screeners). Although existing research has compared expert to novice performance in visual search, little work has directly documented how accumulating experiences change behavior. A longitudinal approach to studying visual search performance may permit a finer-grained understanding of experience-dependent changes in visual scanning, and the extent to which various cognitive processes are affected by experience. In this study, participants acquired experience by taking part in many experimental sessions over the course of an academic semester. Searchers looked for 20 categories of targets simultaneously (which appeared with unequal frequency), in displays with 0-3 targets present, while having their eye movements recorded. With experience, accuracy increased and response times decreased. Fixation probabilities and durations decreased with increasing experience, but saccade amplitudes and visual span increased. These findings suggest that the behavioral benefits endowed by expertise emerge from oculomotor behaviors that reflect enhanced reliance on memory to guide attention and the ability to process more of the visual field within individual fixations.

Health non-governmental organizations (NGOs) amidst civil unrest: Lessons learned from Nicaragua.

The community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) framework recognises the crucial role that small- and medium-sized NGOs play during adverse events, particularly in marginalised communities. Despite the global frequency of civil unrest, its effect on NGOs' programmatic, administrative, and operational capabilities is poorly understood. To this end, we completed in-depth semi-structured interviews with eight key informants representing seven health NGOs in Nicaragua several months after widespread and persistent civil unrest erupted in April 2018. Data analysis revealed that all NGOs experienced notable disruptions in community education and health promotion, healthcare provision, fundraising, and strategic planning. Further, NGOs experienced several key challenges in responding to crises, including mobility within and between communities, diminishing financial resources, and safety concerns for staff and volunteers. Several NGOs anticipated long-term adverse impacts. In light of these challenges, we propose that health NGOs create a plan of action to mitigate adverse impacts of civil unrest and promote population health. Specifically, a plan of action should address institutional planning, communication strategies, and partnerships and coalitions. We also propose important ways in which future research could build on this preliminary study.

Undifferentiated sarcoma presenting as a slowly enlarging facial mass.

Head and neck sarcomas are rare and consist of a variety of histologic subtypes. We present a case of undifferentiated/unclassified sarcoma (UUS) of the maxillary sinus, a tumor subtype historically known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). A 50-year-old female patient presented with worsening facial pain and dysphagia. Physical examination demonstrated a large, ulcerated mass protruding from the oral cavity. Computed tomography demonstrated a large, enhancing mass centered in the right maxillary sinus with local invasion. The initial biopsy was read as "central giant cell granuloma." Conservative management yielded no improvement, and the tumor grew steadily. The patient underwent a total maxillectomy with resection of the orbital floor and an anterior ethmoidectomy, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. In addition to treatment of this patient, we discuss a review of the literature and the clinical presentation, radiologic, and histologic findings of this disease.

Management of Large-Volume Subperiosteal Abscesses of the Orbit: Medical vs Surgical Outcomes.

Objectives To compare clinical variables and outcomes for children with subperiosteal abscesses of the orbit (SPAO) managed medically vs surgically to identify clinical prognosticators. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary children's academic institution. Subjects and Methods The study included 48 children between the age of 1 month and 14 years, with SPAO from 2003 to 2013. Variables included age, sex, physical examination findings, laboratory results, computed tomography (CT) findings, hospital length of stay, length of antibiotic therapy, and placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). Intended methods for comparison were the Student t test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and a forward stepwise multiple logistic regression. Results Thirty-two (67%) children were successfully treated with antibiotic therapy only, and 16 (33%) required surgery. Abscess volume, abscess width, and the presence of gaze restriction were statistically different between the 2 groups. A multivariate analysis found abscess volume as the only predictor for surgical intervention. A subgroup analysis including only patients with an abscess volume of ≥500 mm3 (n = 26) was performed. Eleven patients were treated medically and 15 treated surgically, with the medical group having longer hospital stays ( P = .048), duration of antibiotic therapy ( P = .035), and higher incidence of PICC placement ( P = .005). Conclusions This is the first study to report that abscess volume has clinical implications, as children with SPAO volume ≥500 mm3 treated medically have longer inpatient admissions, antibiotic therapy durations, and PICC placement. When children present with an abscess ≥500 mm3, early surgical intervention should be strongly considered, even in the absence of other surgical criteria, to shorten duration of hospitalization and accelerate clinical improvement.

University of California San Diego's Program in Medical Education-Health Equity (PRIME-HEq): Training Future Physicians to Care for Underserved Communities.

The Program in Medicine-Health Equity (PRIME-HEq) at the University of California, San Diego prepares physicians to clinically serve and publicly advocate for underserved communities. In this article we share some of PRIME-HEq's defining features, such as our admissions process, student-directed service-focused elective courses, active community engagement, and multi-disciplinary Master's training.