Late-childhood foundational cognitive skills predict educational outcomes through adolescence and into young adulthood: evidence from Ethiopia and Peru.

We estimate associations between foundational cognitive skills (inhibitory control, working memory, long-term memory, and implicit learning) measured at age 12 and educational outcomes measured at ages 15 and 19-20 in Ethiopia and Peru, using the Young Lives data. The estimates adjust for rich sets of controls and include measurements of children's baseline abilities. For a subset of the outcomes, we exploit within-household variation. Working memory and long-term memory are consistently and positively associated with subsequent domain-specific cognitive achievement tests (measuring specifically numeracy, vocabulary and literacy achievement) in both countries, university enrolment in Peru (long-term memory) and lower secondary-school completion in Ethiopia (working memory). Inhibitory control predicts subsequent math-test scores in both countries, grade attainment (Ethiopia), and university enrolment (Peru). Value-added estimates show that these skills play roles during adolescence, with the memory-related skills predicting higher domain-specific test scores (Peru and Ethiopia) and grade attainment (Ethiopia), while inhibitory control has associations with math (both countries). These results provide additional evidence to justify the importance of promoting investments in cognitive skills throughout childhood and adolescence, and elucidate how such investments impact educational achievements.

Desigualdades de género y las redes de apoyo social en pacientes con tuberculosis

Las desigualdades de género y las redes de apoyo social relacionadas con la tuberculosis conllevan asimetrías de poder, distintas oportunidades para gozar de salud en unos y aumentar la vulnerabilidad a enfermar en otros. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar las desigualdades de género según redes de apoyo social en pacientes con tuberculosis. Se realizó una revisión sistematizada en fuentes de datos digitales como Google Académico, SciELO y PudMed. Para la búsqueda se utilizaron las palabras clave: género, desigualdades, redes de apoyo y tuberculosis. Los resultados se limitaron a artículos científicos de revisión y originales, publicados en idioma español e inglés de los últimos 21 años. Se sostiene que las redes de apoyo ante un episodio mórbido resultan condicionadas por las diferencias, pero, sobre todo, por las desigualdades de género dentro de las estructuras sociales. Se concluye que la mayoría de estudios no vinculó la tuberculosis con el género. Las redes de apoyo social cumplieron con una parte fundamental en el proceso salud-enfermedad de las personas con este padecimiento.

Gender inequalities and social support networks related to tuberculosis lead to power asymmetries, health disparities for some, and increased vulnerability to disease for others. The aim of this study was to examine gender inequalities according to social support networks in patients with tuberculosis. A systematic review was conducted in digital data sources such as Google Scholar, SciELO, and PubMed. The search terms used were: gender, inequalities, support networks, and tuberculosis. The results were limited to review and original research articles, published in Spanish and English in the last 21 years. It is argued that support networks in the face of a morbid episode are conditioned by differences, but above all, by gender inequalities within social structures. It is concluded that most studies have failed to associate tuberculosis with gender. Social support networks played a fundamental role in the health-disease process of people with this disease.

Determination of the Fluoride Content in Water of Aqueducts of Cauca (Colombia) by Ion Exchange Chromatography.

Water for human consumption is the main source of fluoride exposure. The concentration in water should not exceed 1 mg/L of fluoride since, at higher levels; it increases the risk of dental fluorosis, among other adverse effects. The fluoride content of 149 water samples from different aqueducts in Cauca (Colombia) has been determined by ion exchange chromatography with the aim of fluoride risk assessment. The rural area of the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao registered fluoride concentrations between 0.012 and 0.150 mg/L. The urban area of Santander de Quilichao recorded lower fluoride levels than the rural area (0.027-0.068 mg/L). The urban area of the Municipality of Cajibío registered fluoride levels of 0.082-0.186 mg/L. The highest levels of fluoride were found in Timbío (0.121-0.210 mg/L). The fluoride levels recorded in this study are not considered sufficient to trigger dental fluorosis. Likewise, optimal levels are not considered to protect the child population against dental caries. However, a monitoring plan of fluoride concentrations in water should be implemented to assure the quality and safe of the water.

Strongyloides stercolaris en lavado broncoalveolar / Strongyloides stercoralis in bronchoalveolar lavage specimen

Las estrongiloidiosis es una infección parasitaria frecuente en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Suele ser asintomática y limitarse al intestino. Sin embargo, pueden darse casos de infección extraintestinal diseminada y potencialmente fatales en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente diagnosticada con estrongiloidiosis mediante una muestra de lavado broncoalveolar procesada con los métodos de cytospin y citología convencional...

Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection found especially in tropical and subtropical regions. It is usually an asymptomatic and limited disease of the gut. However, potentially fatal cases of disseminated hyperinfection in immunosuppressed patients can occur. We present the case of a female patient with strongyloidiasis in bronchoalveolar lavage specimen processed as cytospin preparations and conventional cytology...