RESUMEN
Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with nosocomial infection and food poisoning cases. Contamination of P. mirabilis in retail meat products may be important transmission routes for human infection with P. mirabilis. In this study a total of 89 P. mirabilis strains were isolated from 347 samples in 14 food markets in China and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all 89 strains were divided into 81 different clones (SNPs >5), indicating high genetic diversity of P. mirabilis in food markets. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 81 (91.01%) strains displayed multidrug resistance profiles. Seventy-three different resistance genes (or variants) were found, including various clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes aac(6')-Ib-cr (77.53%), bla CTX-M (39.33%), fosA3 (30.34%), as well as multiresistance gene cfr (4.50%), tigecycline resistance gene cluster tmexCD3-toprJ1 (4.50%) and carbapenemase gene bla NDM-1 (1.12%). Diverse genetic elements including Tn7 transposon, plasmid, SXT/R391 integrative conjugative element were associated with the horizontal transfer of cfr. tmexCD3-toprJ1 and bla NDM-1 were located on ICEPmiChnJZ26 and Salmonella genomic island 1, respectively. Our study emphasized high contamination of P. mirabilis harbouring various clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes in retail meat and aquatic products, which might be an important issue in terms of food safety and human health.
RESUMEN
Bacteria often sequentially utilize coexisting carbohydrates in environment and firstly select the one (frequently glucose) easiest to metabolize. This phenomenon is known as carbon catabolite repression (CCR). In existing Chinese teaching materials of molecular biology and related courses, unclear or even wrong interpretations are given about CCR mechanism. A large number of studies have shown that rather than the existence of intracellular glucose, CCR is mainly caused by the glucose transport process coupling with glucose phosphorylation via the phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system PTS. The transport process leads to accumulation of dephosphorylated form of EAGlc.This form of EAGlc can bind the membrane-localized LacY protein to block the uptake of lactose inducer. cAMP functions in activation of key genes involved in PTS system to strengthen the role of inducer exclusion. In addition, dephosphorylated form of EBGlc and Yee bind global transcription repressor Mlc to ensure the expression of key genes involved in the PTS system. This review summarizes the current advancement in mechanism of Escherichia coli carbon catabolite repression.