Resistance of Soybean Genotypes to Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Antixenosis and Antibiosis Characterization.

Injury by herbivores is a major biotic stress that limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crop production. Among the main soybean insect pests, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner is responsible for causing significant economic damage in soybean. The primary management strategy for this insect is chemical control and use of Bt transgenic soybean. Alternative strategies, such as host plant resistance, are considered an efficient and less-aggressive method, especially in association with other strategies as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. In this study, we evaluated 30 soybean genotypes to verify antixenosis expression through oviposition, attractiveness, and food consumption tests. From this, we selected 13 promising genotypes to verify the possible presence of antibiosis. Our results suggest that antixenosis was found in genotypes 'TMG 133' RR, 'TMG 1179' RR, 'IAC 19', 'IAC 17', 'IAC 100', D75-10169, and IAC 78-2318. By influence on behavior and negative impact on larval viability, antixenosis and antibiosis were indicated for the genotypes IAC 74-2832, 'IAC 19', 'IAC 17', 'IAC 100', and PI 274454. 'TMG 7062' IPRO was found to provide antibiosis resistance by negatively affecting larval development and viability. Because of reduced food consumption by larvae, antixenosis was indicated for 'IAC 24'. These genotypes should be considered in soybean breeding programs focusing on soybean resistance to A. gemmatalis.

Resistance Sources and Antixenotic Factors in Brazilian Bean Genotypes Against Bemisia tabaci.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East Asia Minor 1 is one of the most important pests of the common bean, due to its potential of causing direct and indirect damage. This study aimed to evaluate 78 bean genotypes to verify the occurrence of resistance of antixenosis type against B. tabaci. Initially, multiple-choice trials were performed to evaluate the oviposition preference and nymphs' establishment at 3 and 15 days after infestation. Subsequently, 21 bean genotypes were selected, and a no-choice test was conducted. Colorimetric analyses were performed to establish correlations between leaf color and insect establishment. In multiple-choice trial, the genotypes BRS Ametista, BRS Estilo, BRS Esplendor, SCS 204 Predileto, BRS Notável, IPR Eldorado, CHIB 06, IPR Quero-Quero, Iapar 81, CHIP 338, IPR Garça, Arcelina 4, SCS 202 Guará, IAC Esperança, H96102-1-1-1-52, CHIP 348, Carioca Comum, CHIP 300, IAC Carioca Eté, IAC Ybaté, and Tybatã were the least used for oviposition and nymph establishment, demonstrating antixenosis or antibiosis. In the no-choice trial, most genotypes were less attractive to whitefly, and the genotypes CHIB 06, IPR Garça, CHIP 300, and IAC Esperança had less oviposition. The most attractive genotypes presented high luminosity and more intense green and yellow colors, indicating positive correlation. Therefore, the genotypes BRS Ametista, SCS 204 Predileto, BRS Estilo, IPR Eldorado, SCS-202 Guará, Carioca Comum, Arcelina 4, CHIP 348, and IAC Esperança showed the highest resistance stability in the no-choice trial, and they are promising sources of antixenotic factors for use in breeding programs to obtain whitefly-resistant common bean lines.

Assessing Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest capable of colonizing several species of cultivated plants, including soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. The primary management strategy for this insect is chemical control and adoption of Bt plants. However, alternative environmentally friendly strategies should be investigated and adopted as available for sustainable management of this insect pest. One potential underutilized method for insect control is plant resistance. The objective of this study was to categorize resistance (antixenosis and antibiosis) of 22 soybean genotypes on H. armigera in a laboratory setting. A preliminary experiment was conducted using soybean leaves and pods to determine the most promising genotypes for resistance. For each selected genotype, we collected biological parameters, leaf intake, and performed confinement tests. The genotypes PI 227687, PI 274453, PI 274454, PI 229358, PI 171451, 'IAC 17', and 'IAC 19' expressed resistance against H. armigera. Each genotype lowered larval survivorship. The genotypes PI 229358, PI 227687, PI 274453, and PI 274454 expressed resistance by prolonging larval development and reducing fifth-instar larvae weight. 'IAC 19' reduced leaf consumption and lowered the weight of fifth-instar larvae. Antixenosis was found in genotypes PI 227687, PI 274454, and 'IAC 19'. These genotypes might be used in breeding programs focusing on soybean resistance to lepidopterans.

Infection by the semi-persistently transmitted Tomato chlorosis virus alters the biology and behaviour of Bemisia tabaci on two potato clones.

Insect-borne plant viruses usually alter the interactions between host plant and insect vector in ways conducive to their transmission ('host manipulation hypothesis'). Most studies have tested this hypothesis with persistently and non-persistently transmitted viruses, while few have examined semi-persistently transmitted viruses. The crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is semi-persistently transmitted virus by whiteflies, and has been recently reported infecting potato plants in Brazil, where Bemisia tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) is a competent vector. We investigated how ToCV infection modifies the interaction between potato plants and B. tabaci in ways that increase the likelihood of ToCV transmission, in two clones, one susceptible ('Agata') and the other moderately resistant (Bach-4) to B. tabaci. Whiteflies alighted and laid more eggs on ToCV-infected plants than mock-inoculated plants of Bach-4. When non-viruliferous whiteflies were released on ToCV-infected plants near mock-inoculated plants, adults moved more intensely towards non-infected plants than in the reverse condition for both clones. Feeding on ToCV-infected plants reduced egg-incubation period in both clones, but the egg-adult cycle was similar for whiteflies fed on ToCV-infected and mock-inoculated plants. Our results demonstrated that ToCV infection in potato plants alters B. tabaci behaviour and development in distinct ways depending on the host clone, with potential implications for ToCV spread.

Resistance of Collard Green Genotypes to Bemisia tabaci Biotype B: Characterization of Antixenosis.

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important pest of vegetable crops, including collard greens Brassica oleracea var. acephala (Brassicaceae). The use of resistant genotypes is an interesting option to reduce insect populations and can be used as an important tool for integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated 32 genotypes of collard greens against the attack of silver leaf whitefly, with the aim to characterize antixenosis. Initially, a multiple-choice trial was conducted using all genotypes, in which the adult attractiveness was assessed on two leaves per genotype at 24 and 48 h after infestation. After 48 h, one leaf of each genotype was randomly selected for the determination of the number of eggs per square centimeter. From the results of the multiple-choice trial, 13 genotypes were selected for a no-choice oviposition test, following the same method of the previous test. Colorimetric analyses were also performed to establish possible correlations between leaf color and insect colonization. Genotypes HS-20, OE, and VA were less attractive, demonstrating antixenosis. Genotypes LG, VE, J, MG, MOP, HS-20, VA, and MT had less oviposition in the multiple-choice test, which indicated expression of antixenosis. In the no-choice test, genotypes VE, P1C, CCB, RI-919, H, and J had less oviposition, which also characterized antixenosis. Therefore, genotypes VE and J showed the highest resistance stability because both had less oviposition in both test modalities. Thus, the resistance to B. tabaci biotype B indicates the genotypes HS-20, OE, VA, VE, and J are promising for use in breeding programs to develop resistance to whitefly.

Assessing Common Bean Cultivars for Resistance to the Soybean Looper Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

The soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is known as an important pest of leguminous plants worldwide. In Brazil, this pest species is gaining importance to producers of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) because it limits field production of the crop. Chemical control is still the primary method of insect control. However, due to the possible harmful effects of pesticides to humans and the environment, alternative and less aggressive practices are being investigated. For this reason, the use of resistant plant genotypes represents a valuable tool in insect control. This study evaluated the biological aspects of larvae of C. includens confined to 14 bean genotypes under laboratory conditions (26 ± 2°C; 65 ± 10% RH; photoperiod of 14 h L:10 h D). The duration of the instars, total duration of the larval phase, consumption while in the larval phase, weight of the fifth instar larvae, larval viability, duration of the pre-pupal and pupal phases, pupal weight, pupal viability, pupal deformity, caterpillar-to-adult cycle, duration of the pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, and total number of viable eggs per female were evaluated. The genotypes "IAC Boreal," "IAC Harmonia," and "IAC Formoso" expressed antibiosis, prolonging the caterpillar-to-adult cycle and reducing the larval viability; however, each of these genotypes also experienced high leaf consumption. "IAC Jabola" expressed moderate levels of antibiosis and/or antixenosis (feeding), while the genotype "BRS Horizonte" expressed antixenosis (feeding). The data obtained with IAC Boreal, IAC Harmonia, IAC Formoso, IAC Jabola, and BRS Horizonte are promising and may help with the improvement of programs aimed at managing C. includens damage to this leguminous agricultural crop.

No Correlation of Morpho-Agronomic Traits of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) Genotypes and Resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Resistance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties is an important tool to control Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) worldwide. However, bioassays to characterize the resistance of a genotype can be difficult to perform. Therefore, the current study sought to correlate the morpho-agronomic traits of P. vulgaris genotypes with their resistance to A. obtectus and Z. subfasciatus to facilitate genotype characterization. Bean samples of each genotype were infested with newly emerged insect couples, and the number of adults obtained in each genotype was quantified (value used as a resistance parameter). The resistance index was calculated by dividing the number of adults obtained in each genotype by the one obtained in the cultivar Bolinha, used as the standard for susceptibility. Fifty genotypes were evaluated for A. obtectus and 202 for Z. subfasciatus. All genotypes were characterized according to their resistance to each insect and 18 other morpho-agronomic traits, for a total of 19 descriptors. Principal component analyses did not show any correlation between insect resistance and the morpho-agronomic traits of the genotypes. Further, the thousand seeds weight (TSW), which is indicative of the genotype center of origin was tested considering genotypes from Mesoamerican with low TSW, while those from Andean with high TSW. Thus, the lack of correlation between genotype resistance and TSW indicates that resistance to A. obtectus and Z. subfasciatus in P. vulgaris is not related to the host center of origin.

Records of Natural Enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype B in Brazil.

Collections of natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were made in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the greenhouse, 6,495 predators and 16,628 parasitoids belonging to three families were collected. In the field, 267 predators and 344 parasitoids belonging to five families were found. For the first time in Brazil, five species of predators associated with this whitefly were reported. Because of the diversity of natural enemies of B. tabaci biotype B recorded, this study points out the importance of these data for studies on integrated pest management.

Resistance of Citrus and Related Genera to Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae).

The present study was developed to evaluate the resistance of the following genotypes of Citrus and related genera to this pest: 'Pera,' 'Natal', and 'Washington Navel' oranges (Citrus sinensis), 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), hardy orange 'Rubidoux' (Poncirus trifoliata), kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle), citrumelo 'Swingle' (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata), and citrange 'Troyer' (P. trifoliata x C. sinensis). The experiments were performed in greenhouses with plants grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia) and placed individually in voile cages. The preference for oviposition in a no-choice test, and the effect of genotype were evaluated. The egg-adult cycle was monitored to determine the effect of genotype on the biology of the insect. Poncirus 'Rubidoux' was the least preferred genotype for oviposition; reduced number of eggs was also found to occur on citrange 'Troyer', and 'Marsh Seedless' was the genotype with the most eggs. No significant variation in the duration of the embryonic period was observed; however, a difference in the viability of eggs was found, with the lowest egg viabilities on 'Swingle.' Kumquat and 'Marsh Seedless' genotypes were correlated with increased durations of the nymphal phase, however, there was no difference in the survival of this phase. Fecundity of females on 'Troyer', 'Swingle', and kumquat was reduced. Considering all of the evaluated parameters, it was concluded that cultivars of sweet orange are the most susceptible genotypes to Diaphorina citri. Regarding oviposition, P. trifoliata 'Rubidoux' showed resistance of the antixenosis type.

Performance of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Weeds.

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is regarded as a pest with a large number of hosts, including crops and weeds. The performance of this whitefly on seven weeds was evaluated in order to identify the most suitable host. The following weeds that are very common in intense agricultural areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were selected for this study: spurge (Euphorbia heterophylla), beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), red tasselflower (Emilia sonchifolia), small-flower galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora), pigweed (Amaranthus viridis), black nightshade (Solanum americanum), and morning glory (Ipomoea sp.). In free-choice tests, adult preference and oviposition were greatest on spurge. In contrast, morning glory was the least attractive and least oviposited plant. In assays carried out for egg-adult development, egg viability was greater than 87% over all weeds, whereas nymph viability ranged from 74 to 97%. The developmental period from egg to adult ranged from 26.7 to 49.1 days among the hosts under study. The lowest nymph density rate was observed for beggarticks and morning glory. Cluster analysis resulted in a single group formed by spurge, indicating its superiority as a host for B. tabaci biotype B. Even though the parameters evaluated indicate that spurge is the most suitable host among the weeds, all the others allow the reproduction of B. tabaci biotype B. For this reason, they should be observed during cropping and the intercrop period in areas infested by this whitefly.

Population variability of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in different hosts.

The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a cryptic species complex that contains some of the most damaging pests in tropical and subtropical regions. Recent studies have indicated that this complex is composed of at least 24 distinct and morphologically indistinguishable species that mainly differ in their ability to transmit phytoviruses, adapt to hosts, and induce physiological changes in certain hosts. The importance of this species has been increasing worldwide, because it serves as a phytovirus vector, particularly for geminiviruses, in economically important crops. Here, we aimed to examine the population variability of B. tabaci populations inhabiting 6 agricultural crops grown in 5 regions of Brazil and 1 region of the USA; BRrep [Brasília (DF, Brazil) - cabbage], ILsoj [Urbana (IL/USA) - soybean], BJabo [Bom Jesus da Lapa (BA, Brazil) - pumpkin], CPsoj [Campinas (SP, Brazil) - soybean], UBman [Ubatuba (SP, Brazil) - cassava], and PEmel [Petrolina (PE, Brazil) - melon]. Thirteen polymorphic loci with 50 alleles were observed, with an average of 2.37 (range: 2.00-2.91) alleles per population. The UBman and PEmel B. tabaci populations were the most differentiated, which was probably caused by insect adaptation to the host plant and the use of insecticides. A 33.87% inter-population variation was observed, indicating that microsatellites may be used to measure differentiation among these B. tabaci populations. Based on the comparison of microsatellites in the current study, only the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 population of B. tabaci was found in the six populations.

Low polymorphism revealed in new microsatellite markers for Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).

The silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is actually a complex of morphologically indistinct species that vary in their capacity to transmit plant viruses and to induce physiological disorders in plants of economic importance. The worldwide impact of this whitefly has increased greatly, as it is a vector of various types of phytovirus, especially geminiviruses, in plants of economic importance. The adaptability of B. tabaci to many regions of the world has fostered the appearance of various biotypes that attack a broad spectrum of host plants. We developed microsatellite markers to study genetic variability and population structure of this whitefly in Brazil. Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in 20 individuals from a natural population that were collected in soybean in Campinas (SP). The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to two, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.505. These microsatellite markers will be useful for studies and management of B. tabaci. The low polymorphism found in these molecular markers is probably associated with homology of genes expressed in these markers.

Enzymatic response of the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) to a bis-benzamidine proteinase Inhibitor. i.

Ingestion of proteinase inhibitors leads to hyperproduction of digestive proteinases, limiting the bioavailability of essential amino acids for protein synthesis, which affects insect growth and development. However, the effects of proteinase inhibitors on digestive enzymes can lead to an adaptive response by the insect. In here, we assessed the biochemical response of midgut proteinases from the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) to different concentrations of berenil, a bis-benzamidine proteinase inhibitor, on eucalyptus. Eucalyptus leaves were immersed in berenil solutions at different concentrations and fed to larvae of T. arnobia. Mortality was assessed daily. The proteolytic activity in the midgut of T. arnobia was assessed after feeding on plants sprayed with aqueous solutions of berenil, fed to fifth instars of T. arnobia for 48 h before midgut removal for enzymatic assays. Larvae of T. arnobia were able to overcome the effects of the lowest berenil concentrations by increasing their trypsin-like activity, but not as berenil concentration increased, despite the fact that the highest berenil concentration resulted in overproduction of trypsin-like proteinases. Berenil also prevented the increase of the cysteine proteinases activity in response to trypsin inhibition.

Não preferência para oviposição e alimentação por Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) em genótipos de tomateiro

This study aimed to select tomato genotypes resistant to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) due to nonpreference for oviposition and feeding, in CHOIce and no-CHOIce tests. The species used were Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Santa Clara, hybrids: Saladete Italian Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salad Lumi, Saledete Italian Andrea Victory and Santa Cruz Ty Carina Ty), S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M Spooner (lines PI 134417 and PI 134418) and S. pimpinellifolium L. (lines NAV 1062 and PI 126931). In tests of nonpreference for oviposition the number of eggs per plant was counted at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the release of adults. For the tests of nonpreference for feeding the attractiveness of the larva to the genotypes in each replicate was assessed at 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360; 720 and 1440 minutes after the release of larvae and mass consumed by the larva. It was found that the tomato genotypes evaluated did not present nonpreference resistance for oviposition. However, the genotype PI 134417 presented nonpreference resistance for feeding.

Este trabalho buscou selecionar genótipos de tomateiro resistentes a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), dos tipos não preferência para oviposição e alimentação, em testes com e sem chance de escolha. As espécies utilizadas foram Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Santa Clara, os híbridos: Saladete Italiano Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salada Lumi, Saladete Italiano Andrea Victory e Santa Cruz Ty Carina Ty), S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M Spooner (linhagens PI 134417 e PI 134418) e S. pimpinellifolium L. (linhagens NAV 1062 e PI 126931). Nos testes de não preferência para oviposição, foram contados o número de ovos por planta às 24, 48 e 72 horas, após a liberação dos adultos. Para os testes de não preferência para alimentação, foram avaliados a atratividade das larvas pelos genótipos em cada repetição a 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 e 1440 minutos, após a liberação das larvas e massa consumida pelas larvas. Constatou-se que os genótipos de tomateiro avaliados não apresentam resistência dos tipos não preferência para oviposição. Já o genótipo PI 134417 apresenta resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação.

Qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de pinhão manso tratadas com fungicidas

Two experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Grande Dourados, in order to evaluate the efficiency of fungicides, Carboxin + Thiram and Carbendazin + Thiram at different doses on seed health and its effect on seedling vigor. The fungicides, Carboxin + Thiram was evaluated at doses of 350, 450 and 550 mL and Carbendazin + Thiram at doses of 200, 300 and 400 mL, the respective doses for 100 kg of seeds. The experimental design for both trials was completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 10 repetitions for the test of sanity and 5 for analysis of the vigor. We analyzed the percentage incidence of fungi in seed and seedling vigor, through a field emergence, index of emergence speed and plant height. We report the incidence of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. Phomopsis sp. and Rhizopus sp., and Carboxin + Thiram at a dose of 550 ml, the treatment most effective in controlling pathogens. For field emergence, both fungicides were effective, providing increases ranging from 48.9 to 97.4% of emergency. The index of emergence speed was favored by treatments with Carboxin + Thiram at a dose of 550 mL and Carbendazin + Thiram at doses of 300 and 400 ml. It was found that Fusarium sp. was the pathogen with the highest percentage of incidence on seeds, however, the highest correlation with the low emergence were observed by the presence of Penicillium sp. and Phomopsis sp.

Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos fungicidas, Carboxin + Thiram e Carbendazin + Thiram, em diferentes doses, na sanidade de sementes e seu efeito sobre o vigor de plântulas. Os fungicidas, Carboxin + Thiram foi avaliado nas doses de 350, 450 e 550 mL e Carbendazin + Thiram nas doses de 200, 300 e 400 mL, sendo as respectivas doses para 100 kg de sementes. O delineamento experimental para ambos os ensaios foi inteiramente casualizado com 7 tratamentos, 10 repetições para o ensaio de sanidade e 5 repetições para análise do vigor. Analisaram-se a porcentagem de incidência de fungos nas sementes e o vigor de plântulas, por meio da emergência a campo, índice de velocidade de emergência e altura de plantas. Relata-se a incidência de Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp. e Rhizopus sp., sendo Carboxin + Thiram na dose de 550 mL, o tratamento mais eficiente no controle dos patógenos. Quanto à emergência a campo, ambos os fungicidas foram eficientes, proporcionando aumentos que variaram de 48,9 a 97,4% de emergência. O índice de velocidade de emergência foi favorecido pelos tratamentos com Carboxin + Thiram na dose de 550 mL e Carbendazin + Thiram nas doses de 300 e 400 ml. Constatou-se que Fusarium sp. foi o patógeno com maior percentual de incidência sobre as sementes, todavia, as maiores correlações com a baixa emergência foram observadas pela presença dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Phomopsis sp.

Avaliação de resistência de cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro a Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Due to its widespread distribution and known damages, Enneothrips flavens Moulton is considered the major pest of the peanut crop in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of four runner peanut cultivars under natural field infestation of this insect. The experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, using a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The cultivars studied were IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 and Runner IAC 886. Insect infestation and damage, as well as plant behavior were evaluated as to the number of nymphae and adults, percentage of attacked leaflets, symptoms of attack intensity, number of apical buds/plant, plant dry weight, yield of unshelled pods/plant and 100 kernel weight. No significant difference was noted between cultivars regarding the level of E. flavens (adult and nymphae) infestation. The largest nymphae infestation was recorded at the 15-41 DAE (days after emergency) period. As for the adults, the largest infestation occurred between 15 and 48 days after emergence. The evaluation of yield performance under thrips (E. flavens) infestation suggested that the cultivar IAC Caiapó behaved as tolerant to the attack of this insect.

Devido a sua ampla distribuição e aos danos acarretados, Enneothrips flavens Moulton destaca-se como a principal praga do amendoim no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de campo, o comportamento de quatro cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro sob infestação natural de E. flavens. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos em seis repetições. Foram utilizadas os cultivares IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 e IAC Runner-886. Foram avaliados o número de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens, porcentagem de folíolos atacados, sintomas de intensidade de ataque, número de brotos apicais por planta, massa seca das plantas, produção de grãos em casca (kg ha-1) e a massa seca de 100 sementes (g). Os cultivares não diferiram quanto ao nível de infestação de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens. O período de maior infestação de ninfas ocorreu entre 15 e 41 DAE, e de adultos entre 15 e 48 DAE. Analisando-se a produção, o cultivar IAC Caiapó comportou-se como portador de resistência do tipo tolerância ao ataque de E. flavens.

Qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de pinhão manso tratadas com fungicidas / Sanitary and physiological quality of jatropha seeds treated with fungicides

Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos fungicidas, Carboxin + Thiram e Carbendazin + Thiram, em diferentes doses, na sanidade de sementes e seu efeito sobre o vigor de plântulas. Os fungicidas, Carboxin + Thiram foi avaliado nas doses de 350, 450 e 550 mL e Carbendazin + Thiram nas doses de 200, 300 e 400 mL, sendo as respectivas doses para 100 kg de sementes. O delineamento experimental para ambos os ensaios foi inteiramente casualizado com 7 tratamentos, 10 repetições para o ensaio de sanidade e 5 repetições para análise do vigor. Analisaram-se a porcentagem de incidência de fungos nas sementes e o vigor de plântulas, por meio da emergência a campo, índice de velocidade de emergência e altura de plantas. Relata-se a incidência de Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusariumsp., Phomopsis sp. e Rhizopus sp., sendo Carboxin + Thiram na dose de 550 mL, o tratamento mais eficiente no controle dos patógenos. Quanto à emergência a campo, ambos os fungicidas foram eficientes, proporcionando aumentos que variaram de 48,9 a 97,4% de emergência. O índice de velocidade de emergência foi favorecido pelos tratamentos com Carboxin + Thiram na dose de 550 mL e Carbendazin + Thiram nas doses de 300 e 400 ml. Constatou-se que Fusarium sp. foi o patógeno com maior percentual de incidência sobre as sementes, todavia, as maiores correlações com a baixa emergência foram observadas pela presença dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Phomopsis sp. (AU)

SANITARY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY SEED OF JATROPHA TREATED WITH FUNGICIDES. Two experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Grande Dourados, in order to evaluate the efficiency of fungicides, Carboxin + Thiram and Carbendazin + Thiram at different doses on seed health and its effect on seedling vigor. The fungicides, Carboxin + Thiram was evaluated at doses of 350, 450 and 550 mL and Carbendazin + Thiram at doses of 200, 300 and 400 mL, the respective doses for 100 kg of seeds. The experimental design for both trials was completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 10 repetitions for the test of sanity and 5 for analysis of the vigor. We analyzed the percentage incidence of fungi in seed and seedling vigor, through a field emergence, index of emergence speed and plant height. We report the incidence of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. Phomopsis sp. and Rhizopus sp., and Carboxin + Thiram at a dose of 550 ml, the treatment most effective in controlling pathogens. For field emergence, both fungicides were effective, providing increases ranging from 48.9 to 97.4% of emergency. The index of emergence speed was favored by treatments with Carboxin + Thiram at a dose of 550 mL and Carbendazin + Thiram at doses of 300 and 400 ml. It was found that Fusarium sp. was the pathogen with the highest percentage of incidence on seeds, however, the highest correlation with the low emergence were observed by the presence of Penicillium sp. and Phomopsis sp. (AU)

Avaliação de resistência de cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro a Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) / Evaluation of peanut cultivars with runner growing habit for resistance to Enneothrips flavens, Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Devido a sua ampla distribuição e aos danos acarretados, Enneothripsflavens Moulton destacase como a principal praga do amendoim no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de campo, o comportamento de quatro cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro sob infestação natural de E. flavens. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos em seis repetições. Foram utilizadas os cultivares IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 e IAC Runner-886. Foram avaliados o número de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens, porcentagem de folíolos atacados, sintomas de intensidade de ataque, número de brotos apicais por planta, massa seca das plantas, produção de grãos em casca (kg ha-1) e a massa seca de 100 sementes (g). Os cultivares não diferiram quanto ao nível de infestação de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens. O período de maior infestação de ninfas ocorreu entre 15 e 41 DAE, e de adultos entre 15 e 48 DAE. Analisando-se a produção, o cultivar IAC Caiapó comportou-se como portador de resistência do tipo tolerância ao ataque de E. flavens. (AU)

EVALUATION OF PEANUT CULTIVARS WITH RUNNER GROWING HABIT FOR RESISTANCE TO ENNEOTHRIPS FLAVENS, MOULTON (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE). Due to its widespread distribution and known damages, Enneothrips flavens Moulton is considered the major pest of the peanut crop in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of four runner peanut cultivars under natural field infestation of this insect. The experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, using a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The cultivars studied were IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 and Runner IAC 886. Insect infestation and damage, as well as plant behavior were evaluated as to the number of nymphae and adults, percentage of attacked leaflets, symptoms of attack intensity, number of apical buds/plant, plant dry weight, yield of unshelled pods/plant and 100 kernel weight. No significant difference was noted between cultivars regarding the level of E. flavens (adult and nymphae) infestation. The largest nymphae infestation was recorded at the 15-41 DAE (days after emergency) period. As for the adults, the largest infestation occurred between 15 and 48 days after emergence. The evaluation of yield performance under thrips (E. flavens) infestation suggested that the cultivar IAC Caiapó behaved as tolerant to the attack of this insect. (AU)

Não preferência para oviposição e alimentação por Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) em genótipos de tomateiro / Resistance in tomato genotypes to attack of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): non-preference for oviposition and feeding

Este trabalho buscou selecionar genótipos de tomateiro resistentes a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), dos tipos não preferência para oviposição e alimentação, em testes com e sem chance de escolha. As espécies utilizadas foram Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Santa Clara, os híbridos: Saladete Italiano Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salada Lumi, Saladete Italiano Andrea Victory e Santa Cruz Ty Carina Ty), S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M Spooner(linhagens PI 134417 e PI 134418) e S. pimpinellifolium L. (linhagens NAV 1062 e PI 126931). Nos testes de não preferência para oviposição, foram contados o número de ovos por planta às 24, 48 e 72 horas, após a liberação dos adultos. Para os testes de não preferência para alimentação, foram avaliados a atratividade das larvas pelos genótipos em cada repetição a 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 e 1440 minutos, após a liberação das larvas e massa consumida pelas larvas. Constatou-se que os genótipos de tomateiro avaliados não apresentam resistência dos tipos não preferência para oviposição. Já o genótipo PI 134417 apresenta resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação. (AU)

RESISTANCE IN TOMATO GENOTYPES TO ATTACK OF TUTA ABSOLUTA (MEYRICK, 1917) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE): NON-PREFERENCE FOR OVIPOSITION AND FEEDING. This study aimed to select tomato genotypes resistant to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) due to nonpreference for oviposition and feeding, in choice and no-choice tests. The species used were Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Santa Clara, hybrids: Saladete Italian Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salad Lumi, Saledete Italian Andrea Victory and Santa Cruz Ty Carina Ty), S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M Spooner (lines PI 134417 and PI 134418) and S. pimpinellifolium L. (lines NAV 1062 and PI 126931). In tests of nonpreference for oviposition the number of eggs per plant was counted at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the release of adults. For the tests of nonpreference for feeding the attractiveness of the larva to the genotypes in each replicate was assessed at 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360; 720 and 1440 minutes after the release of larvae and mass consumed by the larva. It was found that the tomato genotypes evaluated did not present nonpreference resistance for oviposition. However, the genotype PI 134417 presented nonpreference resistance for feeding. (AU)

Avaliação de resistência de cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro a Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) / Evaluation of peanut cultivars with runner growing habit for resistance to Enneothrips flavens, Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Devido a sua ampla distribuição e aos danos acarretados, Enneothripsflavens Moulton destacase como a principal praga do amendoim no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de campo, o comportamento de quatro cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro sob infestação natural de E. flavens. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos em seis repetições. Foram utilizadas os cultivares IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 e IAC Runner-886. Foram avaliados o número de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens, porcentagem de folíolos atacados, sintomas de intensidade de ataque, número de brotos apicais por planta, massa seca das plantas, produção de grãos em casca (kg ha-1) e a massa seca de 100 sementes (g). Os cultivares não diferiram quanto ao nível de infestação de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens. O período de maior infestação de ninfas ocorreu entre 15 e 41 DAE, e de adultos entre 15 e 48 DAE. Analisando-se a produção, o cultivar IAC Caiapó comportou-se como portador de resistência do tipo tolerância ao ataque de E. flavens.

EVALUATION OF PEANUT CULTIVARS WITH RUNNER GROWING HABIT FOR RESISTANCE TO ENNEOTHRIPS FLAVENS, MOULTON (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE). Due to its widespread distribution and known damages, Enneothrips flavens Moulton is considered the major pest of the peanut crop in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of four runner peanut cultivars under natural field infestation of this insect. The experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, using a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The cultivars studied were IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 and Runner IAC 886. Insect infestation and damage, as well as plant behavior were evaluated as to the number of nymphae and adults, percentage of attacked leaflets, symptoms of attack intensity, number of apical buds/plant, plant dry weight, yield of unshelled pods/plant and 100 kernel weight. No significant difference was noted between cultivars regarding the level of E. flavens (adult and nymphae) infestation. The largest nymphae infestation was recorded at the 15-41 DAE (days after emergency) period. As for the adults, the largest infestation occurred between 15 and 48 days after emergence. The evaluation of yield performance under thrips (E. flavens) infestation suggested that the cultivar IAC Caiapó behaved as tolerant to the attack of this insect.