Detection of foodborne pathogens in contaminated food using nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors.

Foodborne pathogens are a grave concern for the for food, medical, environmental, and economic sectors. Their ease of transmission and resistance to treatments, such as antimicrobial agents, make them an important challenge. Food tainted with these pathogens is swiftly rejected, and if ingested, can result in severe illnesses and even fatalities. This review provides and overview of the current status of various pathogens and their metabolites transmitted through food. Despite a plethora of studies on treatments to eradicate and inhibit these pathogens, their indiscriminate use can compromise the sensory properties of food and lead to contamination. Therefore, the study of detection methods such as electrochemical biosensors has been proposed, which are devices with advantages such as simplicity, fast response, and sensitivity. However, these biosensors may also present some limitations. In this regard, it has been reported that nanomaterials with high conductivity, surface-to-volume ratio, and robustness have been observed to improve the detection of foodborne pathogens or their metabolites. Therefore, in this work, we analyze the detection of pathogens transmitted through food and their metabolites using electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials.

Nitrooxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Caused by Air Pollutants Are Associated with the Biological Markers of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Millions of people around the world are exposed to air pollutants, such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). Such exposure usually does not exclude these two types of pollutants and their harmful effects could be additive or synergistic. O3 is a highly oxidizing gas that reacts with the cellular environment just as PM2.5, triggering nitrooxidative damage. Once nitrooxidative stress overcomes the endogenous antioxidant system, an acute neuroinflammatory process is generated, and once it becomes chronic, it favors the formation of neurodegenerative disease markers. The presence of these markers becomes potentially dangerous in people who have a genetic predisposition and are at a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Our experimental approach for nitrooxidative damage and neuroinflammation caused by air pollutants has focused on the exposure of rats to O3 in an isolated chamber. The hippocampus is the most studied brain structure because of its neuronal connectivity network with the olfactory epithelium, its weak antioxidant defense, and its fundamental roll in cognitive processes. However, other brain structures may exhibit a different degree of damage upon exposure to O3 and PM2.5, making their involvement an important factor in developing other CNS diseases. The age spectrum for augmented sensibility to air pollutants seems to mostly affect the pre-postnatal (autism spectrum) period and the elderly (neurodegenerative). Thus, a new approach could be the estimation of the damage caused by PM2.5 and O3 through a controlled exposure paradigm to determine the extent of damage caused by both pollutants.

Guamara and Cocuixtle: Source of Proteases for the Transformation of Shrimp By-Products into Hydrolysates with Potential Application.

Since the fruits of Bromelia pinguin and Bromelia karatas are rich in proteases, the aim of this research was to optimize the hydrolysis process of cooked white shrimp by-products due to the effect of these proteases. A robust Taguchi L16' design was used to optimize the hydrolysis process. Similarly, the amino acid profile by GC-MS and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP) were determined. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of cooked shrimp by-products were pH 8.0, 30 °C, 0.5 h, 1 g of substrate and 100 µg/mL of B. karatas, pH 7.5, 40 °C, 0.5 h, 0.5 g substrate and 100 µg/mL enzyme extract from B. pinguin and pH 7.0, 37 °C, 1 h, 1.5 g substrate and 100 µg/mL enzyme bromelain. The optimized hydrolyzates of B. karatas B. pinguin and bromelain had 8 essential amino acids in their composition. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the hydrolyzates under optimal conditions showed more than 80% inhibition of in ABTS radical, B. karatas hydrolyzates had better higher ferric ion reduction capacity with 10.09 ± 0.02 mM TE/mL. Finally, the use of proteolytic extracts from B. pinguin and B. karatas to optimize hydrolysis process allowed obtaining hydrolyzates of cooked shrimp by-products with potential antioxidant capacity.

Extraction of Acetogenins Using Thermosonication-Assisted Extraction from Annona muricata Seeds and Their Antifungal Activity.

The objective of this work was to find the optimal conditions by thermosonication-assisted extraction (TSAE) of the total acetogenin content (TAC) and yield from A. muricata seeds, assessing the effect of the temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), sonication amplitude (80, 90, and 100%), and pulse-cycle (0.5, 0.7, and 1 s). In addition, optimal TSAE conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) were compared with extraction by ultrasound at 25 °C and the soxhlet method measuring TAC and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, solubility and identification of isolated ACGs were performed. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of ACGs crude extract and isolated ACGs was evaluated. Optimal TSAE conditions to extract the highest TAC (35.89 mg/g) and yield (3.6%) were 50 °C, 100% amplitude, and 0.5 s pulse-cycle. TSAE was 2.17-fold and 15.60-fold more effective than ultrasound at 25 °C and the Soxhlet method to extract ACGs with antioxidant capacity. Isolated ACGs were mostly soluble in acetone and methanol. Seven ACGs were identified, and pseudoannonacin was the most abundant. The inhibition of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis was higher from isolated ACGs than crude extract. TSAE was effective to increase the yield in the ACGs extraction from A. muricata seeds and these ACGs have important antifungal activity.

Curcumin Modifies the Activity of Plasmatic Antioxidant Enzymes and the Hippocampal Oxidative Profile in Rats upon Acute and Chronic Exposure to Ozone.

Ozone (O3) is an oxidating tropospheric pollutant. When O3 interacts with biological substrates, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are formed. Severe oxidative damage exhausts the endogenous antioxidant system, which leads to the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenol with well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of curcumin on CAT, GPx, and SOD activity and the inhibition of oxidative damage after the acute and chronic exposure to O3. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: the intact control, CUR-fed control, exposed-to-O3 control, CUR-fed (preventive), and CUR-fed (therapeutic) groups. These two last groups received a CUR-supplemented diet while exposed to O3. These experiments were performed during acute- and chronic-exposure phases. In the preventive and therapeutic groups, the activity of plasma CAT, GPx, and SOD was increased during both exposure phases, with slight differences; concomitantly, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were inhibited. For this reason, we propose that CUR could be used to enhance the activity of the antioxidant system and to diminish the oxidative damage caused by exposure to O3.

Bioactivity of peptides obtained from poultry by-products: A review.

The production and consumption of poultry products (chicken, duck, and turkey) are continually growing throughout the world, leading to the generation of thousands of tons of organic by-products, which may be important sources of bioactive peptides. The bioactive peptides isolated from poultry by-products have biological properties that can be useful in the prevention of different metabolic diseases and hence, their consumption could be beneficial for human health. Such peptides can be used as nutraceuticals, and their inclusion as active components of functional food products is increasingly gaining attention. The aim of this review was to present the investigations of the biological effect of the peptides obtained from different poultry by-products and the possible mechanisms of action underlying these effects.

Curcumin Decreases Hippocampal Neurodegeneration and Nitro-Oxidative Damage to Plasma Proteins and Lipids Caused by Short-Term Exposure to Ozone.

Neurodegeneration is the consequence of harmful events affecting the nervous system that lead to neuronal death. Toxic substances, including air pollutants, are capable of inducing neurodegeneration. Ozone (O3) is the most oxidative toxic pollutant. O3 reacts with cellular components and forms reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, triggering nitro-oxidative damage during short-term exposure. Curcumin (CUR) is a natural phenolic molecule bearing well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological activities in diverse experimental models. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of preventive dietary administration of CUR against hippocampal neurodegeneration and nitro-oxidative damage caused by short-term exposure to O3. Eighty Wistar male rats were distributed into four experimental groups, twenty rats each: intact control; CUR dietary supplementation without O3 exposure; exposure to 0.7 ppm of O3; and exposed to O3 with CUR dietary supplementation. Five rats from each group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 h of exposure. The CUR dose was 5.6 mg/kg and adjusted according to food consumption. CUR significantly decreased oxidative damage to plasma lipids and proteins, as well as neurodegeneration in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. Concluding, CUR proved effective protection in decreasing neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and prevented systemic oxidative damage.

Current Situation and Perspectives of Fruit Annonaceae in Mexico: Biological and Agronomic Importance and Bioactive Properties.

The Annonaceae family is one of the oldest angiosperms. The genus Annona is the one with the most species and, together with Asimina, the only ones that contain edible fruits. In the last 10 years, interest in these fruit species has increased, mainly due to their nutritional properties and their application in the treatment of human diseases. Mexico is the center of origin for most of them. However, at present much of the basic agronomic information, postharvest handling of the fruits, and their potential as new crops for areas with poor soils in organic matter or semi-dry climates is unknown. It is considered that these custard apple species may be an option to change towards instead of crops that have lost profitability and sustainability. A review of the current state of knowledge in different areas of the species A. muricata, A. macroprophyllata, A. reticulata, A. squamosa, and A. cherimola was carried out and to focus research efforts on the topics of greatest interest and on those where is required to achieve a sustainable production and use of these resources in Mexico. However, knowledge about the cultivation and potential uses of these species is needed to increase their commercialization; the integration of interdisciplinary and interinstitutional groups is required.

Annonas: Underutilized species as a potential source of bioactive compounds.

The genus Annona belongs to the family Annonaceae and includes several species of tropical and subtropical crops characterized by their edible and exotic fruits. Twenty species of Annona have been reported in Mexico, localized mainly in the tropical southeastern regions of the country. Most species, however, are not marketable and remain underutilized, and are often referred to as wild Annona species, but they are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. According to ethnobotanical evidence, extracts obtained from different Annona species and different parts of the plant (stem bark, leaves, roots, seeds, and peel) have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Most of their reported health benefits are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds with various in vitro and in vivo biological activities, such as antidepressant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, vasorelaxant, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, analgesic, and healing activities. Therefore, further extensive knowledge of these species especially information on their health benefits is essential to increase their cultivation and commercial use. The present review focuses on traditional uses of underutilized Annona species, their bioactive compounds content, and biological activities.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Annona muricata By-Products and Pulp.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is widely used; however, the efficiency of extraction depends on the raw materials. Therefore, optimization of UAE must be investigated for each type of plant material. By-products from soursop fruit have not been studied as a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, the optimization of UAE conditions (extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), pulse cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s), and sonication amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%)) for the extraction of phenolic compounds (soluble, hydrolyzable, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols) from soursop by-products (seed, peel, and columella) and pulp was evaluated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for UAE to obtain the highest total polyphenol content from by-products and pulp was dependent on the raw material. Peel resulted in the highest content of total polyphenols (187.32 mg/g dry matter [DM]) followed by columella (164.14 mg/g DM), seed (36.15 mg/g DM), and pulp (33.24 mg/g DM). The yield of polyphenolic content from peel and columella obtained with UAE was higher (32⁻37%) than conventional extraction for 2 h under stirring (14⁻16%). The contents of gallic acid (0.36⁻15.86 µg/g DM), coumaric acid (0.07⁻1.37 µg/g DM), and chlorogenic acid (9.18⁻32.67 µg/g DM) in the different parts of the fruit were higher in the extracts obtained by UAE compared with a conventional extraction method (0.08⁻0.61, 0.05⁻0.08, 3.15⁻13.08 µg/g DM, respectively), although it was dependent on the raw materials. Soursop by-products can be functionally important if they are used to extract bioactive compounds by UAE; a technology with high potential for commercial extraction on a large scale.

Apreciación de la calidad de vida en el adulto mayor / Appreciation of quality of life in the elderly

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que permitió describir el comportamiento de la calidad de vida percibida por la población geriátrica del CMF 9 ubicado en el policlínico 1 Dra. Francisca Rivero Arocha, de Manzanillo, de septiembre 2016 a enero 2017. La muestra estuvo constituida por los 165 adultos mayores del área. El predominio de la baja calidad de vida en la población investigada, la calidad de vida percibida por los adultos mayores se relaciona con la edad y la escolaridad, de forma tal que en la medida en que se incrementa la edad la percepción de ésta es peor, mientras que existe una tendencia a percibir mejor calidad de vida con el incremento de la escolaridad y la alta percepción de salud emitida por la población objeto de estudio se expresa de manera homogénea por sexos, y heterogénea por grupos de edades, estado conyugal y escolaridad, son algunos de los resultados más importantes. Consideramos necesario continuar el estudio de la calidad de vida en los adultos mayores, con la inclusión de la calidad de vida objetiva, como elemento previo a la realización de una estrategia de intervención, encaminada al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de la población objeto de estudio(AU)

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out that allowed to describe the behavior of the quality of life perceived by the geriatric population of CMF 9 located in the polyclinic 1 Dra. Francisca Rivero Arocha from Manzanillo, from September 2016 to January 2017. The sample consisted of the 165 older adults of the area. The predominance of low quality of life in the population investigated, the quality of life perceived by older adults is related to age and schooling, so that as the age increases the perception of it is worse, while there is a tendency to perceive better quality of life with the increase of schooling and the high perception of health emitted by the population under study is expressed in a homogeneous way by sex, and heterogeneous by age groups, marital status and schooling, are some of the most important results. We consider it is necessary to continue the study of the quality of life in the elderly, with the inclusion of objective quality of life, as an element prior to the realization of an intervention strategy, aimed at improving the quality of life of the target population(EU)

Curcumin Exerted Neuroprotection against Ozone-Induced Oxidative Damage and Decreased NF-κB Activation in Rat Hippocampus and Serum Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines.

Ozone is a harmful tropospheric pollutant, causing the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that lead to oxidative damage in living beings. NF-κB can be activated in response to oxidative damage, inducing an inflammatory response. Nowadays, there are no reliable results that consolidate the use of antioxidants to protect from damage caused by ozone, particularly in highly polluted cities. Curcumin has a strong antioxidant activity and is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB activation with no side effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of curcumin in preventive and therapeutic approaches against oxidative damage, NF-κB activation, and the rise in serum levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α induced by acute and chronic exposure to ozone in rat hippocampus. One hundred male Wistar rats were distributed into five groups; the intact control, curcumin-fed control, the ozone-exposed group, and the preventive and therapeutic groups. These last two groups were exposed to ozone and received food supplemented with curcumin. Lipid peroxidation was determined by spectrophotometry, and protein oxidation was evaluated by immunodetection of carbonylated proteins and densitometry analysis. Activation of NF-κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß and TNF-α) were determined by ELISA. Curcumin decreased NF-κB activation and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as protein and lipid oxidation, in both therapeutic and preventive approaches. Curcumin has proven to be a phytodrug against the damage caused by the environmental exposure to ozone.

Curcumin alters the cytoskeleton and microtubule organization on trophozoites of Giardia lamblia.

Giardia lamblia is a worldwide protozoan responsible for a significant number of intestinal infections. There are several drugs for the treatment of giardiasis, but they often cause side effects. Curcumin, a component of turmeric, has antigiardial activity; however, the molecular target and mechanism of antiproliferative activity are not clear. The effects of curcumin on cellular microtubules have been widely investigated. Since tubulin is the most abundant protein in the cytoskeleton of Giardia, to elucidate whether curcumin has activity against the microtubules of this parasite, we treated trophozoites with curcumin and the cells were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Curcumin inhibited Giardia proliferation and adhesion in a time-concentration-dependent mode. The higher inhibitory concentrations of curcumin (3 and 15µM) disrupted the cytoskeletal structures of trophozoites; the damage was evident on the ventral disk, flagella and in the caudal region, also the membrane was affected. The immunofluorescence images showed altered distribution of tubulin staining on ventral disk and flagella. Additionally, we found that curcumin caused a clear reduction of tubulin expression. By docking analysis and molecular dynamics we showed that curcumin has a high probability to bind at the interface of the tubulin dimer close to the vinblastine binding site. All the data presented indicate that curcumin may inhibit Giardia proliferation by perturbing microtubules.

Changes in the nutritional quality of five Mangifera species harvested at two maturity stages.

BACKGROUND: There are 69 species of edible Mangifera recognized in Southeast Asia. Most of these species have not been characterized for nutritional properties. This paper describes the nutritional quality of the pulp of several Mangifera species - Mangifera casturi, Mangifera lalijiwa, Mangifera odorata, Mangifera zeylanica and two cultivars of Mangifera indica, 'Tommy-Kent' and 'Tommy Atkins' - at two maturity stages. RESULTS: The results showed that nutritional quality varied with maturity stage and among species. The immature pulp of all species had higher content of total dietary fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E, total soluble polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. In mature pulp, the protein, ash, fat, soluble carbohydrate and B vitamin values were higher in all species. The species with the best nutritional quality were, in order from highest to lowest, M. casturi, M. odorata, M. zeylanica, M. indica cultivars and M. lalijiwa. CONCLUSION: The fruit pulp of three species had higher nutritional quality at both maturity stages in comparison with M. indica cultivars. These other Mangifera species can be nutritionally important in communities facing food insecurity and have potential as emerging crops. The decline of these valuable species in their natural habitats is an increasing concern, and their nutritional properties justify greater efforts to protect them. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Calidad de vida y perspectiva espiritual de los pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedad cardiovascular / Quality of life and spiritual perspective of hospitalized patients with heart disease

ResumenIntroducción: las cardiopatías son enfermedades crónicas que alteran la calidad de vida de las personas. En este sentido la espiritualidad juega un papel importante, pues a partir de sus creencias y prácticas los pacientes pueden encontrar la fortaleza necesaria para sobrellevar la enfermedad. Objetivo: analizar la calidad de vida y la perspectiva espiritual que tienen los pacientes hospitalizados ante una enfermedad cardiovascular.Metodología: estudio transversal analítico en una muestra aleatoria de 297 pacientes cardiópatas de ambos sexos. Los datos se recolectaron bajo consentimiento informado con el Spiritual Perspective Scale y el WHOQoL-BREF. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo y se aplicaron pruebas de correlación de Pearson y Spearman, y comparación con t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney para las variables calidad de vida y espiritualidad.Resultados: el 53.5% percibió su calidad de vida como normal y 44.8% como buena; 68% tuvo un nivel alto de espiritualidad. La calidad de vida se relacionó con la espiritualidad (r = 0.164, p = 0.005), especialmente con las creencias (r = 0.214, p = 0.000); el grado académico se asoció con la calidad de vida (rs = -0.288, p = 0.000), pero no con la espiritualidad (rs = -0.030, p = 0.606). La espiritualidad fue mayor en las mujeres (Z = -2.245, p = 0.025).Conclusiones: los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular incrementan sus prácticas y creencias espirituales. Esto contribuye en la percepción que tienen sobre su calidad de vida.

AbstractIntroduction: Heart diseases encompass several chronic diseases that can affect the quality of life (QoL) of people. In this sense, spirituality plays an important role, given that by using it patients can find the necessary strength to overcome the disease on the basis of their beliefs and practices. Objective: To analyze the QoL and the spiritual perspective of hospitalized patients facing a heart disease.Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in a random sample of 297 heart disease patients of both sexes. Data were collected under informed consent with the Spiritual Perspective Scale and the WHOQOL-BREF. The analysis was descriptive. To analyze the variables quality of life and spirituality we used Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and we compared them with Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test.Results: 53.5% perceived their QoL as normal, and 44.8% as good; 68% had a high level of spirituality. The QoL was related to spirituality (r = 0.164, p = 0.005), especially with the beliefs (r = 0.214, p = 0.000); the academic degree was associated with QoL (rs = - 0.288, p = 0.000), but not with spirituality (rs= -0.030, p = 0.606). Spirituality is greater in women (Z = 2.245, p = 0.025). Conclusions: Patients with heart disease increase their practices and spiritual beliefs. This contributes to the perception of their quality of life.

Nivel de conocimientos sobre alcoholismo en adolescentes de riesgo a través de una intervención educativa / Level of knowledge about alcoholism in adolescents at risk through an educational intervention

El alcoholismo constituye un flagelo que alcanza en mayor o menor grado a todas las sociedades del mundo. Se realizó un estudio de intervención educativa con el objetivo de implementar una intervención educativa que contribuya a elevar el nivel de conocimiento sobre alcoholismo en adolescentes de riesgo pertenecientes al CMF 9 del Policlínico 1 Dra. Francisca Rivero Arocha en el municipio Manzanillo de enero-julio del 2016. El universo estuvo conformado por 25 adolescentes, comprendidos en el rango de edades de 13-15 años, se tomó una muestra intencional de 15 adolescentes. El instrumento de recogida de la información lo constituyó una encuesta a partir de la cual se diseña y aplica el programa educativo Adolescentes por la vida. El 86,6 por ciento de la muestra fueron masculinos, con edad de 15 y 19 años, solo 5 adolescentes respondieron correctamente la encuesta inicial; después de aplicada la estrategia educativa se logró mejorar el nivel de conocimiento sobre los riesgos, criterios para identificar el alcoholismo en un sujeto, mitos sobre el abuso de alcohol, consecuencias del alcoholismo y qué hacer para abandonar el consumo en 14 estudiantes (93,3 por ciento)(AU)

Alcoholism is a scourge that reaches more or less all societies in the world. An educational intervention study was carried out with the objective of implementing an educational intervention that contributes to raise the level of knowledge about alcoholism among adolescents at risk belonging to CMF 9 of the Polyclinic 1 Dr. Francisca Rivero Arocha from Manzanillo municipality from January-July 2016. The universe consisted of 25 adolescents, included in the age range of 13-15 years; an intentional sample of 15 adolescents was taken. The instrument for collecting information was a survey from which the educational program Adolescents for Life was designed and implemented. 86.6 percent of the sample are male, aged 15 and 19 years, only 5 adolescents correctly answered the initial survey; after applying the educational strategy, it was possible to improve the level of knowledge about risks, criteria to identify alcoholism in a subject, myths about alcohol abuse, consequences of alcoholism and what to do to quit consumption in 14 students (93,3 percent)(EU)

Inactivation of GABAA receptor is related to heat shock stress response in organism model Caenorhabditis elegans.

The mechanisms underlying oxidative stress (OS) resistance are not completely clear. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a good organism model to study OS because it displays stress responses similar to those in mammals. Among these mechanisms, the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway is thought to affect GABAergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of heat shock stress (HS) on GABAergic activity in C. elegans. For this purpose, we tested the effect of exposure to picrotoxin (PTX), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), hydrogen peroxide, and HS on the occurrence of a shrinking response (SR) after nose touch stimulus in N2 (WT) worms. Moreover, the effect of HS on the expression of UNC-49 (GABAA receptor ortholog) in the EG1653 strain and the effect of GABA and PTX exposure on HSP-16.2 expression in the TJ375 strain were analyzed. PTX 1 mM- or H2O2 0.7 mM-exposed worms displayed a SR in about 80 % of trials. GABA exposure did not cause a SR. HS prompted the occurrence of a SR as did PTX 1 mM or H2O2 0.7 mM exposure. In addition, HS increased UNC-49 expression, and PTX augmented HSP-16.2 expression. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that oxidative stress, through either H2O2 exposure or application of heat shock, inactivates the GABAergic system, which subsequently would affect the oxidative stress response, perhaps by enhancing the activity of transcription factors DAF-16 and HSF-1, both regulated by the IIS pathway and related to hsp-16.2 expression.

Estrategia formativa de la autoestima positiva en el adulto mayor institucionalizado del municipio Manzanillo / Educative strategy of positive self - esteem in the institutionalized elderly

Se realizó una investigación de sistematización transformación basada en la teoría leninista de transformación del conocimiento científico con adultos de la tercera edad institucionalizados en el Hogar de Ancianos, Padre Acevedo, del municipio Manzanillo, con el objetivo de diseñar una estrategia formativa de la autoestima positiva. De un grupo de ancianos de vida interna, se seleccionaron 30 gerontes, escogidos por no presentar impedimentos físicos o mentales, donde predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de edades entre 60 a 80 años. Para conocer la presencia de la autoestima positiva se elaboró un cuestionario que consta de seis preguntas cerradas, de cuatro ítems, que indagan sobre rasgos de la autoestima positiva desde la experiencia de vida personal: la autonomía, la autoaceptación, la actitud positiva, la integridad, la autoeficacia y la autodignidad. El procesamiento estadístico se realizó mediante números absolutos y por cientos. Los resultados se presentan resumidos en tablas. Se diseñó la estrategia formativa sobre la base de las necesidades de aprendizaje y con una fundamentación de la Pedagogía social y cubana(AU)

It was performed a research of systematization-transformation based on the Leninist theory of the scientific knowledge transformation with institutionalized elderly at Father Acevedo's Home in Manzanillo municipality, with the objective of designing a formative strategy of positive self- esteem. From a group of interns there were selected 30 elders because they did not present physical or mental handicaps, the male sex and the group of ages between 60-80 years prevailed. In order to know the presence of positive self- esteem it was created a questionnaire of six closed questions with four items inquiring the patterns of positive self- esteem from the personal experience of life: autonomy, self- acceptance, positive attitude, integrity, self- efficiency, and self- dignity. The statistical processing was performed through absolute numbers and percents. The results were presented in tables. It was designed the formative strategy on the basis of the learning needs and a foundation of the social and Cuban Pedagogy(EU)

Estrategia educativa para la formación de la valoración de los factores estresantes en los adultos mayores / Educative strategy for the formation of the assessment of the stressful factors in the elderly

La presente investigación responde a la necesidad de favorecer la valoración de los factores estresantes en relación con los recursos personológicos, debido al incremento de la vulnerabilidad del estrés que limita el desarrollo sociocultural del adulto mayor que cursa estudios en el Joven Club de Computación Manzanillo I, se realizó de septiembre del 2012 a septiembre del 2013. Es un estudio descriptivo que expone una estrategia de carácter educativo dirigido a la educación para el conocimiento del estrés basado en el ejercicio de la categoría de la valoración como un constituyente esencial del afrontamiento en los adultos mayores. Los métodos esgrimidos fueron; el analítico y sintético, inductivo y deductivo, sistémico estructural funcional, análisis histórico-lógico, observación, encuestas, entrevistas y los métodos de evaluación psicológica. La aplicación de este instrumento científico promoverá cambios necesarios que deben producirse en los estilos de vida de los senescentes, una vez elevado el nivel de conocimientos, lo que potenciará la acción salubrista de promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades en la población de la tercera edad, desde el papel de la comunidad científica(AU)

This research responds to the need of favoring the assessment of the stressful factors in relation to the personal resources, due to the increase of the vulnerability of the stress that limits the sociocultural development of the elders who study in the Informatics Youth Club in Manzanillo. It was performed since September 2012 to September 2013. It is a descriptive study that presents a strategy of educative behavior directed to the education for the knowledge of the stress based on the excercise of the assessment category as a main point of facing it by the elderly. The methods applied were: the analysis and synthesis, induction-deduction, systemic- structural- functional, historical- logical analysis, observation, surveys, interviews and the methods of psychological assessment. The application ofthis scientific tool will promote the necessary changes that should be producedin the life styles of senescents when the level of knowledge increases, which will favor the health action of promotion and prevention of diseases in the population of the third age from the role of the scientific community(EU)

Functional properties and dietary fiber characterization of mango processing by-products (Mangifera indica L., cv Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins).

Several reports have focused on utilization of post-harvest residues of crops, while neglecting those residues produced by mango processing. These residues represent a waste of nutrients and a source of environmental contaminants. Such by-products could be valuable sources of dietary fiber (DF), antioxidant compounds, and single carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate some functional properties (FP), and the content of DF and polyphenols (PP) of the peel and coarse material obtained from residues during the industrial processing of Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins mangoes. The total dietary fiber (TDF) content was about 225 mg/g and 387 mg/g (dry weight) for the coarse material and the peel, respectively, from which soluble dietary fiber represented 23 and 42%, respectively. The main neutral sugar identified was rhamnose, especially in peels; the klason lignin (KL) content was 92 mg/g, which highlights the Ataulfo peel (Ataulfo-P) and the Tommy Atkins peel (Tommy Atkins-P). The extractable PP content in Ataulfo-P was higher than in Tommy-Atkins-P, and interesting data for non-extractable PP were obtained in the residues. FP as swelling, water holding, oil holding, and glucose absorption in the residues was studied, obtaining better functional properties when compared to cellulose fiber. The results show that mango industrial by-products, mainly from the Ataulfo-P variety, could be used as ingredients in food products because of their functional properties as well as their DF and PP content.