RESUMEN
Worldwide meat consumption and production have nearly quintupled in the last 60 years. In this context, research and the application of new technologies related to animal reproduction have evolved in an accelerated way. The objective of the present study was to apply nanoemulsions (NEs) as carriers of lipids to feed bovine embryos in culture media and verify their impact on the development of embryos produced in vitro. The NEs were characterized by particle size, polydispersity, size distribution, physical stability, morphology using atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface tension, density, pH, and rheological behavior. The NEs were prepared by the emulsification/evaporation technique. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to optimize the NE fabrication parameters. The three optimized formulations used in the embryo application showed an emulsion stability index (ESI) between 0.046 and 0.086, which reflects high stability. The mean droplet diameter analyzed by laser diffraction was approximately 70-80 nm, suggesting a possible transit across the embryonic zona pellucida with pores of an average 90 nm in diameter. AFM images clearly confirm the morphology of spherical droplets with a mean droplet diameter of less than 100 nm. The optimized formulations added during the higher embryonic genome activation phase in bovine embryos enhanced early embryonic development.
RESUMEN
Starches are promising molecules in the production of edible films. However, the hydrophilic nature of these materials is among the main limitations of packaging based on natural polymers. An underexplored alternative is the incorporation of emulsions. This work aimed to produce films based on crosslinked cassava starch with emulsions based on watermelon seed oil (WSO) extracted with pressurized ethanol. The effect of incorporating watermelon seed oil emulsion (WSOE) on the microscopic, structural, mechanical, hydrophilic, and thermal properties of films was analyzed. The internal structure and roughness of the films were significantly affected by increasing WSOE concentration. The WSOE incorporation increased the elongation capacity of the films and reduced the strain at break. WSOE concentrations did not significantly affect the water solubility, permeability, and X-ray diffraction but decreased the wettability of the films. The analysis of the thermal properties showed that the films did not present phase separation in the studied temperature range. Overall, WSOE improved the properties of the films based on cross-linked cassava starch, but it is necessary to optimize the production conditions of the films. These materials may potentially be used as biodegradable food packaging, controlled-release films, and edible coatings in food protection.
RESUMEN
Grau de Conversão (GC) em dentística restauradora se define como o método para medir da taxa de conversão de resinas compostas. Devido aos diferentes tipos de polimerização bem como de composições das resinas esta propriedade é imperceptível ao profissional clínico e somente torna-se perceptível através de instrumentos laboratoriais. Foi medido o Grau de Conversão para este estudo de 3 marcas comerciais de resinas compostas (Filtek Z250, Fill Magic e Opallis) para a restauração direta, através do Infravermelho por Transformadas de Fourier (FTIR) BXll Perkin Elmer com absorbância nos números de onda 1297 ± 10 cm-1, 1319 ± 10 cm-1 e 1637 ± 10 cm-1 em função da potência dos aparelhos fotoativadores Bisco (300 mW/cm2 e 600 mW/cm2) e DMC Ultra Blue IS (350 mW/cm2). Uma amostra de 10 mg ± 2 mg foi colocada no ZnSe ATR ( Miracle ATR, Perkin Elmer) e medido antes da polimerização (T0) com os parâmetros : 600 4000 cm-1 e 32 scans. Após esta leitura inicial a amostra foi polimerizada por 20s, 40s, 60s e 80s com o aparelho fotoativador na intensidade pretendida e ajustada. As resinas Filtek Z250, FillMagic e Opallis apresentaram um grau de conversão semelhantes entre si e satisfatório com o fotoativador Bisco na duas potências (300 e 600 mW) testadas. Com a fotoativador DMC as resinas Opallis e Fill Magic não atingiram o objetivo de 52 % de conversão. A combinação Fotoativador, Resina e Tempo de Polimerização ideal é de imensa importância para o sucesso da restauração
The Degree of Conversion (DC) in restorative dentistry is defined as a method to measure the rate of conversion of composites. Due to the different types of compositions and polymerization of the resins this property is imperceptible to the clinician and only becomes visible through laboratory instruments. In this study was measured the degree of conversion of three brands of resin composites (Filtek Z250, Fill Magic and Opallis) for direct the restoration, by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) BXll - Perkin Elmer with absorbance in the wave numbers 1297 ± 10 cm-1 1319 ± 10 cm-1 and 1637 ± 10 cm-1 in function of the power of light curing units Bisco (300 mW/cm2 and 600 mW/cm2) and DMC IS Ultra Blue (350 mW/cm2) .A sample of 10 mg ± 2 mg was placed on the ZnSe ATR (ATR Miracle, Perkin Elmer) and measured before the polymerization (T0) with the parameters: 600 - 4000 cm-1 and 32 scans. After this initial reading of the sample was polymerized for 20s, 40s, 60s and 80s with the light-curing unit and desired intensity. The resins Filtek Z250, FillMagic and Opallis showed a similar and satisfactory degree of conversion with the two intensities of the curing unit Bisco (300 and 600 mW) tested. With the DMC curing unit the resins Opallis and Fill Magic failed to reach the goal of 52% conversion. The ideal combination of Light-Curing Unit, resin and polymerization time is of immense importance to the success of the restoration