Structural insights into ligand-induced activation of the insulin receptor.

The current model for insulin binding to the insulin receptor proposes that there are two binding sites, referred to as sites 1 and 2, on each monomer in the receptor homodimer and two binding surfaces on insulin, one involving residues predominantly from the dimerization face of insulin (the classical binding surface) and the other residues from the hexamerization face. High-affinity binding involves one insulin molecule using its two surfaces to make bridging contacts with site 1 from one receptor monomer and site 2 from the other. Whilst the receptor dimer has two identical site 1-site 2 pairs, insulin molecules cannot bridge both pairs simultaneously. Our structures of the insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain dimer and the L1-CR-L2 fragments of IR and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) explain many of the features of ligand-receptor binding and allow the two binding sites on the receptor to be described. The IR dimer has an unexpected folded-over conformation which places the C-terminal surface of the first fibronectin-III domain in close juxtaposition to the known L1 domain ligand-binding surface suggesting that the C-terminal surface of FnIII-1 is the second binding site involved in high-affinity binding. This is very different from previous models based on three-dimensional reconstruction from scanning transmission electron micrographs. Our single-molecule images indicate that IGF-1R has a morphology similar to that of IR. In addition, the structures of the first three domains (L1-CR-L2) of the IR and IGF-1R show that there are major differences in the two regions governing ligand specificity. The implications of these findings for ligand-induced receptor activation will be discussed. This review summarizes the key findings regarding the discovery and characterization of the insulin receptor, the identification and arrangement of its structural domains in the sequence and the key features associated with ligand binding. The remainder of the review deals with a description of the receptor structure and how it explains much of the large body of biochemical data in the literature on insulin binding and receptor activation.

Structure of the extracellular domains of the human interleukin-6 receptor alpha -chain.

Dysregulated production of IL-6 and its receptor (IL-6R) are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, autoimmune diseases and prostate cancer. The IL-6R complex comprises two molecules each of IL-6, IL-6R, and the signaling molecule, gp130. Here, we report the x-ray structure (2.4 A) of the IL-6R ectodomains. The N-terminal strand of the Ig-like domain (D(1)) is disulfide-bonded to domain D(2), and domains D(2) and D(3), the cytokine-binding domain, are structurally similar to known cytokine-binding domains. The head-to-tail packing of two closely associated IL-6R molecules observed in the crystal may be representative of the configuration of the physiological dimer of IL-6R and provides new insight into the architecture of the IL-6R complex.

A novel, multilayer structure of a helical peptide.

X-ray diffraction analysis at 1.5 A resolution has confirmed the helical conformation of a de novo designed 18-residue peptide. However, the crystal structure reveals the formation of continuous molecular layers of parallel-packed amphiphilic helices as a result of much more extensive helix-helix interactions than predicted. The crystal packing arrangement, by virtue of distinct antiparallel packing interactions, segregates the polar and apolar surfaces of the helices into discrete and well-defined interfacial regions. An extensive "ridges-into-grooves" interdigitation characterizes the hydrophobic interface, whereas an extensive network of salt bridges and hydrogen bonds dominates the corresponding hydrophilic interface.

Many crystal forms of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase.

Many crystal forms of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase have been obtained by vapour diffusion, microbatch and microdialysis methods. Despite their apparent morphological perfection, no X-ray diffraction has been discernible in most cases with these crystals.

Preliminary crystallographic analysis of deshexapeptide (B25-B30) insulin.

Satisfactory single crystals of deshexapeptide (B25-B30) insulin for X-ray crystal structure analysis have been grown in citrate buffer by the method of hanging-drop gas phase diffusion. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system with space group C2. The unit cell constants are a = 42.6 A, b = 37.9 A, c = 27.2 A, beta = 125.4 degrees and there is only one molecule of deshexapeptide insulin in an asymmetric unit.