Arterial hypertension and metabolic profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate parameters related with arterial pressure and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS). METHODS: This monocentric study at the University Hospital Endocrinology Section included 60 women aged 18-45 years, 42 being diagnosed with POS and acting as 18 controls. All women were subjected to transvaginal ultrasound and monitored for arterial pressure for 24 h in the ambulatory (MAP). Venous blood samples were taken between 07.00 and 09.00, after 12 h fasting. Basal (BG) and fasting glucose concentrations, total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides and insulin (to calculate the homeostatic assay insulin-resistance, HOMA-IR) were measured. Collected data were the mean arterial blood pressure (24-h awake/sleep cycle), arterial pressure nocturnal descensus, glycemia and fasting glucose for HOMA-IR, and lipid profile. The Student's t test was used to compare homogeneous variables; the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare non-homogeneous variables; the Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to search for correlation between the variables. The χ(2) test was used for comparison of the absence of nocturnal descensus. Significance was taken as p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with POS was 27.4 ± 5.5 (18-45 years, n=42) and the body mass index (BMI) was 30.2 ± 6.5 kg/m(2) (18.3-54.9). In the Control Group, the mean age was 31.4 ± 6.1 (18-45 years) and the BMI was 27.1 ± 6.2 kg/m(2) (18.3-54.9, n=18). No difference in the metabolic parameters and insulin resistance was observed between the two groups. Comparison between these parameters and MAP showed that the only parameter with a correlation was the BMI, independent of the POS diagnosis. This was not seen in nocturnal descensus, which was uncorrelated with POS and any of the other studied parameters. CONCLUSION: POS women do not show higher arterial blood pressure, glycemia, HDL-col, TG, HOMA-IR and BMI compared to non-POS women. However, POS patients showed correlation between arterial pressure and BMI, suggesting that obesity is a primary factor involved in arterial pressure changes in these patients.

Arterial hypertension and metabolic profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome / Hipertensão arterial e perfil metabólico em pacientes com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

PURPOSE: To evaluate parameters related with arterial pressure and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS). METHODS: This monocentric study at the University Hospital Endocrinology Section included 60 women aged 18-45 years, 42 being diagnosed with POS and acting as 18 controls. All women were subjected to transvaginal ultrasound and monitored for arterial pressure for 24 h in the ambulatory (MAP). Venous blood samples were taken between 07.00 and 09.00, after 12 h fasting. Basal (BG) and fasting glucose concentrations, total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides and insulin (to calculate the homeostatic assay insulin-resistance, HOMA-IR) were measured. Collected data were the mean arterial blood pressure (24-h awake/sleep cycle), arterial pressure nocturnal descensus, glycemia and fasting glucose for HOMA-IR, and lipid profile. The Student's t test was used to compare homogeneous variables; the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare non-homogeneous variables; the Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to search for correlation between the variables. The c² test was used for comparison of the absence of nocturnal descensus. Significance was taken as p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with POS was 27.4±5.5 (18-45 years, n=42) and the body mass index (BMI) was 30.2±6.5 kg/m² (18.3-54.9). In the Control Group, the mean age was 31.4±6.1 (18-45 years) and the BMI was 27.1±6.2 kg/m² (18.3-54.9, n=18). No difference in the metabolic parameters and insulin resistance was observed between the two groups. Comparison between these parameters and MAP showed that the only parameter with a correlation was the BMI, independent of the POS diagnosis. This was not seen in nocturnal descensus, which was uncorrelated with POS and any of the other studied parameters. CONCLUSION: POS women do not show higher arterial blood pressure, glycemia, HDL-col, TG, HOMA-IR and BMI compared to non-POS women. However, POS patients showed correlation between arterial pressure and BMI, suggesting that obesity is a primary factor involved in arterial pressure changes in these patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os parâmetros relacionados com a pressão arterial e o perfil metabólico em portadoras de SOP. MÉTODOS: Estudo monocêntrico aberto no qual foram avaliadas 60 mulheres em idade fértil, entre 18 e 45 anos, sendo que 42 mulheres preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos para SOP, e 18 que não preenchiam critérios formaram o Grupo Controle. Todas as mulheres foram submetidas a ultrassonografia transvaginal e a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial por 24 horas (MAPA). Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas entre 7h00min e 9h00min, após jejum prévio de 12 horas, sendo medidos glicose de jejum ou basal (GB), colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos e insulina (para cálculo do HOMA-IR). Dados coletados: valores médios de pressão arterial-PA (no período de vigília, sono de 24hs), descenso noturno de PA; glicemia e insulina de jejum para cálculo do HOMA-IR; perfil lipídico. Para comparar as variáveis com distribuição homogênea foi utilizado o teste t de Student e para as variáveis não homogêneas foi utilizado o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney; e para correlacionar as variáveis foi avaliado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Para comparação das proporções da ausência de descenso noturno foi realizado o teste do c². Em todas as análises, foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A média de idade das 42 pacientes com diagnóstico de SOP foi de 27,4±5,5 (18-45 anos) e do IMC de 30,2±6,5 kg/m² (18,3-54,9), e a média de idade das 18 mulheres controle foi de 31,4±6,1 (18-45 anos) e do IMC de 27,1±6,2 kg/m² (18,3-54,9). Não foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros metabólicos e de resistência a insulina e pressão arterial entre os grupos. Comparando esses parâmetros com as médias das pressões arteriais, registradas pela MAPA, foi observado que o único fator que teve correlação foi o índice de massa corporal, independente do diagnóstico de SOP. O mesmo não foi observado com o DN, o qual não teve relação significante com o diagnóstico de SOP e com os parâmetros estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres com SOP não apresentam maiores níveis de pressão arterial, glicemia, HDL-col, TG, HOMA-IR e IMC do que mulheres sem SOP. Todavia, entre as pacientes com SOP, o único parâmetro que apresentou correlação com os valores médios de pressão arterial foi o IMC, sugerindo que a obesidade é o fator primordial para alteração do comportamento de pressão arterial nessas pacientes.

Monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial em pacientes normotensos com hipotireoidismo subclínico / Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive patients with subclinical hypothyroidism

FUNDAMENTO: O hipotireoidismo manifesto está associado com elevação da pressão arterial diastólica; entretanto, a associação entre o hipotireoidismo subclínico (HS) e alteração da pressão arterial (PA) é desconhecida. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) por 24 horas em pacientes normotensos com HS em comparação a indivíduos normotensos eutireóideos (EU). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 50 participantes (HS = 30 e EU = 20) que não apresentavam diferenças em relação a fatores de risco para hipertensão. A monitorização ambulatorial de pressão arterial foi realizada com um monitor Dynamapa®, utilizando-se um método oscilométrico validado pela AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) e pela BHS (British Hypertension Society). RESULTADOS: Os níveis séricos médios de TSH e T4 livre foram respectivamente 6,9 ± 2,2 µUI/ml e 1,1 ± 0,2 ng/dl em pacientes com HS. Apesar de não haver diferença em relação à média da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica entre os dois grupos, houve uma correlação positiva entre os níveis de pressão arterial diastólica média (PADM) e os valores séricos de TSH em pacientes com HS (r:0,477; p = 0,004). Essa correlação foi detectada por medidas diurnas (r:0,498; p = 0,002) e noturnas (r:0,322; p = 0,032). CONCLUSÃO: A pressão arterial não diferiu entre pacientes com ou sem HS; contudo, os resultados sugerem que a progressão de hipotireoidismo subclínico para níveis mais elevados de TSH pode aumentar o risco cardiovascular através do aumento da pressão arterial diastólica.

BACKGROUND: Overt hypothyroidism is associated with elevation of diastolic blood pressure; however the association of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) with arterial blood pressure (ABP) alteration is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), over 24 hours, in normotensive patients with SH in comparison to euthyroid (EU) normotensive individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 50 participants (SH = 30 and EU = 20) that did not differ regarding risk factors for hypertension. The ABPM was carried out with a DINAMAPA TM monitor, using the oscillometric method validated by AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) and by the BHS (British Hypertension Society). RESULTS: The mean serum TSH and FT4 were respectively 6.9 ± 2.2 µUI/ml and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/dl in SH patients. Although there was no difference in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups, there was a positive correlation between the mean values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum TSH levels in SH patients (r:0.477; p = 0.004). These correlations were detected at daytime (r:0.498; p = 0.002) and sleep-time (r:0.322; p = 0.032) measurements. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure was not different between patients with or without SH; however, the results suggest that the progression of subclinical hypothyroidism to higher levels of TSH may increase the cardiovascular risk by increasing diastolic blood pressure.

[Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive patients with subclinical hypothyroidism].

BACKGROUND: Overt hypothyroidism is associated with elevation of diastolic blood pressure; however the association of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) with arterial blood pressure (ABP) alteration is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), over 24 hours, in normotensive patients with SH in comparison to euthyroid (EU) normotensive individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 50 participants (SH = 30 and EU = 20) that did not differ regarding risk factors for hypertension. The ABPM was carried out with a DINAMAPA TM monitor, using the oscillometric method validated by AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) and by the BHS (British Hypertension Society). RESULTS: The mean serum TSH and FT4 were respectively 6.9 +/- 2.2 microUI/ml and 1.1 +/- 0.2 ng/dl in SH patients. Although there was no difference in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups, there was a positive correlation between the mean values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum TSH levels in SH patients (r:0.477; p = 0.004). These correlations were detected at daytime (r:0.498; p = 0.002) and sleep-time (r:0.322; p = 0.032) measurements. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure was not different between patients with or without SH; however, the results suggest that the progression of subclinical hypothyroidism to higher levels of TSH may increase the cardiovascular risk by increasing diastolic blood pressure.

Effects of 5 years of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy on cardiac parameters and physical performance in adults with GH deficiency.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5 years of GH substitution on cardiac structure and function, physical work capacity and blood pressure levels in adults with GH deficiency (GHD). Fourteen patients were clinically assessed every 3 months for 5 years. Transthoracic echocardiography and exercise test were performed at baseline, 24, 48 and 60 months. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by means of ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure at baseline, 6, 12, 24 and 60 months. Left ventricular mass and its index increased progressively during the 5 years of GH substitution (P = 0.008 and 0.007, respectively). There were no significant changes in all others cardiac parameters evaluated. It was observed a significant improve in functional capacity (P < 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake (P = 0.006) during the treatment. Diurnal systolic BP increased by 15 mmHg (P = 0.024) and diurnal diastolic BP by 4.5 mmHg (P = 0.037). There was no change in dirnal systolic pressure load but a considerable but non-statistically significant reduction in diurnal diastolic pressure load was observed during the study. During the night diastolic BP increased by 4 mmHg (P = 0.012) despite a substantial but non-statistically significant reduction in diastolic pressure load. We observed an increase in the proportion of persons with a non-physiological nocturnal fall (non-dippers) throughout the study (from 36.4% at baseline to 54.6% after 60 months of therapy). We concluded that 5 years of GH replacement promoted positive effects on exercise capacity and maximum oxygen uptake in spite of a modest increase in BP levels and left ventricular mass. Continuous monitoring is mandatory to arrive at further conclusions concerning the effects of GH substitution in adults on cardiovascular parameters with respect to possible unfavorable long term effects.

Estudo da pressäo arterial em pacientes com diabetes de Mellitus gestacional / Arterial hypertension study in gestational diabetes Mellitus patients

A hipertensäo arterial durante a gravidez é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade materna e fetal. Pacientes com diabetes gestacional, intolerância gestacional à glicose e com diabetes tipo 1 e tipo 2 prévios apresentam maior risco de desenvolver hipertensäo induzida pela gravidez ou hipertensäo arterial crônica durante a gestaçäo. A monitorizaçäo ambulatorial da pressäo arterial (MAPA) é um método eficaz e näo invasivo em avaliar a pressäo arterial. O duplex scan das artérias intra-renais pode identificar alterações no fluxo sanguíneo do parênquima através do índice de resistividade (IR) e do índice de resistência parenquimatosa (RP). O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a MAPA, o duplex scan e a microalbuminúria em gestantes diabéticas para identificar qual paciente desenvolverá hipertensäo arterial. Oito pacientes com diabetes gestacional (DG), seis com intolerância gestacional à glicose (IGG), duas pacientes com diabetes de mellitus tipo 2 prévio e seis pacientes controle foram avaliadas em 4 períodos: 24ª - 28ª semanas, 32ª - 36ª semanas de gestaçäo e também 6ª - 8ª semanas e 6§ mês após o parto. Três pacientes com DG, uma com IGG e as duas com DM 2 desenvolveram hipertensäo arterial durante a gravidez. No grupo DG+IGG, as médias sistólicas e diastólicas da vigília e do sono foram significativamente maiores entre as 32ª a 36ª semanas (p<0,02). As médias sistólicas e distólicas da vigília foram maiores nas pacientes DG+IGG versus controle no mesmo período (p=0,024 e p=0,027, respectivamente). Os índices IR e RP permaneceram dentro dos limites da normalidade em todos os períodos. A microalbuminúria foi maior no segundo período no grupo DG+IGG (p=0,007) e correlacionou-se com a média sistólica da vigília e cargas pressóricas sistólicas da vigília do sono. Concluimos que a MAPA é um bom método para identificar e confirmar hipertensäo arterial em gestantes diabéticas entre 32ª e 36ª semanas de gestaçäo, porém, näo teve valor preditivo entre a 24ª e 28ª semanas. A microalbuminúria correlacionou-se com a hipertensäo arterial. O duplex scan do parênquima renal näo foi útil em identificar o desenvolvimento de hipertensäo arterial durante a gestaçäo

Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure in growth hormone-deficient adults.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the 24-h pattern of blood pressure in adults with growth hormone deficiency using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. We therefore evaluated the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures, systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads and diurnal blood pressure rhythm. We used an auscultatory-type monitor, the measurements being made at 10-15 min intervals during the day and 20-30 min intervals at night. We included patients with a growth hormone peak of less than 3 ng/ml in at least two stimulation tests: the insulin tolerance and glucagon tests. The exclusion criteria were mental illnesses, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, blood pressure higher than 160/90 mmHg, the use of growth hormone in the previous 12 months, severe acute illnesses, chronic liver or kidney disease and a history of malignancy. The results were interpreted according to the II Brazilian Consensus for the utilization of ambulatory monitoring. The study population comprised 27 adult patients with growth hormone deficiency, 11 male and 16 female, with an age range of 21-62 years. Five had developed the condition during childhood, whereas the remainder had adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. The mean systolic (115 +/- 16.7 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure loads (75.51 +/- 1.90 mmHg) were normal. There was a tendency towards a lower blood pressure in patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency when compared with their adult-onset counterparts. Men had a lower systolic blood pressure than women, the same pattern being found for mean diastolic blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis showed that age was the only independent variable with the statistical power to explain the variance of blood pressure in this group of patients. The incidence of non-dippers was 37.03%. Growth hormone deficiency thus seems to be associated with a change in the 24-h blood pressure pattern, with a high incidence of non-dippers.