RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Oral cancer has a high prevalence worldwide, and this disease is caused by genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. The main risk factors associated with oral cancer are smoking and alcohol. RESULTS: There are various strategies to reduce risk factors, including prevention programs as well as the consumption of an adequate diet that includes phytochemical compounds derived from cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon A.) and blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.); these compounds exhibit antitumor properties. RESULTS: The main outcome of this review is as follows: the properties of phytochemicals derived from cranberries were evaluated for protection against risk factors associated with oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The secondary metabolites of cranberries promote biological effects that provide protection against smoking and alcoholism. An alternative for the prevention of oral cancer can be the consumption of these cranberries and blueberries.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Worldwide prevalence of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased, affecting mostly young males. OPSCC associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection exhibits particular characteristics in terms of response to treatment, hence HPV has been proposed as a prognostic factor. The impact of HPV positivity and associated biomarkers on OPSCC in the Mexican population has not been addressed. Therefore, the analysis of OPSCC prognostic markers in the Mexican population is necessary. METHODS: Retrolective study in Mexican OPSCC patients, where HPV prevalence, p16 and EGFR levels were assessed using INNO-LiPA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We found an HPV prevalence of 57.6% in OPSCC cases treated at a reference center in Mexico. HPV and p16 positivity, as well as EGFR, associate with better outcomes in OPSCC patients, and they also promote reduced death risk. Notably, HPV presence and p16 positivity showed a significant association with disease-free survival (DFS), with a HR of 0.15 (p = 0.006) and a HR of 0.17 (p = 0.012), respectively, indicating a possible role as predictive biomarkers in Mexican OPSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reflect the clinical utility of p16 analysis to improve overall survival (OS) and to predict recurrence in oropharyngeal cancer. These results position p16 and HPV as predictive biomarkers for OPSCC.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Incidence of anal and oral infections with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is increasing, particularly among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive (HIV+) men. HPV type 16 has exhibited the highest incidence and only limited data is available on other prevalent types, variants of HPV16, as well as associated factors. We were interested in identifying prevalent HPV types, variants of type 16, as well as factors associated with HPV16 infections in the oral cavity of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of oral cavity samples from HIV+ MSM, that in a previous study were identified as positive for HPV16 in the anal canal. Cells from the oral cavity (102 samples, paired with 102 from the anal canal of same patient) were used to extract DNA and detect HPV infections using INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II, and PCR. From these, 80 samples (paired, 40 anal and 40 oral) were used to identify variants of type 16 by sequencing. Statistical differences were estimated by the X2 test, and p values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS ver. Twenty-four statistical software (IBM Corp) was used. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of High-Risk HPV (HR-HPV) and Low-Risk HPV (LR-HPV). Patients were positive in the oral cavity for HR types; 16, 39 and 18 (80.4, 61.8 and 52.9% respectively) and LR types 11 and 6 (53.9 and 34.3% respectively). Surprisingly, only European variants of type 16 were found in the oral cavity, although American Asian (22.5%) and African (2.5%) variants were identified in the anal canal. The analysis showed that CD4 counts could be the most important risk factor associated with HR-HPV infections in the oral cavity, anal canal or both anatomical regions. The risk of infection of the oral cavity with type 18 increased in men diagnosed with HIV for more than 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of both HR and LR HPV's in the oral cavity of Mexican HIV+ MSM is very high. The fact that only European variants of HPV16 were found in the oral cavity suggest a possible tropism not previously described.