Phylogenetic relationships within Parianinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae) with emphasis on Eremitis: Evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences, macromorphology, and pollen ectexine patterns.

Eremitis, Pariana, and Parianella are herbaceous bamboos (tribe Olyreae) included in the subtribe Parianinae, which is characterized by the presence of fimbriae at the apex of the leaf sheaths and exclusively spiciform synflorescences. We analyzed 43 samples of herbaceous and woody bamboos in order to infer relationships within the Parianinae, based on combined data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid DNA (rpl32-trnL and trnD-trnT spacers). Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony methods were applied, and macro- and micromorphological aspects were also analyzed, including the ectexine patterns of pollen grains. Parianinae is represented by three well-supported lineages in our analyses: (1) Parianella, endemic to southern Bahia, Brazil; (2) Pariana sensu stricto with a broad distribution in southern Central America and northern South America, especially in the Amazon region; and (3) Eremitis, endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, from the states of Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro, including one species previously described as a member of Pariana. Our molecular phylogeny showed that Pariana, as historically circumscribed, is not monophyletic, by recovering Pariana sensu stricto as strongly supported and sister to Eremitis + Pariana multiflora, with Parianella sister to the Pariana-Eremitis clade. Morphological features of their synflorescences and differences in ectexine patterns characterize each lineage. Based on all these characters and the phylogenetic results, Pariana multiflora, endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, is transferred to Eremitis.

Fusoid cells in the grass family Poaceae (Poales): a developmental study reveals homologies and suggests new insights into their functional role in young leaves.

Background and Aims: In mature grass leaf blades as seen in cross-section, oblong cell-like structures have been interpreted most recently as intercellular gas spaces delimited by successive collapsed fusoid cells. These cells have been reported in at least seven of 12 subfamilies of Poaceae and are considered a synapomorphy for the family; however, no developmental work has been performed to verify their meristematic origin or to assess possible homologies within the graminid clade (= Flagellariaceae + [(Joinvilleaceae + Ecdeiocoleaceae) + Poaceae]) or among subfamilies of Poaceae. A developmental study was therefore carried out, including 20 species in three families (Flagellariaceae, Joinvilleaceae and Poaceae), representing the earlier-diverging and derived branches within the graminid clade and Poaceae. Methods: Light microscopy was combined with scanning electron microscopy, cryoscanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to study the development of leaves taken from the shoot apex of young plants. Mature leaf blades also were taken from living or dried plants and the mid-portion was studied. Key Results: Developmental results show that, in mature leaf blades as seen in cross-section, one apparent fusoid cell is typically a cavity resulting from the collapse of the initial fusoid cell and its internal divisions, which are herein interpreted as derivative cells with formation of cell plates only. Each cavity is delimited by successive collapsed fusoid cells arranged perpendicularly to the veins. Fusoid cells in all studied Poaceae members originate from the ground meristem, as do the colourless cells in Joinvillea ascendens (Joinvilleaceae). These two types of mesophyll cell have a strongly similar ontogeny, distinguished mainly by the collapse of the fusoid cells in Poaceae, which is not observed in the colourless cells in J. ascendens. Conclusions: Within the Poaceae, the meristematic origin of fusoid cells is the same in the early-diverging lineages, BOP clade and Panicoideae, and thus they are homologous within the family. The same topography and meristematic origin suggest that fusoid cells in Poaceae and colourless cells in Joinvilleaceae are homologous. The results also suggest that the role played by the fusoid cells in young grass leaves is related to synthesis and storage of starch granules at early stages of development.

A pilot investigation into the definition of cultural competence of dental health professionals in a Trinidad context

Accreditation bodies in the United States, Europe and the Caribbean mandate have developed standards relating to cultural competence and the impact of culture on the provision or oral health care. The population and culture of Trinidad is diverse and dissimilar to the United States and Europe. The purpose of this study is to define what cultural competence means in a Trinidad context. Semi-structured elite interviews were conducted by one author of three persons from each of the following groups: dental academics, dental clinicians, Catholics, Hindus, Muslims and Protestants. Trinidadians were generally categorized as 'easy-going' and forgiving of errors in cultural competence. Communication and the ability to put the patient at ease were considered important skills. Knowledge of the various religions was considered to be important especially as it related to their diets- especially during religious festivals and their preferences for the treatment of females. The role of the extended family was identified as being important in history taking and in the management of paediactric patients. Aside from the knowledge specific to Trinidad, the introduction of cultural competence training may be guided by the publications and guidelines of the American Association of Medical Colleges.

[Cultural adaptation and validation of the Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale--Brazilian version]. / Adaptação cultural e validação da Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale - versão brasileira.

This study aimed to perform the cultural adaptation and analyzing the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES). The adaptation followed the internationally recommended procedures and the adapted version maintained equivalence to the original after wording adjustments in five items. In the application to 179 medical-surgical patients it was found evidences of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.91), test-retest reliability (ICC=0.94) and convergent validity, correlating with the Intrinsic Religiosity subscale of the Duke Religious Index DUREL (r=0.56, p<0.001). Exploratory factor analysis extracted three principal components explaining 60.5% of the total variance. The DSES-Brazilian version shows evidences of reliability and validity among hospitalized patients. Further studies are needed to confirm its factor composition and to test its applicability in different populations.

Adaptação cultural e validação da Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale - versão brasileira / Cultural adaptation and validation of the Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale - Brazilian version / Adaptación cultural y validación de la Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale-versión brasileña

Este estudo objetivou adaptar culturalmente e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira da Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES). A adaptação seguiu as etapas internacionalmente recomendadas e a versão adaptada manteve equivalência com a original, após ajustes na redação de cinco itens. Na aplicação a 179 pacientes médico-cirúrgicos mostrou evidências de consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach=0,91), estabilidade temporal (ICC=0,94 no teste e reteste) e validade de construto convergente, na correlação com a subescala Religiosidade Intrínseca do instrumento DUREL (r=0,56; p<0,001). A análise fatorial exploratória extraiu três componentes, explicando 60,5% da variância do total. A versão brasileira da DSES apresenta evidências de confiabilidade e validade junto a pacientes hospitalizados. São necessários mais estudos para confirmar a sua composição fatorial e testar a sua aplicabilidade em diferentes populações.

This study aimed to perform the cultural adaptation and analyzing the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES). The adaptation followed the internationally recommended procedures and the adapted version maintained equivalence to the original after wording adjustments in five items. In the application to 179 medical-surgical patients it was found evidences of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.91), test-retest reliability (ICC=0.94) and convergent validity, correlating with the Intrinsic Religiosity subscale of the Duke Religious Index DUREL (r=0.56, p<0.001). Exploratory factor analysis extracted three principal components explaining 60.5% of the total variance. The DSES-Brazilian version shows evidences of reliability and validity among hospitalized patients. Further studies are needed to confirm its factor composition and to test its applicability in different populations.

Este estudio objetivó adaptar culturalmente y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileña de la Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES). La adaptación cultural siguió los pasos metodológicos internacionalmente recomendados y la versión adaptada se ha mantenido equivalente con la original, después de ajustes en la redacción de cinco ítems. En la aplicación en 179 pacientes médico-quirúrgicos mostró una alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach=0,91), estabilidad temporal (CCI=0,94 en el test-retest) y validez convergente, en la correlación con la subescala Religiosidad Intrínseca del instrumento DUREL (r=0,56; p<0,001). En el análisis factorial exploratorio se han obtenido tres componentes que explican el 60.4% de la varianza total. La DSES-versión brasileña muestra evidencias de fiabilidad y validez entre pacientes hospitalizados. Se necesitan más estudios para confirmar su composición factorial y testar su aplicabilidad en diferentes poblaciones.

Phylogeny and a new tribal classification of the Panicoideae s.l. (Poaceae) based on plastid and nuclear sequence data and structural data.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The subfamily Panicoideae (Poaceae) encompasses nearly one-third of the diversity of grass species, including important crops such as maize and sugarcane. Previous analyses recovered strong support for a Panicoideae+Centothecoideae lineage within the diverse Panicoideae+Arundinoideae+Chloridoideae+Micrairoideae+Aristidoideae+Danthonioideae (PACMAD) clade, although support for internal relationships was inconsistent. The objectives of this research were to (1) further test the monophyly of each subfamily and previously recovered clades within the Panicoideae+Centothecoideae lineage, (2) establish phylogenetic relationships among these groups, and (3) propose a new tribal classification for this lineage based explicitly on the phylogeny. • METHODS: Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of 37 taxa were based on previously published sequences (ndhF and rpl16 intron) and on new plastid and nuclear (rbcL and granule-bound starch synthase I) sequence data as well as structural data. • Key results. The Panicoideae+Centothecoideae lineage and a majority of the clades identified in previous analyses continue to be robustly supported, but resolution along the backbone of the topology remains elusive. Support for the monophyly of both subfamilies was lacking although support values for some clades increased. The tribes Centotheceae and Arundinelleae were confirmed as polyphyletic. • CONCLUSIONS: Subfamily Centothecoideae is formally submerged into the Panicoideae, and a new tribal classification for the expanded Panicoideae is proposed based explicitly on the phylogeny. This classification includes 12 tribes of which Chasmanthieae and Zeugiteae are segretated from the Centotheceae; Tristachyideae is segregated from Arundinelleae, and a new tribe, Cyperochloeae, is validated to accommodate two isolated genera. A key to the tribes is provided.

Local health governance in central Brazil.

The study evaluates the performance of local health councils and their capacity to promote accountability and improve primary healthcare in central Brazil. An exploratory descriptive study was carried out with the application of questionnaires to analyze their organization and functioning. Results show that they approve health plans and management of public funds but have little autonomy to define health policies. They function mostly bureaucratically with minimum intersectorial articulation. Their capacity to improve delivery of healthcare is limited, but accountability has improved. Thus, it is necessary to enhance the autonomy of these councils, provide technical qualification, and enhance community participation.

Micro-hardness evaluation of a micro-hybrid composite resin light cured with halogen light, light-emitting diode and argon ion laser.

This in vitro study aimed to determine whether the micro-hardness of a composite resin is modified by the light units or by the thickness of the increment. Composite resin disks were divided into 15 groups (n = 5), according to the factors under study: composite resin thickness (0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm , 3 mm and 4 mm) and light units. The light activation was performed with halogen light (HL) (40 s, 500 mW/cm(2)), argon ion laser (AL) (30 s, 600 mW/cm(2)) or light-emitting diode (LED) (30 s, 400 mW/cm(2)). Vickers micro-hardness tests were performed after 1 week and were carried out on the top surface (0 mm-control) and at different depths of the samples. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (P < or = 0.05) revealed no statistically significant difference among the light units for the groups of 0 mm and 1 mm thickness. At 2 mm depth, the AL was not statistically different from the HL, but the latter showed higher micro-hardness values than the LED. In groups with 3 mm and 4 mm thickness, the HL also showed higher micro-hardness values than the groups activated by the AL and the LED. Only the HL presented satisfactory polymerization with 3 mm of thickness. With a 4 mm increment no light unit was able to promote satisfactory polymerization.

Tensile bond strength of a flowable composite resin to ER:YAG-laser-treated dentin.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study evaluated the influence of a flowable composite resin (FCR) on the tensile bond strength of resin to dentin treated with the Er:YAG Laser (L) and diamond bur (DB). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety dentin surfaces obtained from 45 third molars were ground and randomly divided into six groups (n = 15): G1-DB, G2-DB+FCR, G3-L (100 mJ, 10 Hz, 37.04 J/cm2), G4-L (100 mJ, 10 Hz, 37.04 J/cm2)+FCR, G5-L (250 mJ, 2 Hz, 92.60 J/cm2), and G6-L (250 mJ, 2 Hz, 92.60 J/cm2)+FCR. After surface etching with 37% phosphoric acid and the application of an adhesive system, inverted conical specimens were prepared with a hybrid composite resin. In groups G2, G4, and G6 a FCR was placed before the hybrid composite resin. After 24 hours-storage in distilled water, the tensile test was performed in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/minute, 500 N). RESULTS: Data were submitted to Kruskal Wallis test (P = 0.01). The mean bond strength values (MPa+/-SD) were: G1-13.54 (+/-2.99), G2-14.67 (+/-2.32), G3-9.49 (+/-3.09), G4-14.60 (+/-2.76), G5-8.97 (+/-3.89), and G6-13.02 (+/-2.18). Groups G1 and G2 presented the highest bond strength values, which were statistically similar to those of G4 and G6. The groups treated with laser and without the FCR (G3 and G5) showed the lowest shear bond strength values. CONCLUSIONS: FCR can increase the adhesion to dentin treated with Er:YAG laser within different parameters.

A prática do auxiliar de enfermagem do programa saúde da família / The practice of nursing auxiliaries in the family health program

Este trabalho tem como objetivo conhecer a prática do auxiliar de enfermagem que atua no Programa Saúde da Família, identificando suas atividades cotidianas, bem como facilidades e dificuldades encontradas no seu trabalho. Optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a técnica de grupo focal, com participação de 34 auxiliares de enfermagem do Distrito Federal. Constatou-se que os auxiliares desenvolvem uma série de atividades, tanto de caráter individual como coletivo, com forte influência do modelo clínico de atenção e diferentes graus de complexidade, tais como: cadastramento das famílias, avaliação clínica sumária, atividades de grupo, procedimentos técnicos, visitas domiciliares, vigilância sanitária e epidemiológica. Os profissionais relatam que encontram facilidade na formação de vínculo com a clientela, porém se queixam da escassez de cursos de educação continuada, indefinição quanto as suas reais atribuições e falta de coordenação local. Conclui-se que o programa precisa redimensionar o papel desse profissional, resgatando sua função educativa junto à comunidade

[The practice of nursing auxiliaries in the family health program]. / A prática do auxiliar de enfermagem do programa saúde da família.

This study aims to evaluate the practice of nursing auxiliaries in the Family Health Program, identifying their daily activities, as well as factors that facilitate or hinder their work. A qualitative approach was chosen, using the focal group technique, with the participation of 34 nursing auxiliaries from the Federal District, Brazil. It was found that the nursing auxiliaries carry out a variety of activities, both of individual and collective nature, heavily influenced by the clinical model and with different degrees of complexity, such as: family registration, brief clinical evaluation, group activities, technical procedures, home visits, sanitary and epidemiological vigilance in day care centers. The participants related that they found it easy to bond with the clientele, but complained of the shortage of continuing education courses and imprecision as to their true assignments and lack of local coordination. The authors conclude that the program must reassess the role of this professional, reemphasizing his educational function in the community.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SURVEY OF LEAF EPIDERMIS OF SORGHASTRUM (POACEAE: ANDROPOGONEAE).

Scanning electron micrographs of the foliar epidermes of all 17 species of Sorghastrum are presented. A description of foliar epidermal micromorphology for the genus is followed by short descriptions of the individual species, emphasizing their epidermal differences. Papillar morphology is variable but taxonomically informative in distinguishing among the species of Sorghastrum. Based on the absence or presence of papillae, and differences in papillar morphology, three informal groups within Sorghastrum are recognized: 1) the nonpapillate group including S. balansae, S. rigidifolium, S. setosum, S. contractum, S. minarum, and S. viride; 2) the globose-papillate group including S. elliottii, S. incompletum, S. nudipes, S. nutans, S. scaberrimum, S. secundum, and S. trichopus; and 3) the elongate-papillate group including S. brunneum, S. stipoides, S. chasae, and S. pellitum. No correlation between papillar development and habitat is evident; however, a correlation exists between papillar development and the geographic distribution of the species of Sorghastrum.