Brain Abscesses in Domestic Ruminants: Clinicopathological and Bacteriological Approaches.

Brain abscesses in ruminants often arise from primary infection foci, leading to an unfavorable prognosis for affected animals. This highlights the need for comprehensive studies on brain abscesses across different ruminant species. We retrospectively investigated medical records of epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging, anatomopathological, and bacteriological findings in six ruminants (three goats, two cows, and one sheep) diagnosed with brain abscesses. All animals studied were female. Apathy (50%), compulsive walking (33%), decreased facial sensitivity (33%), head pressing (33%), seizures (33%), semicomatous mental status (33%), strabismus (33%), unilateral blindness (33%), and circling (33%) represented the most common neurologic signs. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were the main findings in the hematological evaluation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed predominant hyperproteinorrachia and pleocytosis. In three cases, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were used, enabling the identification of typical abscess lesions, which were subsequently confirmed during postmortem examination. Microbiological culture of the abscess samples and/or CSF revealed bacterial coinfections in most cases. Advanced imaging examinations, combined with CSF analysis, can aid in diagnosis, although confirmation typically relies on postmortem evaluation and isolation of the causative agent. This study contributes to clinicopathological aspects, neuroimages, and bacteriological diagnosis of brain abscesses in domestic ruminants.

Sexual dimorphism in the murine model of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis.

Neurocysticercosis is a heterogeneous disease, and the patient's sex seems to play a role in this heterogeneity. Hosts' sexual dimorphism in cysticercosis has been largely explored in the murine model of intraperitoneal Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis. In this study, we investigated the sexual dimorphism of inflammatory responses in a rat model of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis caused by T. crassiceps. T. crassiceps cysticerci were inoculated in the subarachnoid space of Wistar rats (25 females, 22 males). Ninety days later, the rats were euthanized for histologic, immunohistochemistry, and cytokines studies. Ten animals also underwent a 7-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Female rats presented a higher concentration of immune cells in the arachnoid-brain interface, reactive astrogliosis in the periventricular region, in situ pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and more intense hydrocephalus on MRI than males. Intracranial hypertension signals were not observed during the observational period. Overall, these results suggest sexual dimorphism in the intracranial inflammatory response that accompanied T. crassiceps extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis.

An uncommon anatomic variation of the sartorius muscle in a domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

The sartorius muscle is located in the pelvic limb of the dog and is divided into a cranial and caudal part. There is no report describingof the three parts of the sartorius muscle. The aim of the present report was to describe the presence of a third part of the sartorius muscle in a dog. Although it does not represent a malformation, it is an important anatomical variation to consider fordidactic purposes of dissection and in surgeries of the pelvic limb, as in this case there is a need to move the muscles apart to maintain their integrity.Furthermore, this anatomical description is relevant for comparative purposes in this animal species.(AU)

Polioencephalomalacia in sheep - clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings

Background: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a neurological disease in ruminants, which is characterized by malacia of brain gray matter. Thiamine deficiency and sulfur intoxication are the most common causes of PEM in sheep. Affected animals present signs of cerebrocortical syndrome, including amaurosis, ataxia, head pressing, mental depression, seizures, and opisthotonus. The neurological examination aims to determine the neurolocalization of the lesions and advanced imaging techniques are useful for confirming the affected area(s) in the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to describe clinical features and ante-mortem diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a sheep with PEM. Case: A 18-month-old male Dorper sheep from a flock started receiving concentrate 7 days before. According to the owner, no clinical signs of abnormality were observed on the previous morning. However, in the afternoon, the animal became selfisolated and did not follow the flock to the sheepfold. The following day, he was found in recumbency. Physical examination revealed lateral recumbency, rectal temperature 39.5ºC, 52 bpm, 120 bpm, congested mucous membranes, capillary refill time 1 s, ruminal (4/5 min) and intestinal hypomotility. The assessment of the central nervous system revealed a decreased level of consciousness, focal seizures, opisthotonus, and absence of menace response. The following differential diagnoses were listed: PEM, head trauma, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, bacterial encephalitis, and rabies. Treatment was composed of dexamethasone [0.2 mg/kg - i.v., SID (1st-3rd day), 0.1 mg/kg, i.v., SID (4th-6th day), and 0.05 mg/kg, i.v., SID (7th-9th day)]; mannitol [1 g/kg - i.v. and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. single dose at admission]; vitamin B1 [10 mg/kg - i.m., SID], furosemide [1 mg/kg - i.v., SID for 3 days] and sulfadoxine/trimethoprim [30 mg/kg - i.m., SID for 10 days]. After the initial treatment, the patient showed mild clinical improvement; however, the amaurosis was still present. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed on the 2nd day of hospitalization, showing a symmetrical hypersignal in the parietal and occipital cortices, in the axial and sagittal sequences weighted in T2 and FLAIR. Discussion: This study aimed to describe the clinical signs and MRI findings in a sheep with PEM. In this case, the sudden change to the feed composition probably led to ruminal dysbiosis, inhibition of thiamine-producing microorganisms and proliferation of bacteria that synthesize thiaminase. Thiamine therapy proved to be effective and capable of reverting the clinical signs. The decrease in the level of consciousness, cortical blindness, and opisthotonus are due to alterations in the parietal cortex, in the occipital cortex, and in the cerebellum, respectively, which were demonstrated by hypersignal areas in the MRI. Therefore, the neurolocalization of the lesion based on neurologic examination and the MRI findings were related. The physicochemical and cytological evaluations of the cerebrospinal fluid, and dosage of thiamine and the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen were not performed. However, the response to thiamine treatment associated with the neurologic examination and MRI findings helped in determining the diagnosis. Additionally, MRI can be used as a useful tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of PEM.

Assessment of qualitative and quantitative parameters of healthy thyroid gland in adult horses by magnetic resonance imaging.

In humans and pets, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides important adjunctive anatomic information about the thyroid and its adjacent structures. To the best of our knowledge, however, no studies have been reported regarding the use of MRI for thyroid evaluation in horses. The aim of this study was to obtain qualitative and quantitative parameters of healthy thyroid gland in adult horses by MRI. Eleven horses were submitted to thyroid MRI evaluation. The healthy thyroid of these animals was ensured by normal examinations performed before (free thyroxine and ultrasound) and after (cytology) to MRI. It was concluded that the dorsal spin-echo T1-weighted, fast spin-echo T2-weighted, sagittal STIR and a three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient echo were the sequences that best characterized the thyroid lobes. Qualitatively, there was a significant variation in the elliptical format of some lobes considering the sagittal plane, which oscillated between rounded and flattened conformation. Excellent reproducibility of the quantitative thyroid parameters obtained was verified. The thyroid gland total volume mean of observers was 14.31 cm3 (±0.69). In relation with comparisons between quantitative parameters of left and right lobes, only differences regarding their respective lengths were observed. Thus, we can infer that the difference in some thyroid lobes format can be explained by the significant variation identified between left and right lobes lengths.

Descrição anatomo-ultrassonográfica do carpo equino / Anatomic and ultrasonographic description of the equine carpus / Descripción anatómica y ultrasonográfica del carpus equino

O carpo equino é uma região anatômica que apresenta relevância clínica e cirúrgica aos veterinários, sendo o ultrassom uma modalidade de exame complementar útil para auxiliar no diagnóstico de afecções que envolvem as principais estruturas desta articulação. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que ilustrem os aspectos morfológicos da articulação cárpica hígida e também por consequência de sua alta complexidade, foi objetivo deste trabalho apresentar uma minuciosa descrição anátomo-ultrassonográfica comparada do carpo equino. Na primeira etapa deste estudo, foram utilizadas peças anatômicas provenientes de membros torácicos equinos de modo a priorizar estruturas de maior importância clínica dos aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral e medial da articulação cárpica. Na segunda etapa, por meio do exame por ultrassonografia de dois cavalos, foram geradas imagens longitudinais e transversais das estruturas alvo para o estudo anatômico, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à espessura, ecogenicidade e ecotextura. A partir desses dois estudos, foi realizada a correlação das estruturas macroscópicas das peças com suas respectivas representações ultrassonográficas, levando ao desenvolvimento de imagens didáticas aliadas às descrições das estruturas musculoesqueléticas da articulação cárpica, de modo a auxiliar no estudo desta região.(AU)

The equine carpal joint is relevant in clinical and surgical veterinary practices, with the use of ultrasound being very helpful as a complementary exam to diagnose some diseases that involves the principal structures of this articulation. Due to the lack in studies that illustrate the morphological aspect of this region in health horses and for it complexity, it is this study goal to present a meticulous description of the compared ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine carpal joint. For this study, anatomical pieces from equine thoracic limbs were used, being two already dissecated and fixated in formol and four pieces presented in transversal cuts, in order to prioritize the evaluation of the most important structures for clinical practice in the dorsal, medial, lateral and palmar aspects of the equine carpal joint. With the use of ultrasonographic exam in two health horses belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, FMVZ/Unesp –Botucatu/SP, longitudinal and transverse images of the respective dissected structures in the anatomical study were generated, wich were evaluated for ecotexture, echogenicity and thickness. From both studies, a correlation was made between the macroscopic structures from the anatomical pieces and the ultrasonographic representations, leading to the development of teaching images and musculoskeletical structures description of the carpal joint, generated in order to help on its study.(AU)

El carpo equino es una región anatómica que tiene relevancia clínica y quirúrgica para los veterinarios, siendo el ultrasonido una modalidad útil de examen complementario para ayudar en el diagnóstico de afecciones que involucran las estructuras principales de esta articulación. Debido a la escasez de estudios que ilustran los aspectos morfológicos de la articulación carpiana sana y también como resultado de su alta complejidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar una descripción anatómica y ecográfica detallada del carpo equino. En la primera etapa de este estudio, se utilizaron piezas anatómicas de extremidades torácicas equinas para priorizar estructuras de mayor importancia clínica desde los aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral y medial de la articulación carpiana. En la segunda etapa, a través del examen de ultrasonido de dos caballos, se generaron imágenes longitudinales y transversales de las estructuras principales para el estudio anatómico, que se evaluaron en cuanto a espesor, ecogenicidad y ecotextura. A partir de estos dos estudios, las estructuras macroscópicas de las piezas se correlacionaron con sus respectivas representaciones ecográficas, lo que condujo al desarrollo de imágenes didácticas combinadas con descripciones de las estructuras musculoesqueléticas de la articulación carpiana, para ayudar en el estudio de esta región.(AU)

Descrição anatomo-ultrassonográfica do carpo equino / Anatomic and ultrasonographic description of the equine carpus / Descripción anatómica y ultrasonográfica del carpus equino

O carpo equino é uma região anatômica que apresenta relevância clínica e cirúrgica aos veterinários, sendo o ultrassom uma modalidade de exame complementar útil para auxiliar no diagnóstico de afecções que envolvem as principais estruturas desta articulação. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que ilustrem os aspectos morfológicos da articulação cárpica hígida e também por consequência de sua alta complexidade, foi objetivo deste trabalho apresentar uma minuciosa descrição anátomo-ultrassonográfica comparada do carpo equino. Na primeira etapa deste estudo, foram utilizadas peças anatômicas provenientes de membros torácicos equinos de modo a priorizar estruturas de maior importância clínica dos aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral e medial da articulação cárpica. Na segunda etapa, por meio do exame por ultrassonografia de dois cavalos, foram geradas imagens longitudinais e transversais das estruturas alvo para o estudo anatômico, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à espessura, ecogenicidade e ecotextura. A partir desses dois estudos, foi realizada a correlação das estruturas macroscópicas das peças com suas respectivas representações ultrassonográficas, levando ao desenvolvimento de imagens didáticas aliadas às descrições das estruturas musculoesqueléticas da articulação cárpica, de modo a auxiliar no estudo desta região.

The equine carpal joint is relevant in clinical and surgical veterinary practices, with the use of ultrasound being very helpful as a complementary exam to diagnose some diseases that involves the principal structures of this articulation. Due to the lack in studies that illustrate the morphological aspect of this region in health horses and for it complexity, it is this study goal to present a meticulous description of the compared ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine carpal joint. For this study, anatomical pieces from equine thoracic limbs were used, being two already dissecated and fixated in formol and four pieces presented in transversal cuts, in order to prioritize the evaluation of the most important structures for clinical practice in the dorsal, medial, lateral and palmar aspects of the equine carpal joint. With the use of ultrasonographic exam in two health horses belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, FMVZ/Unesp –Botucatu/SP, longitudinal and transverse images of the respective dissected structures in the anatomical study were generated, wich were evaluated for ecotexture, echogenicity and thickness. From both studies, a correlation was made between the macroscopic structures from the anatomical pieces and the ultrasonographic representations, leading to the development of teaching images and musculoskeletical structures description of the carpal joint, generated in order to help on its study.

El carpo equino es una región anatómica que tiene relevancia clínica y quirúrgica para los veterinarios, siendo el ultrasonido una modalidad útil de examen complementario para ayudar en el diagnóstico de afecciones que involucran las estructuras principales de esta articulación. Debido a la escasez de estudios que ilustran los aspectos morfológicos de la articulación carpiana sana y también como resultado de su alta complejidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar una descripción anatómica y ecográfica detallada del carpo equino. En la primera etapa de este estudio, se utilizaron piezas anatómicas de extremidades torácicas equinas para priorizar estructuras de mayor importancia clínica desde los aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral y medial de la articulación carpiana. En la segunda etapa, a través del examen de ultrasonido de dos caballos, se generaron imágenes longitudinales y transversales de las estructuras principales para el estudio anatómico, que se evaluaron en cuanto a espesor, ecogenicidad y ecotextura. A partir de estos dos estudios, las estructuras macroscópicas de las piezas se correlacionaron con sus respectivas representaciones ecográficas, lo que condujo al desarrollo de imágenes didácticas combinadas con descripciones de las estructuras musculoesqueléticas de la articulación carpiana, para ayudar en el estudio de esta región.

Lissencephaly in Shih Tzu dogs.

BACKGROUND: Lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by smooth and thickened cerebral surface, which may result in structural epilepsy. Lissencephaly is not common in veterinary medicine. Here, we characterize the first cases of lissencephaly in four Shih Tzu dogs, including clinical presentations and findings of magnetic resonance imaging of lissencephaly and several concomitant brain malformations. CASE PRESENTATION: Early-onset acute signs of forebrain abnormalities were observed in all dogs, which were mainly cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Based on neurological examination, the findings were consistent with symmetrical and bilateral forebrain lesions. Metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging for three dogs showed diffuse neocortical agyria and thickened gray matter while one dog had mixed agyria and pachygyria. Other features, such as internal hydrocephalus, supracollicular fluid accumulation, and corpus callosum hypoplasia, were detected concomitantly. Antiepileptic drugs effectively controlled cluster seizures, however, sporadic isolated seizures and signs of forebrain abnormalities, such as behavioral alterations, central blindness, and strabismus persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Lissencephaly should be considered an important differential diagnosis in Shih Tzu dogs presenting with early-onset signs of forebrain abnormalities, including cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging was appropriate for ante-mortem diagnosis of lissencephaly and associated cerebral anomalies.

Imagenologia da coluna cervical de equídeos

Frequentemente profissionais experientes enfrentam dificuldades em avaliar exames imagenológicos da região cervical de asininos e muares, uma vez que é escassa, quando não inexistentes, bases científicas que possam auxiliá-los, sendo comum estudos em cavalos, que acabam por serem referências àquelas espécies. A complexidade anatômica também colabora a este laborioso diagnóstico, onde a radiografia e a ultrassonografia são consideradas primordiais por serem não invasivas, de baixo custo e se complementarem. Em cavalos, os diâmetros sagital mínimo e intervertebral são utilizados para diagnóstico em casos de ataxia. Infiltrações guiadas por ultrassonografia são utilizadas em equinos com finalidade diagnóstica ou terapêutica.

Experienced professionals often face difficulties in evaluating imaging exams of the cervical region of donkeys and mules, since there is little, if not none, scientific basis that can help them, with studies in horses common, which end up being references to those species. Anatomical complexity also contributes to this laborious diagnosis, where radiography and ultrasound are considered essential because they are noninvasive, inexpensive and complement each other. In horses, the minimum sagittal and intervertebral diameters are used for diagnosis in cases of ataxia. Infiltrations guided by ultrasonography are used in horses for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Imagenologia da coluna cervical de equídeos

Frequentemente profissionais experientes enfrentam dificuldades em avaliar exames imagenológicos da região cervical de asininos e muares, uma vez que é escassa, quando não inexistentes, bases científicas que possam auxiliá-los, sendo comum estudos em cavalos, que acabam por serem referências àquelas espécies. A complexidade anatômica também colabora a este laborioso diagnóstico, onde a radiografia e a ultrassonografia são consideradas primordiais por serem não invasivas, de baixo custo e se complementarem. Em cavalos, os diâmetros sagital mínimo e intervertebral são utilizados para diagnóstico em casos de ataxia. Infiltrações guiadas por ultrassonografia são utilizadas em equinos com finalidade diagnóstica ou terapêutica. (AU)

Experienced professionals often face difficulties in evaluating imaging exams of the cervical region of donkeys and mules, since there is little, if not none, scientific basis that can help them, with studies in horses common, which end up being references to those species. Anatomical complexity also contributes to this laborious diagnosis, where radiography and ultrasound are considered essential because they are noninvasive, inexpensive and complement each other. In horses, the minimum sagittal and intervertebral diameters are used for diagnosis in cases of ataxia. Infiltrations guided by ultrasonography are used in horses for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.(AU)

Infiltrative lipoma causing lumbar nerve root compression in a dog

Background: Lipomas are benign soft tissue mesenchymal neoplasms composed of adipose cells and are usually foundin the subcutaneous tissue. Occasionally, lipomas may invade muscles or grow between them, in which case they arecharacterized as infiltrative lipomas. Clinical signs resulting from an intermuscular lipoma compressing peripheral nervesare rarely encountered in dogs. This case report aims to describe the neurological signs, diagnosis, and clinical evaluationof a dog diagnosed with infiltrative lipoma compressing a lumbar spinal nerve root.Case: A 12-year-old neutered male Fox Paulistinha, weighing 10.5 kg, was presented with difficulties in walking for thepast 15 days with no previous history of trauma. On physical examination, the presence of three cutaneous nodules wasnoted in the ventral thoracic region, with onset of one year and slow and progressive growth. A cytological evaluation ofthe nodules was performed, and lipoma was diagnosed. At the neurological examination, the patient presented ambulatoryparaparesis with marked motor deficit and atrophy of the quadriceps muscles of the left pelvic limb. Conscious proprioceptive deficit, the absence of patellar reflex, and diminished withdrawal reflex were observed in the left hind limb, in additionto diffuse pain on epaxial palpation of the lumbar region. Electroneuromyography showed increased insertion activity inthe left gastrocnemius muscle and moderate spontaneous activity (fibrillation). Persistence of 10% was observed in theF-wave study of the left tibial nerve. These findings indicate partial involvement of the roots of the left sciatic-tibial nerve.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the presence of a mass measuring 3.18 × 1.04 × 1.4 cm, interspersed withthe paravertebral muscles, and located adjacent to the L2 and L3 spinous processes...(AU)

Can an inflammatory reaction in the meninges, caused by spinal puncture through tattooed skin, evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis? An experimental model in rabbits.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As the number of people with tattoos has been increasing, anesthesiologists are more and more faced with the decision to perform a neuraxial blockage through tattooed skin. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of puncture through tattooed skin determines acute inflammatory changes in the meninges and spinal cord and later evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis. METHOD: Forty-two male rabbits were randomized into 3 groups of 14: G1, spinal puncture through non-tattooed skin and saline solution injection; G2, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline solution injection, captive for 30 days; G3, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline solution injection, captive for 360 days. The animals were anesthetized and ultrasound-guided spinal puncture was performed in the intervertebral spaces between S1 - S2. During the period of captivity, the animals were clinically assessed for sensitivity and motor function. After that, they were sacrificed and the lumbosacral portion of the spinal cord was excised for histological analysis. RESULTS: No histological changes were found on group 1. Eleven animals from group two presented with foci of perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in the pia mater and/or arachnoid. In Group 3, eight rabbits presented with inflammatory changes in the meninges, which were associated with thickening and/or adhesion of the pia mater and arachnoid in some cases and five rabbits presented only thickening of pia-mater. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal puncture through tattooed skin of rabbits can trigger acute inflammatory changes in the meninges and after a prolonged period of observation evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis.

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals’ energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...(AU)

Infiltrative lipoma causing lumbar nerve root compression in a dog

Background: Lipomas are benign soft tissue mesenchymal neoplasms composed of adipose cells and are usually foundin the subcutaneous tissue. Occasionally, lipomas may invade muscles or grow between them, in which case they arecharacterized as infiltrative lipomas. Clinical signs resulting from an intermuscular lipoma compressing peripheral nervesare rarely encountered in dogs. This case report aims to describe the neurological signs, diagnosis, and clinical evaluationof a dog diagnosed with infiltrative lipoma compressing a lumbar spinal nerve root.Case: A 12-year-old neutered male Fox Paulistinha, weighing 10.5 kg, was presented with difficulties in walking for thepast 15 days with no previous history of trauma. On physical examination, the presence of three cutaneous nodules wasnoted in the ventral thoracic region, with onset of one year and slow and progressive growth. A cytological evaluation ofthe nodules was performed, and lipoma was diagnosed. At the neurological examination, the patient presented ambulatoryparaparesis with marked motor deficit and atrophy of the quadriceps muscles of the left pelvic limb. Conscious proprioceptive deficit, the absence of patellar reflex, and diminished withdrawal reflex were observed in the left hind limb, in additionto diffuse pain on epaxial palpation of the lumbar region. Electroneuromyography showed increased insertion activity inthe left gastrocnemius muscle and moderate spontaneous activity (fibrillation). Persistence of 10% was observed in theF-wave study of the left tibial nerve. These findings indicate partial involvement of the roots of the left sciatic-tibial nerve.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the presence of a mass measuring 3.18 × 1.04 × 1.4 cm, interspersed withthe paravertebral muscles, and located adjacent to the L2 and L3 spinous processes...

Avaliação Por Ressonância Magnética Das Principais Estruturas Do Escroto De Búfalos Em Desenvolvimento / Magnetic Resonance Evaluation Of The Main Structures Of The Sculpture Of Buffalo Development / Evaluación Por Resonancia Magnética De Las Principales Estructuras Del Escrito De Búfalos En Desarrollo

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o uso da ressonância magnética (RM) para avaliar os principais componentes do escroto de búfalos, bem como sua relação com a idade, peso corporal (PC) e níveis plasmáticos de testosterona. Foram avaliados o parênquima testicular (PT), mediastino (MD), cabeça (CE), corpo (CP) e cauda do epidídimo (CD), plexo pampiniforme (PP) e a túnica albugínea (TA) de dez peças anatômicas de búfalos com média de idade de 20,20 meses e peso corporal (PC) de 564kg, obtidas de frigorífico. Os exames de RM foram realizados utilizando um equipamento de baixo campo magnético de 0,25 Tesla e quatro bobinas de radiofrequência. Realizaram-se as sequências: Spin eco T1 (SE-T1), Short TI Inversion-Recovery (STIR), Fast Spin eco T2 (FSE-T2), Gradiente eco T1 (GE-T1), Gradiente eco T2 (GE-T2) e Turbo 3D-T1. Realizou-se a colheita de sangue, durante a sangria dos animais, para avaliação da concentração plasmática de testosterona (ng/mL). Determinou-se o grau de similaridade (%) para avaliação da equiparidade das imagens com a idade, concentração plasmática de testosterona e PC. Para o PT, a maior similaridade foi encontrada entre a idade, a concentração plasmática de testosterona (77,31%) com a GE-T2 e o PC teve maior similaridade (71,07%) com a GE-T1. (AU)

The objective of this study was to report the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the main components of the buffalo scrotum, as well as its relation with age, body weight (BW) and plasma testosterone levels. The testicular parenchyma (PT) was evaluated; Mediastinum (MD); (CP) and the tail of the epididymis (CD), pampiniform plexus (PP) and the tunica albuginea (TA) of ten anatomical pieces of buffalo with a mean age of 20,20 months and body weight (CP) Of 564kg, obtained from refrigerator. MRI scans were performed using a 0.25 Tesla low magnetic field equipment and four radiofrequency coils. The following sequences were performed: Spin echo T1 (SE-T1), Short TI Inversion-Recovery (STIR), Fast Spin echo T2 (FSE-T2), E2 gradient (GE-T2), E2 gradient (GE-T1) and Turbo 3D-T1. Blood sampling was also performed during bleeding of the animals to evaluate the plasma concentration of testosterone (ng/mL). The degree of similarity (%) was determined for the evaluation of the image equivalence with age, plasma testosterone concentration and CP. For PT, the highest similarity was found between age and plasma testosterone concentration (77.31%) with GE T2 and PC had greater similarity (71.07%) with GE-T1.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue relatar el uso de la resonancia magnética (RM) para evaluar los principales componentes del escroto de búfalos, así como su relación con la edad, peso corporal (PC) y niveles plasmáticos de testosterona. Se evaluó el parénquima testicular (PT), Mediastino (MD), (PP) y la túnica albugínea (TA) de diez piezas anatómicas de búfalos con una media de edad de 20,20 meses y peso corporal (PC). De 564kg, obtenidas de nevera. Los exámenes de RM se realizaron utilizando un equipo de bajo campo magnético de 0,25 Tesla y cuatro bobinas de radiofrecuencia. Se realizaron las secuencias: Spin eco T1 (SE-T1), Short TI Inversion-Recovery (STIR), Fast Spin eco T2 (FSE-T2), Gradiente eco T2 (GE-T1), Gradiente eco T2 (GE-T2) y Turbo 3D-T1. Se realizó también la toma de sangre durante la sangría de los animales para evaluar la concentración plasmática de testosterona (ng/ml). Se determinó el grado de similitud (%) para evaluar la equiparidad de las imágenes con la edad, concentración plasmática de testosterona y PC. Para el PT la mayor similitud fue encontrada entre la edad y la concentración plasmática de testosterona (77,31%) con la GE-T2 y el PC tuvo mayor similitud (71,07%) con la GE-T1. El MD presentó una similitud de 93,70% entre la edad y la concentración plasmática de testosterona con la FSE-T2 y STIR y en relación al PC, el nivel de similitud fue superior en la GE-T2 y el FSE-T2 (60,10%).(AU)

Avaliação Por Ressonância Magnética Das Principais Estruturas Do Escroto De Búfalos Em Desenvolvimento / Magnetic Resonance Evaluation Of The Main Structures Of The Sculpture Of Buffalo Development / Evaluación Por Resonancia Magnética De Las Principales Estructuras Del Escrito De Búfalos En Desarrollo

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o uso da ressonância magnética (RM) para avaliar os principais componentes do escroto de búfalos, bem como sua relação com a idade, peso corporal (PC) e níveis plasmáticos de testosterona. Foram avaliados o parênquima testicular (PT), mediastino (MD), cabeça (CE), corpo (CP) e cauda do epidídimo (CD), plexo pampiniforme (PP) e a túnica albugínea (TA) de dez peças anatômicas de búfalos com média de idade de 20,20 meses e peso corporal (PC) de 564kg, obtidas de frigorífico. Os exames de RM foram realizados utilizando um equipamento de baixo campo magnético de 0,25 Tesla e quatro bobinas de radiofrequência. Realizaram-se as sequências: Spin eco T1 (SE-T1), Short TI Inversion-Recovery (STIR), Fast Spin eco T2 (FSE-T2), Gradiente eco T1 (GE-T1), Gradiente eco T2 (GE-T2) e Turbo 3D-T1. Realizou-se a colheita de sangue, durante a sangria dos animais, para avaliação da concentração plasmática de testosterona (ng/mL). Determinou-se o grau de similaridade (%) para avaliação da equiparidade das imagens com a idade, concentração plasmática de testosterona e PC. Para o PT, a maior similaridade foi encontrada entre a idade, a concentração plasmática de testosterona (77,31%) com a GE-T2 e o PC teve maior similaridade (71,07%) com a GE-T1.

The objective of this study was to report the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the main components of the buffalo scrotum, as well as its relation with age, body weight (BW) and plasma testosterone levels. The testicular parenchyma (PT) was evaluated; Mediastinum (MD); (CP) and the tail of the epididymis (CD), pampiniform plexus (PP) and the tunica albuginea (TA) of ten anatomical pieces of buffalo with a mean age of 20,20 months and body weight (CP) Of 564kg, obtained from refrigerator. MRI scans were performed using a 0.25 Tesla low magnetic field equipment and four radiofrequency coils. The following sequences were performed: Spin echo T1 (SE-T1), Short TI Inversion-Recovery (STIR), Fast Spin echo T2 (FSE-T2), E2 gradient (GE-T2), E2 gradient (GE-T1) and Turbo 3D-T1. Blood sampling was also performed during bleeding of the animals to evaluate the plasma concentration of testosterone (ng/mL). The degree of similarity (%) was determined for the evaluation of the image equivalence with age, plasma testosterone concentration and CP. For PT, the highest similarity was found between age and plasma testosterone concentration (77.31%) with GE T2 and PC had greater similarity (71.07%) with GE-T1.

El objetivo de este estudio fue relatar el uso de la resonancia magnética (RM) para evaluar los principales componentes del escroto de búfalos, así como su relación con la edad, peso corporal (PC) y niveles plasmáticos de testosterona. Se evaluó el parénquima testicular (PT), Mediastino (MD), (PP) y la túnica albugínea (TA) de diez piezas anatómicas de búfalos con una media de edad de 20,20 meses y peso corporal (PC). De 564kg, obtenidas de nevera. Los exámenes de RM se realizaron utilizando un equipo de bajo campo magnético de 0,25 Tesla y cuatro bobinas de radiofrecuencia. Se realizaron las secuencias: Spin eco T1 (SE-T1), Short TI Inversion-Recovery (STIR), Fast Spin eco T2 (FSE-T2), Gradiente eco T2 (GE-T1), Gradiente eco T2 (GE-T2) y Turbo 3D-T1. Se realizó también la toma de sangre durante la sangría de los animales para evaluar la concentración plasmática de testosterona (ng/ml). Se determinó el grado de similitud (%) para evaluar la equiparidad de las imágenes con la edad, concentración plasmática de testosterona y PC. Para el PT la mayor similitud fue encontrada entre la edad y la concentración plasmática de testosterona (77,31%) con la GE-T2 y el PC tuvo mayor similitud (71,07%) con la GE-T1. El MD presentó una similitud de 93,70% entre la edad y la concentración plasmática de testosterona con la FSE-T2 y STIR y en relación al PC, el nivel de similitud fue superior en la GE-T2 y el FSE-T2 (60,10%).

Aspectos ultrassonográficos da glândula tireoide em equinos / Ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in horses / Aspectos ecograficos de la glándula tiroides en caballos

Tireopatias em equinos são pouco relatadas na rotina clínica, pois apresentam evolução silenciosa, evidenciando-se quando há um considerável aumento de volume na região proximal ventrolateral do pescoço. Neoformações da tireoide podem comprometer estruturas adjacentes à glândula, como a traqueia, ocasionando estridor respiratório, intolerância ao exercício e, nos casos mais graves, sufocamento. Na medicina humana e veterinária de pequenos animais, o exame ultrassonográfico já é utilizado com frequência para melhor caracterizar alterações importantes em casos de doenças da glândula tireoide (GT). Entretanto, existem poucos estudos relacionados ao emprego da ultrassonografia (USG) como método de avaliação da GT em cavalos. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo reunir informações sobre importância do uso da USG como recurso no diagnóstico de afecções tireodianas em equinos.(AU)

Thyroid disorders in horses have been little reported in clinical practice because they present silent evolution, showing clearly when there is an increase in volume of ventrolateral proximal region of the neck. This event increases the possibility of the involvement of structures adjacent to the thyroid gland (TG), as the trachea, causing respiratory stridor, exercise intolerance and, in severe cases, suffocation. In human and small animals veterinary medicine the ultrasonography (US) is already used to better characterize important changes in cases of TG diseases. However, there are few studies related to the use of the US as an evaluation method of the TG in horses. This literature review aims to gather information on importance of using US as a resource in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders in horses.(AU)

Desórdenes de la tiroides en los caballos han sido poco reportado en la práctica clínica porque presentan evolución silenciosa es evidente cuando hay un aumento considerable en el volumen en la región proximal ventro lateral del cuello. Neoformaciones tiroides pueden comprometer las estructuras adyacentes a la glándula, como la tráquea, causando estridor respiratorio, intolerancia al ejercicio y, en casos graves, la asfixia. En la medicina humana y veterinaria de los pequeños animales, la ecografía ya se utiliza con frecuencia para caracterizar mejor los cambios importantes en los casos de enfermedades de la glándula tiroides (GT). Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios relacionados con el uso de la ultrasonografía (USG) como un método de evaluación de la GT en caballos. Esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo reunir información sobre la importancia de la utilización del ultrasonido como un recurso en el diagnóstico de los trastornos de la tiroides en caballos.(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos da glândula tireoide em equinos / Ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in horses / Aspectos ecograficos de la glándula tiroides en caballos

Tireopatias em equinos são pouco relatadas na rotina clínica, pois apresentam evolução silenciosa, evidenciando-se quando há um considerável aumento de volume na região proximal ventrolateral do pescoço. Neoformações da tireoide podem comprometer estruturas adjacentes à glândula, como a traqueia, ocasionando estridor respiratório, intolerância ao exercício e, nos casos mais graves, sufocamento. Na medicina humana e veterinária de pequenos animais, o exame ultrassonográfico já é utilizado com frequência para melhor caracterizar alterações importantes em casos de doenças da glândula tireoide (GT). Entretanto, existem poucos estudos relacionados ao emprego da ultrassonografia (USG) como método de avaliação da GT em cavalos. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo reunir informações sobre importância do uso da USG como recurso no diagnóstico de afecções tireodianas em equinos.

Thyroid disorders in horses have been little reported in clinical practice because they present silent evolution, showing clearly when there is an increase in volume of ventrolateral proximal region of the neck. This event increases the possibility of the involvement of structures adjacent to the thyroid gland (TG), as the trachea, causing respiratory stridor, exercise intolerance and, in severe cases, suffocation. In human and small animals veterinary medicine the ultrasonography (US) is already used to better characterize important changes in cases of TG diseases. However, there are few studies related to the use of the US as an evaluation method of the TG in horses. This literature review aims to gather information on importance of using US as a resource in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders in horses.

Desórdenes de la tiroides en los caballos han sido poco reportado en la práctica clínica porque presentan evolución silenciosa es evidente cuando hay un aumento considerable en el volumen en la región proximal ventro lateral del cuello. Neoformaciones tiroides pueden comprometer las estructuras adyacentes a la glándula, como la tráquea, causando estridor respiratorio, intolerancia al ejercicio y, en casos graves, la asfixia. En la medicina humana y veterinaria de los pequeños animales, la ecografía ya se utiliza con frecuencia para caracterizar mejor los cambios importantes en los casos de enfermedades de la glándula tiroides (GT). Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios relacionados con el uso de la ultrasonografía (USG) como un método de evaluación de la GT en caballos. Esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo reunir información sobre la importancia de la utilización del ultrasonido como un recurso en el diagnóstico de los trastornos de la tiroides en caballos.

Ultrasound as a safe and reliable guidance for subarachnoid puncture in rabbits.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate a model for studying the toxicity in nervous tissue and meninges using ultrasound to guide needle insertion into the subarachnoid space of rabbits, with the objective of avoiding injuries triggered by the puncture and by intraneural injection of solutions. METHODS:: Forty-five adult female rabbits were divided into 3 groups (G): G1 underwent subarachnoid puncture, G2 underwent subarachnoid injection of saline solution and G3 underwent subarachnoid injection of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. A needle was inserted into the S1-S2 subarachnoid space guided by ultrasound. The sensitivity and motility of the animals were evaluated for 3 days, after which the animals were sacrificed for removal of lumbar and sacral portions of the spinal cord for histological examination by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:: All animals had motor function and pain sensitivity on the evaluation period. No animal had complication during or after the procedures. CONCLUSION:: Ultrasound is a useful and safe method for the correct identification of the subarachnoid space of rabbits.