[Neuropathic pain in dry eye syndrome. Part 1. Pathophysiological mechanisms of pain formation]. / Nevropaticheskaya bol' pri sindrome «sukhogo glaza¼. Chast' 1. Patofiziologicheskie mekhanizmy formirovaniya boli.

The review details the features and mechanisms of the formation of various types of pain. The emphasis is placed on the occurrence of pain syndrome in various ophthalmological diseases, particularly in dry eye syndrome. The article also presents literature data on the role of cytokines in the formation of a neuroinflammatory cascade affecting damage to corneal nerve fibers and the development of pain syndrome, which is a characteristic feature of a subtype of dry eye disease - burning eye syndrome.

[Neuropathic pain in dry eye syndrome. Part 2. Clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment]. / Nevropaticheskaya bol' pri sindrome «sukhogo glaza¼. Chast' 2. Klinicheskaya kartina, diagnostika i lechenie.

Burning eye syndrome is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome, which is characterized by dysesthesia, spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. The review describes clinical features and presents available data on possible methods of diagnosis and therapy of this condition.

[Modern possibilities of studying the composition of meibomian glands secretion]. / Sovremennye vozmozhnosti issledovaniya sostava sekreta meibomievykh zhelez.

As the main source of various lipids, the meibomian glands are involved in the formation of lipid layer of the tear film and the maintenance of homeostasis of the ocular surface. This process is directly dependent on the chemical composition and thickness of the lipid layer. In addition to lipid components, the meibum also contains various proteins that affect the properties of the tear film. The introduction of various modifications of mass spectrometry into clinical practice is a new diagnostic approach that allows obtaining information about the composition of meibomian glands secretion and tears.

Adaptation to Antimicrobials and Pathogenicity in Mycoplasmas: Development of Ciprofloxacin-Resistance and Evolution of Virulence in Acholeplasma laidlawii.

For the first time it was shown that the development of resistance to ciprofloxacin in vitro in Acholeplasma laidlawii, a mycoplasma which is widely spread in nature and which is the main contaminant of cell cultures and vaccines, is associated with diverse pathways of virulence evolution: virulome and virulence differ significantly between ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, including those with the same level of antimicrobial resistance.

Adaptation of Mycoplasmas to Antimicrobial Peptides: Development of Melittin Resistance in Acholeplasma laidlawii Is Associated with Changes in Genomic and Proteomic Profiles and in Virulence.

For the first time it is shown that the development of resistance to melittin in Acholeplasma laidlawii, a mycoplasma that is widely spread in nature and that is the main contaminant of cell cultures and vaccines, is associated with significant changes in the genomic profile, in cellular and vesicular proteomes, as well as in virulence.

Data on proteomic profiling of cells and extracellular vesicles of the melittin-resistant Acholeplasma laidlawii strain.

Acholeplasma laidlawii (class Mollicutes), a major contaminant of cell cultures, quickly adapts to various classes of antimicrobials, including antimicrobial peptides. The extracellular vesicles of this bacterium can play a significant role in the development of drug-resistance Chernov et al., 2018. We compared the cellular and vesicular proteomes of A. laidlawii strains with differing susceptibility to melittin (an antimicrobial peptide from bee venom), the genomes of which we have previously sequenced. We extracted soluble proteins from cells and extracellular vesicles of the A. laidlawii PG8RMel strain showing an increased resistance to melittin, and compared them with the cellular proteome and a previously obtained vesicular proteome of the original (reference) A. laidlawii PG8B strain Chernov et al., 2014. The cellular proteome profile of the A. laidlawii strains differing in susceptibility to melittin was determined by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Here we present the cellular proteins that were differentially expressed. The vesicular proteome profile was determined by using one-dimensional electrophoresis and chromatography-mass spectrometry. A list of the extracellular vesicles proteins of the melittin-resistant A. laidlawii strain is presented here.

Mycoplasmas and Their Antibiotic Resistance: The Problems and Prospects in Controlling Infections.

The present review discusses the problem of controlling mycoplasmas (class Mollicutes), the smallest of self-replicating prokaryotes, parasites of higher eukaryotes, and main contaminants of cell cultures and vaccines. Possible mechanisms for the rapid development of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in mycoplasmas have been analyzed. Omics technologies provide new opportunities for investigating the molecular basis of bacterial adaptation to stress factors and identifying resistomes, the total of all genes and their products contributing to antibiotic resistance in microbes. The data obtained using an integrated approach with post-genomics methods show that antibiotic resistance may be caused by more complex processes than has been believed heretofore. The development of antibiotic resistance in mycoplasmas is associated with essential changes in the genome, proteome, and secretome profiles, which involve many genes and proteins related to fundamental cellular processes and virulence.

Genomic and proteomic profiles of Acholeplasma laidlawii strains differing in sensitivity to ciprofloxacin.

As a result of comparative analysis of complete genomes as well as cell and vesicular proteomes of A. laidlawii strains differing in sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, it was first shown that the mycoplasma resistance to the antibiotic is associated with the reorganization of genomic and proteomic profiles, which concerns many genes and proteins involved in fundamental cellular processes and realization of bacterial virulence.

[Ribonucleolytic activity of mycoplasmas].

Mycoplasmas are incapable of de novo synthesis of nucleotides and must therefore secrete nucleases in order to replenish the pool of nucleic acid precursors. The nucleolytic activity of mycoplasmas is an important factor in their pathogenicity. Bacterial ribonucleases (RNases) may produce a broad spectrum of biological effects, including antiviral and antitumor activity. Mycoplasma RNases are therefore of interest. In the present work, capacity of Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma hominis for RNase synthesis and secretion was studied. During the stationary growth phase, these organisms were found to synthesize Mg(2+)-dependent RNases, with their highest activity detected outside the cells. Localization of A. laidlawii RNases was determined: almost 90% of the RNase activity was found to be associated with the membrane vesicles. Bioinformational analysis revealed homology between the nucleotide sequences of 14 Bacillus subtilis genes encoding the products with RNase activity and the genes of the mycoplasmas under study. Amino acid sequences of 4 A. laidlawii proteins with ribonuclease activity and the Bsn RNase was also established.

[The adaptation of mycoplasmas to stress conditions: features of proteome shift in Mycoplasma hominis PG37 under starvation and low temperature].

Mycoplasma hominis--one of the widely spread mycoplasmas (class Mollicutes), associated with the socially significant human diseases and contamination of cell cultures. The solution of the problem on controlling M. hominis infections is connected with determination of the molecular basis, responsible for mechanisms of bacterium survival under unfavorable conditions. As a result of proteomic approach (2-DIGE and MALDI TOF/TOF MS) for the first time, 53 M. hominis PG37 proteins were detected, different abundance of which occurred at cultivating the bacterium under stress (starvation and low temperature) conditions. According to the classification of proteins by functional category (clusters of orthologous groups of proteins--COG), 47 of the 53 proteins of the mycoplasma are involved in the fundamental cellular and biochemical processes--translation (12; 22.64%), transcription (2; 3.77%), posttranslational modification (7; 13.20%), cell cycle control (2; 3.77%), energy production and conversion (6; 11.32%), carbohydrate transport and metabolism (3; 5.66%), amino acid transport and metabolism (8; 15.09%), nucleotide transport and metabolism (6; 11.32%), inorganic ion transport and metabolism (1; 1.89%). The functions of six proteins (11.32%) have not been found; 24 proteins (45.28%) are the factors of bacterium virulence. M. hominis PG37 proteins, the expression modulation of which arises under the unfavorable environmental conditions, are the components of adaptation mechanisms of the mycoplasma to the stressors and potential targets for controlling infections caused by this bacterium.