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1.
Vet Microbiol ; 186: 164-73, 2016 Apr 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27016771

RESUMEN

Cleaner fish, such as wrasse, are being increasingly used to combat the sea lice infestation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in many European countries. To determine susceptibility of the goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris L.) and pathogenesis of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) genotype III isolate 12-654, previously associated with VHSV infection in the Shetland Islands in 2012, fish were experimentally challenged by intraperitoneal injection (IP), bath immersion and cohabitation routes. Cumulative proportion of moribund wrasse reached 17% following the virus immersion challenge while by the IP-route moribunds exceeded 50% within 14days post-challenge. Typical signs of VHS as reported in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were not observed in moribund goldsinny wrasse. The most pronounced histopathological changes, consistent regardless of the route of infection, were observed within the heart and included atrium myofibril degeneration, focal infiltration and multifocal necrosis, with prominent swelling of the endocardium and occasional detachment. Pathological changes in the atrium were associated with presence of the viral antigen as confirmed by a positive immunohistochemical staining. Virus clearance and heart tissue recovery were noted although further experiments are required to confirm these observations. The results of a cohabitation experiment confirmed that goldsinny wrasse shed viable virus and therefore represent a risk of virus transmission to other VHSV susceptible species. Similarities between the pathology in goldsinny wrasse induced through the controlled experimental challenges and that of wrasse spp. from an infection occurrence in Shetland are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/virología , Septicemia Hemorrágica Viral/patología , Septicemia Hemorrágica Viral/virología , Novirhabdovirus/genética , Perciformes/virología , Animales , Genotipo , Septicemia Hemorrágica Viral/mortalidad , Septicemia Hemorrágica Viral/transmisión , Miocardio/patología , Páncreas/patología , Organismos Libres de Patógenos Específicos
2.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 22(3): 151-6, 2007 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16806971

RESUMEN

The Mx response was compared in parr and post-smolt Atlantic salmon following intra-peritoneal injection of the same dose of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) per g of fish. Mx gene expression, measured by quantitative RT-PCR in liver, showed a maximum level 3days after injection in parr with undetectable levels on day 7. In post-smolts, similar levels as in parr were attained on day 3, but levels then continued to rise on day 5 and 7 to about 10 times higher than the peak level in parr. Poly I:C injected parr showed Mx levels similar to IPNV injected post-smolts. Mortality from IPN in post-smolts occurred on days 6 and 7. Levels of IPN VP2 transcripts in parr were very low and did not increase with time, suggesting viral replication was low. Individual variation in levels of Mx and IPN VP2 gene transcripts was very high in post-smolts and although data is limited there was an inverse relationship between the levels of Mx and VP2, suggesting that individuals with high Mx levels on day 5 may be able to prevent viral replication. This contrasts with the response in parr, where IPN-resistance was not associated with a high Mx response.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/fisiopatología , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/biosíntesis , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa/patogenicidad , Salmo salar , Animales , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Antivirales/farmacología , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/virología , Cartilla de ADN/química , Enfermedades de los Peces/virología , Explotaciones Pesqueras , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/análisis , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/genética , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa/genética , Hígado/fisiopatología , Hígado/virología , Proteínas de Resistencia a Mixovirus , Poli I-C/administración & dosificación , Poli I-C/farmacología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Factores de Tiempo
3.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 22(3): 230-41, 2007 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16806972

RESUMEN

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) are economically important pathogens of the salmonid aquaculture industry. Atlantic salmon were challenged by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) with either virus followed by time-course sampling. Cohabiting fish in the IPNV challenge were also sampled. Kidney tissue was analysed using a TaqMan real-time PCR assay to measure the expression of a range of host immune genes in relation to the endogenous control, elongation factor 1 alpha (ELF). Host genes measured included Mx, type I and type II interferon (IFN), gammaIFN induced protein (gammaIP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Viral levels were also measured. In i.p. injected fish, both viruses greatly induced expression of Mx, gammaIP, type I and type II IFN by day 6 post-infection, however only ISAV caused substantial mortality. Some differences between the expression kinetics produced by both viruses were noted. Infection with ISAV increased IL-1beta expression following day 6, but no effect was seen in fish infected with IPNV. Neither virus induced TNF-alpha expression. This study confirms the presence of both type I and type II IFN responses and their induced genes in Atlantic salmon upon infection with an orthomyxovirus and a birnavirus.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Virus de la Necrosis Pancreática Infecciosa/inmunología , Interferones/biosíntesis , Isavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Salmo salar/inmunología , Animales , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/mortalidad , Cartilla de ADN/química , Enfermedades de los Peces/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Peces/virología , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/análisis , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/biosíntesis , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Interferón Tipo I/análisis , Interferón Tipo I/biosíntesis , Interferón Tipo I/genética , Interferón gamma/análisis , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Interferón gamma/genética , Interferones/genética , Cinética , Proteínas de Resistencia a Mixovirus , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/mortalidad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Factores de Tiempo
4.
Dev Biol (Basel) ; 126: 133-45; discussion 325-6, 2006.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17058489

RESUMEN

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a disease of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which was successfully eradicated from Scotland following its emergence in 1998. The rapid deployment of sensitive diagnostic methods for the detection of ISA virus (ISAV) was fundamental to the swift eradication of ISA disease in Scotland and continues to be of crucial importance to surveillance of the aquaculture industry. This study reports the development, validation, application and interpretation of two independent, highly sensitive and specific semi-quantitative Taqman real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) methods for the detection of ISAV. Such technology offers considerable advantages over conventional RT-PCR methods in current routine use for ISAV surveillance. These include an increased sensitivity, enhanced specificity, semi-quantification using endogenous controls, a lack of subjectivity in results interpretation, speed of processing and improved contamination control.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/diagnóstico , Isavirus/genética , Isavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Salmo salar/virología , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/virología , Branquias/virología , Riñón/virología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Escocia/epidemiología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
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