[Three cases of hemodiafiltration for the treatment of CAR-T related grade 3 - 4 cytokine release syndrome after ineffective treatment with IL-6 receptor inhibitors].

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of hemodiafiltration (HDF) in treating CAR-T related grade 3-4 cytokine release syndrome after ineffective treatment with IL-6 receptor inhibitors. Methods: Between July 2015 and July 2021, retrospective analysis of hemodiafiltration for the treatment of 3 patients, including 2 cases of acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia and 1 case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with grade 3-4 CRS after CAR-T cell therapy and ineffective treatment with IL-6 receptor inhibitor was carried out. Results: The patient's clinical symptoms, including body temperature, blood pressure, and blood oxygen, were relieved within 12 hours of all treatments, and the cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels decreased significantly. No adverse side effects were observed during the follow-up period of 3 months. Conclusion: HDF can be a safe and feasible method to treat CAR-T related grade 3- 4 CRS after ineffective treatment with IL-6 receptor inhibitors.

[Roles of detection, surveillance and early warning on outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases].

Infectious diseases are still one of the leading causes of morbidity and death globally, affecting public health and life, social and economic development, and even national security. Early detection focuses on detecting the abnormal information of infectious disease outbreaks or epidemics in a timely and sensitive way to conduct field investigation and verification. It is also a precursor to effective surveillance and early warning system. The effective surveillance and early warning system can fully and accurately understand the real conditions, driving forces, and transmission chain of the occurrence of a specific infectious disease outbreak and epidemic and put forward scientific and effective prevention and control strategies and measures. Due to the measurement of the resources support and the particular data collection value, it is not easy to obtain epidemiological, etiological, and other data information in a timely, complete and accurate manner. This paper summarized the theory and technology on early detection, effective surveillance, and early warning information on infectious diseases. It also integrated and utilized the multi-source data, including effective infectious disease surveillance and the country's early warning system, to better understand the outbreak epidemic, causes, risks, processes, and driving forces. Thus, it is possible to set up a sensitive, specific staging measurement innovative technical system to monitor, early warning, and timely respond to acute infectious diseases through multidisciplinary cooperation in China. It provides the basis for strengthening the surveillance and early warning of new emerging and major infectious diseases and public health emergencies, avoiding the spread of inadequate response to infectious disease, and preventing the resources waste of over-response.

Slowing down light using a dendritic cell cluster metasurface waveguide.

Slowing down or even stopping light is the first task to realising optical information transmission and storage. Theoretical studies have revealed that metamaterials can slow down or even stop light; however, the difficulty of preparing metamaterials that operate in visible light hinders progress in the research of slowing or stopping light. Metasurfaces provide a new opportunity to make progress in such research. In this paper, we propose a dendritic cell cluster metasurface consisting of dendritic structures. The simulation results show that dendritic structure can realise abnormal reflection and refraction effects. Single- and double-layer dendritic metasurfaces that respond in visible light were prepared by electrochemical deposition. Abnormal Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts were experimentally obtained. The rainbow trapping effect was observed in a waveguide constructed using the dendritic metasurface sample. The incident white light was separated into seven colours ranging from blue to red light. The measured transmission energy in the waveguide showed that the energy escaping from the waveguide was zero at the resonant frequency of the sample under a certain amount of incident light. The proposed metasurface has a simple preparation process, functions in visible light, and can be readily extended to the infrared band and communication wavelengths.

Inverse Doppler Effects in Broadband Acoustic Metamaterials.

The Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency of a wave source as a consequence of the relative motion between the source and an observer. Veselago theoretically predicted that materials with negative refractions can induce inverse Doppler effects. With the development of metamaterials, inverse Doppler effects have been extensively investigated. However, the ideal material parameters prescribed by these metamaterial design approaches are complex and also challenging to obtain experimentally. Here, we demonstrated a method of designing and experimentally characterising arbitrary broadband acoustic metamaterials. These omni-directional, double-negative, acoustic metamaterials are constructed with 'flute-like' acoustic meta-cluster sets with seven double meta-molecules; these metamaterials also overcome the limitations of broadband negative bulk modulus and mass density to provide a region of negative refraction and inverse Doppler effects. It was also shown that inverse Doppler effects can be detected in a flute, which has been popular for thousands of years in Asia and Europe.

Impaired stimulus-driven orienting of attention and preserved goal-directed orienting of attention in unilateral visual neglect.

Neglect patients do not respond to stimuli presented on the side of space contralateral to the side of their brain lesions, indicating deficits to attentional or representational mechanisms. We describe a patient who shows a left neglect in normal reading and line bisection but an intact ability to locate the left end of the stimulus. Further tests showed that his seemingly intact ability to search into the "neglected" side was due to his ability to use local elements of the stimulus as cues in his serial search for the left end. The patient's left neglect was significantly reduced after he located the left end of the stimulus. In contrast, his neglect was not reduced by making the stimulus on the neglected side physically more salient. These results suggest that his neglect is due largely to an impairment of the mechanism mediating automatic, stimulus-driven orienting of attention. In contrast, the controlled goal-directed attentional search is largely preserved and can be used to alleviate neglect.

Automatic activation of phonological information in reading: evidence from the semantic relatedness decision task.

A semantic relatedness decision task was used to investigate whether phonological recording occurs automatically and whether it mediates lexical access in visual word recognition and reading. In this task, subjects read a pair of words and decided whether they were related or unrelated in meaning. In Experiment 1, unrelated word-homophone pairs (e.g., LION-BARE) and their visual controls (e.g., LION-BEAN) as well as related word pairs (e.g., FISH-NET) were presented. Homophone pairs were more likely to be judged as related or more slowly rejected as unrelated than their control pairs, suggesting phonological access of word meanings. In Experiment 2, word-pseudohomophone pairs (e.g., TABLE-CHARE) and their visual controls (e.g., TABLE-CHARK) as well as related and unrelated word pairs were presented. Pseudohomophone pairs were more likely to be judged as related or more slowly rejected as unrelated than their control pairs, again suggesting automatic phonological recording in reading.

Effects of figure context on the apparent length of a line.

This study investigated the effects of figure context on the apparent length of a line. In Exp. 1, ten participants were asked to adjust the length of a comparison line to match a standard line enclosed within a rectangle. The participants consistently overestimated the length of the standard line, demonstrating the stretching effect of figure context on the apparent length of a line. In Exp. 2 (12 participants), the size of the context figure was varied and it had no significant influence on the magnitude of the context effect. In Exp. 3 (nine participants), the context effect was shown not only for squares and rectangles but also for other shapes of figures such as circles and 5-pointed stars. We discuss the possible mechanism of the figure-context effect within Gregory's (1970, 1978) misapplied constancy theory of visual illusions.

Temporal and spatial repetition blindness: effects of presentation mode and repetition lag on the perception of repeated items.

In this study, participants were asked to identify briefly presented 5-letter (Experiments 1-3) or 2-letter (Experiment 4) strings. Identical items in a repeated trial were identified worse than their counterparts in a nonrepeated trial, indicating repetition blindness (RB; N. G. Kanwisher, 1987). In Experiment 1, RB occurred regardless of whether items were presented successively or simultaneously. In Experiments 2-4, RB occurred regardless of whether 2 simultaneously presented items were spatially close or far apart. The magnitude of RB, however, varied with presentation mode and repetition lag: RB was smaller in simultaneous than successive presentation, and RB increased and then decreased with the number of items separating 2 identical ones. These results provide important constraints in the interpretation of RB. A model that attributes RB to the refractoriness of perceptual recognition units is proposed.

Repetition blindness under minimum memory load: effects of spatial and temporal proximity and the encoding effectiveness of the first item.

Repetition blindness (RB) refers to the reduced performance in reporting a repeated as opposed to a nonrepeated item in rapid serial visual presentation. In Experiment 1, we found RB for two-item stimuli in uncertain locations. The magnitude of RB decreased significantly with increases in interstimulus interval, but not with increases in spatial separation, indicating that RB is determined primarily by temporal factors. In Experiment 2, we found RB when subjects were required to report only the second of two successively presented items. The magnitude of RB increased with the duration of the first item, indicating that RB is determined by the encoding effectiveness of the first item. The results of this study collectively indicate that RB is not a memory or a sensory phenomenon, but rather a perceptual phenomenon occurring at the stage of identity encoding. The findings also undermine the arguments (Kanwisher, 1987) that have been offered in favor of the type-token binding failure hypothesis and indicate instead that type-node refractoriness may be the cause of RB.

Linkage between Rh blood group and autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in ten Chinese families.

Since Fei et al reported a tentative linkage between ADRP and the Rhesus(Rh) blood group in the unrelated Chinese families in 1987, additional individuals of these ADRP families have been typed for Rh. Further linkage analysis with the LIPED Program on the Rh data of the ten ADRP families showed a maximum summed LOD score of 2.01 at theta = 0.12, which is a further suggestion of linkage between ADRP and Rh. However, genetic heterogeneity certainly exists in these families. It is our presumption that ADRP in those families, which do not exhibit linkage to 3q markers, may map to the short arm of chromosome 1.