Resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes to four classes of anthelmintics in the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil.

The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.

Presença de leishmaniassp. Em nódulo dérmico de um cão negativo aos testes parasitológicos de linfonodo e medula óssea / Presence of Leishmania spp. in a dermal nodule of a dog negative at parasitological tests of lymph node and bone marrow

A leishmaniose visceral canina, zoonose de grande importância para a saúde pública, é uma enfermidade crônica que resulta em sinais clínicos variados, dificultando seu diagnóstico. O diagnóstico definitivo da doença em cães baseia-se nos sinais clínicos associados à exames parasitológicos que, além de serem rápidos, possuem alta especificidade. Objetivou-se relatar a detecção de formas amastigotas de Leishmaniaspp. por meio de citologia de nódulos dérmicos de um cão com ausência de formas amastigotas, ao exame parasitológico, em amostras de medula óssea, linfonodos poplíteos e cervicais superficial direito e esquerdo. Uma cadela, poodle, de dez anos, com histórico de problemas dermatológicos e surgimento de nódulos dérmicos nas regiões dorsal e interdigital há cerca de dois anos foi avaliada. Ao exame físico observou-se alopecia discreta e difusa na região dorsal, com descamação. Era possível se observar nódulos com cerca de 3-5 cm de diâmetro, bem delimitados, sólidos e com aspecto inflamado nas regiões dorsal e interdigital; o animal também apresentava onicogrifose. Após avaliação clínica, realizou-se citologia de medula óssea, linfonodos poplíteos e cervicais superficiais, sendo estes negativos para a presença de formas de parasitas. Adicionalmente, amostras citológicas dos nódulos dérmicos foram colhidas tendo sido observadas formas amastigotas de Leishmaniaspp. nesses materiais. Conclui-se que a citologia do nódulo dérmico foi um método complementar de diagnóstico de leishmaniose em um cão negativo ao exame parasitológico de amostras de medula óssea e linfonodos.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis, a zoonosis of great public health importance, is a chronic disease that presents varied clinical signs, making its diagnosis very difficult. The definitive diagnosis of this disease is based on clinical signs associated with parasitological evaluations which, in addition to being quick, show high specificity. The objective of this study was to report the detection of amastigote forms of Leishmaniaspp. by cytology of dermal nodules from a dog negative at parasitological tests of bone marrow, popliteal and right superficial cervical and left lymph node samples. A female dog with a history of dermatological problems and the appearance of dermal nodules in the dorsal and interdigital regions was treated during the past two years. At physical examination, a slight diffuse alopecia was noted on the dorsal region, with desquamation. It was also possible to observe well defined nodules measuring about 3-5 cm of diameter, solid and with an inflammatory aspect on the dorsal and interdigital regions; the dog also presented onychogryphosis. After clinical evaluation, bone marrow, popliteal and superficial cervical lymph node aspiration biopsies were performed, and all of these were negative for the presence of parasites. Additionally, cytological samples of dermal nodules were collected where amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. were observed. We concluded that dermal nodule cytology was a complementary method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis in a dog negative at parasitological evaluation of bone marrow and lymph node samples.

Resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes to four classes of anthelmintics in the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil / Resistência de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos à quatro classes de anti-helmínticos no semiárido do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil

The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.(AU)

Avaliou-se a eficácia de quatro classes de anti-helmínticos sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos na região semiárida da Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 20 fazendas, sendo testados 40 animais em cada uma, totalizando 800 animais. Os bovinos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos compostos por dez animais: I, tratado com sulfóxido de albendazol 15%; II, tratado com ivermectina 1%; III, tratado com closantel 25%; IV, tratado com cloridrato de levamisole 7,5%. Para o Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos Fecais (TRCOF), amostras fecais individuais foram coletadas nos dias 0 e 14 e enviadas para análises de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coproculturas. Observou-se que a multirressistência estava presente em 95% (19/20) das fazendas. Foi observada resistência à ivermectina e ao albendazol, em 95% das fazendas (19/20); ao closantel, em 75% (15/20) e, ao levamisole, em 20% (4/20). O sistema de manejo mais utilizado foi o semi-intensivo (75%; 15/20) e a ivermectina foi o fármaco mais relatado para controle de verminose (65%; 13/20). O gênero de helminto mais prevalente foi Haemonchus spp. (76,7%). Conclui-se que é alta a resistência anti-helmíntica por nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos no Semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil, com multirressistência observada principalmente à ivermectina, ao albendazol e ao closantel.(AU)

Presença de leishmaniassp. Em nódulo dérmico de um cão negativo aos testes parasitológicos de linfonodo e medula óssea / Presence of Leishmania spp. in a dermal nodule of a dog negative at parasitological tests of lymph node and bone marrow

A leishmaniose visceral canina, zoonose de grande importância para a saúde pública, é uma enfermidade crônica que resulta em sinais clínicos variados, dificultando seu diagnóstico. O diagnóstico definitivo da doença em cães baseia-se nos sinais clínicos associados à exames parasitológicos que, além de serem rápidos, possuem alta especificidade. Objetivou-se relatar a detecção de formas amastigotas de Leishmaniaspp. por meio de citologia de nódulos dérmicos de um cão com ausência de formas amastigotas, ao exame parasitológico, em amostras de medula óssea, linfonodos poplíteos e cervicais superficial direito e esquerdo. Uma cadela, poodle, de dez anos, com histórico de problemas dermatológicos e surgimento de nódulos dérmicos nas regiões dorsal e interdigital há cerca de dois anos foi avaliada. Ao exame físico observou-se alopecia discreta e difusa na região dorsal, com descamação. Era possível se observar nódulos com cerca de 3-5 cm de diâmetro, bem delimitados, sólidos e com aspecto inflamado nas regiões dorsal e interdigital; o animal também apresentava onicogrifose. Após avaliação clínica, realizou-se citologia de medula óssea, linfonodos poplíteos e cervicais superficiais, sendo estes negativos para a presença de formas de parasitas. Adicionalmente, amostras citológicas dos nódulos dérmicos foram colhidas tendo sido observadas formas amastigotas de Leishmaniaspp. nesses materiais. Conclui-se que a citologia do nódulo dérmico foi um método complementar de diagnóstico de leishmaniose em um cão negativo ao exame parasitológico de amostras de medula óssea e linfonodos.(AU)

Canine visceral leishmaniasis, a zoonosis of great public health importance, is a chronic disease that presents varied clinical signs, making its diagnosis very difficult. The definitive diagnosis of this disease is based on clinical signs associated with parasitological evaluations which, in addition to being quick, show high specificity. The objective of this study was to report the detection of amastigote forms of Leishmaniaspp. by cytology of dermal nodules from a dog negative at parasitological tests of bone marrow, popliteal and right superficial cervical and left lymph node samples. A female dog with a history of dermatological problems and the appearance of dermal nodules in the dorsal and interdigital regions was treated during the past two years. At physical examination, a slight diffuse alopecia was noted on the dorsal region, with desquamation. It was also possible to observe well defined nodules measuring about 3-5 cm of diameter, solid and with an inflammatory aspect on the dorsal and interdigital regions; the dog also presented onychogryphosis. After clinical evaluation, bone marrow, popliteal and superficial cervical lymph node aspiration biopsies were performed, and all of these were negative for the presence of parasites. Additionally, cytological samples of dermal nodules were collected where amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. were observed. We concluded that dermal nodule cytology was a complementary method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis in a dog negative at parasitological evaluation of bone marrow and lymph node samples.(AU)

Resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes to four classes of anthelmintics in the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil / Resistência de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos à quatro classes de anti-helmínticos no semiárido do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil

Abstract The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.

Resumo Avaliou-se a eficácia de quatro classes de anti-helmínticos sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos na região semiárida da Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 20 fazendas, sendo testados 40 animais em cada uma, totalizando 800 animais. Os bovinos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos compostos por dez animais: I, tratado com sulfóxido de albendazol 15%; II, tratado com ivermectina 1%; III, tratado com closantel 25%; IV, tratado com cloridrato de levamisole 7,5%. Para o Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos Fecais (TRCOF), amostras fecais individuais foram coletadas nos dias 0 e 14 e enviadas para análises de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coproculturas. Observou-se que a multirressistência estava presente em 95% (19/20) das fazendas. Foi observada resistência à ivermectina e ao albendazol, em 95% das fazendas (19/20); ao closantel, em 75% (15/20) e, ao levamisole, em 20% (4/20). O sistema de manejo mais utilizado foi o semi-intensivo (75%; 15/20) e a ivermectina foi o fármaco mais relatado para controle de verminose (65%; 13/20). O gênero de helminto mais prevalente foi Haemonchus spp. (76,7%). Conclui-se que é alta a resistência anti-helmíntica por nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos no Semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil, com multirressistência observada principalmente à ivermectina, ao albendazol e ao closantel.

Papiloma peniano associado a parafimose persistente em um equino / Penile papillomatosis associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse

Background: Papillomas are cutaneous neoplasms, also known as warts. They are usually benign and are caused by apapillomavirus. The development of papillomas in certain locations on the body may cause irreparable consequences.Paraphimosis is a urological emergency characterized by the inability of the penis to retract or the impossibility of retentioninside the foreskin, causing local circulatory disorders and severe pain. However, the association between genital papillomas and the development of paraphimosis in horses has not been previously documented. The objective here is to describethe clinical and histopathological aspects of a case of penile papilloma associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse.Case: A 15-year-old mixed-breed, 350 kg, horse presented nodular and crusted lesions, similar to warts, on the penis andforeskin, which progressed over at least 6 months. An incisional biopsy of one of the nodular lesions of the horses peniswas performed. Tissue fragments were collected, packed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and sent for histopathologicalevaluation to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the University Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of CampinaGrande (UFCG), Campus de Patos, Paraíba. The biopsy resulted in a histopathological diagnosis of papilloma, and thehorse was reevaluated. Due to the severity of the clinical case, it was referred to the HVU/UFCG Large Animal Medicaland Surgical Clinic for surgical removal of the penis. The penectomy product was sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory. Macroscopically, the penis fragment measured 18.0×10.5×6.0 cm in size, had an irregular surface, and presented withnumerous multilobulated, reddish nodules on a sessile base, which were exophytic with projections having the appearanceof a “cauliflower.” The nodules extended from the foreskin and compromised from...(AU)

Papiloma peniano associado a parafimose persistente em um equino / Penile papillomatosis associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse

Background: Papillomas are cutaneous neoplasms, also known as warts. They are usually benign and are caused by apapillomavirus. The development of papillomas in certain locations on the body may cause irreparable consequences.Paraphimosis is a urological emergency characterized by the inability of the penis to retract or the impossibility of retentioninside the foreskin, causing local circulatory disorders and severe pain. However, the association between genital papillomas and the development of paraphimosis in horses has not been previously documented. The objective here is to describethe clinical and histopathological aspects of a case of penile papilloma associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse.Case: A 15-year-old mixed-breed, 350 kg, horse presented nodular and crusted lesions, similar to warts, on the penis andforeskin, which progressed over at least 6 months. An incisional biopsy of one of the nodular lesions of the horse’s peniswas performed. Tissue fragments were collected, packed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and sent for histopathologicalevaluation to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the University Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of CampinaGrande (UFCG), Campus de Patos, Paraíba. The biopsy resulted in a histopathological diagnosis of papilloma, and thehorse was reevaluated. Due to the severity of the clinical case, it was referred to the HVU/UFCG Large Animal Medicaland Surgical Clinic for surgical removal of the penis. The penectomy product was sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory. Macroscopically, the penis fragment measured 18.0×10.5×6.0 cm in size, had an irregular surface, and presented withnumerous multilobulated, reddish nodules on a sessile base, which were exophytic with projections having the appearanceof a “cauliflower.” The nodules extended from the foreskin and compromised from...

Ovário policístico em cadela / Policy ovarium in bitch

Os cistos ovarianos são frequentemente diagnosticados em cadelas, eles são classicamente definidos como estruturas repletas de líquido que se desenvolvem no interior dos ovários. Podem ser encontrados de forma única ou múltiplas unilaterais ou bilaterais. Quando os cistos são múltiplos, são nomeados de ovário policístico. Relata-se o caso de uma cadela, fêmea, da raça poodle com queixa de cio persistente a mais de 30 e sangramento persistente. Foi solicitada ultrassonografia no qual foram visualizados no ovário esquerdo vários cistos condizentes com o diagnóstico de ovário policístico. O protocolo instituído para esse animal foi o da ovário-histerectomia total.

Ovarian cysts are often diagnosed in female dogs, they are classically defined as fluid-filled structures that develop inside the ovaries. They can be found single or multiple unilaterally or bilaterally. When cysts are multiple, they are named polycystic ovary. We report the case of a female poodle dog with persistent heat stress over 30 years old and persistent bleeding. Ultrasound was requested in which several cysts consistent with the diagnosis of polycystic ovary were visualized in the left ovary. The protocol instituted for this animal was total ovarian hysterectomy.

Ovário policístico em cadela / Policy ovarium in bitch

Os cistos ovarianos são frequentemente diagnosticados em cadelas, eles são classicamente definidos como estruturas repletas de líquido que se desenvolvem no interior dos ovários. Podem ser encontrados de forma única ou múltiplas unilaterais ou bilaterais. Quando os cistos são múltiplos, são nomeados de ovário policístico. Relata-se o caso de uma cadela, fêmea, da raça poodle com queixa de cio persistente a mais de 30 e sangramento persistente. Foi solicitada ultrassonografia no qual foram visualizados no ovário esquerdo vários cistos condizentes com o diagnóstico de ovário policístico. O protocolo instituído para esse animal foi o da ovário-histerectomia total.(AU)

Ovarian cysts are often diagnosed in female dogs, they are classically defined as fluid-filled structures that develop inside the ovaries. They can be found single or multiple unilaterally or bilaterally. When cysts are multiple, they are named polycystic ovary. We report the case of a female poodle dog with persistent heat stress over 30 years old and persistent bleeding. Ultrasound was requested in which several cysts consistent with the diagnosis of polycystic ovary were visualized in the left ovary. The protocol instituted for this animal was total ovarian hysterectomy.(AU)

Control measures recommended for goat gastrointestinal nematode infections after analysis of infection dynamics in the semiarid region of Brazil / Medidas de controle recomendadas para as infecções por nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos após análise da dinâmica das infecções no semiárido do Brasil

This study aimed to determine control measures for gastrointestinal nematodes in goats in the northeastern semiarid after analyzing the dynamics of gastrointestinal helminths during the drought, the evolution of the parasitic load after the first rains and the differences in susceptibility between goats of different categories and ages. Five farms were studied from March 2013 to January 2015. Feces were collected from all goats every month, for fecal egg counts (FECs). No treatment was required on any farm during the dry period. In 2013, with annual rainfall of 265-533 mm, treatments were not necessary during the rainy season. However, in 2014, with rainfall of 604-778 mm, treatments were necessary 60-90 days, after the first rains. On three farms, gastrointestinal nematodes showed multiple anthelmintic resistance. The FECs from lactating goats were significantly higher than from dry and young goats. In conclusion, in the Brazilian semi-arid region (Caatinga biome), it is generally unnecessary to treat grazing goats during the dry season. In the rainy season, the parasite load increases 2-3 months after the first rains. In both, the dry and the rainy season, farmers should monitor their herds by means of FEC or another criterion (anemia or submandibular edema), to determine the need to treat.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou determinar medidas de controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos no semiárido nordestino após análise da dinâmica das infecções helmínticas durante a seca, a evolução da carga parasitária após as primeiras chuvas e as diferenças de susceptibilidade entre caprinos de distintas categorias e idades. Em cinco propriedades, de março de 2013 a janeiro de 2015, foram coletadas, mensalmente, fezes de todos os caprinos para contagem de ovos. Em nenhuma propriedade foi necessário vermifugar durante os períodos de seca. Em 2013, com precipitações de 265-533 mm anuais, não foi necessário vermifugar durante o período de chuva. No entanto, em 2014, com precipitações de 604-778 mm, foi necessário vermifugar 60-90 dias após as primeiras chuvas em três propriedades. Nessas três propriedades foi encontrada multirresistência aos anti-helmínticos. Foi constatado que o OPG das cabras lactantes foi significativamente maior do que o OPG das cabras secas e dos cabritos. Em conclusão, na região semiárida, geralmente, não é necessário o tratamento das cabras pastejando na caatinga durante a estação seca. Na estação chuvosa, a carga parasitária aumenta 2-3 meses após as primeiras chuvas. Tanto na seca quanto nas chuvas, o produtor deve monitorar o rebanho mediante OPG ou por outros critérios (anemia, edema submandibular) para determinar a necessidade de vermifugação.(AU)

Control measures recommended for goat gastrointestinal nematode infections after analysis of infection dynamics in the semiarid region of Brazil / Medidas de controle recomendadas para as infecções por nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos após análise da dinâmica das infecções no semiárido do Brasil

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine control measures for gastrointestinal nematodes in goats in the northeastern semiarid after analyzing the dynamics of gastrointestinal helminths during the drought, the evolution of the parasitic load after the first rains and the differences in susceptibility between goats of different categories and ages. Five farms were studied from March 2013 to January 2015. Feces were collected from all goats every month, for fecal egg counts (FECs). No treatment was required on any farm during the dry period. In 2013, with annual rainfall of 265-533 mm, treatments were not necessary during the rainy season. However, in 2014, with rainfall of 604-778 mm, treatments were necessary 60-90 days, after the first rains. On three farms, gastrointestinal nematodes showed multiple anthelmintic resistance. The FECs from lactating goats were significantly higher than from dry and young goats. In conclusion, in the Brazilian semi-arid region (Caatinga biome), it is generally unnecessary to treat grazing goats during the dry season. In the rainy season, the parasite load increases 2-3 months after the first rains. In both, the dry and the rainy season, farmers should monitor their herds by means of FEC or another criterion (anemia or submandibular edema), to determine the need to treat.

RESUMO: Este trabalho objetivou determinar medidas de controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos no semiárido nordestino após análise da dinâmica das infecções helmínticas durante a seca, a evolução da carga parasitária após as primeiras chuvas e as diferenças de susceptibilidade entre caprinos de distintas categorias e idades. Em cinco propriedades, de março de 2013 a janeiro de 2015, foram coletadas, mensalmente, fezes de todos os caprinos para contagem de ovos. Em nenhuma propriedade foi necessário vermifugar durante os períodos de seca. Em 2013, com precipitações de 265-533 mm anuais, não foi necessário vermifugar durante o período de chuva. No entanto, em 2014, com precipitações de 604-778 mm, foi necessário vermifugar 60-90 dias após as primeiras chuvas em três propriedades. Nessas três propriedades foi encontrada multirresistência aos anti-helmínticos. Foi constatado que o OPG das cabras lactantes foi significativamente maior do que o OPG das cabras secas e dos cabritos. Em conclusão, na região semiárida, geralmente, não é necessário o tratamento das cabras pastejando na caatinga durante a estação seca. Na estação chuvosa, a carga parasitária aumenta 2-3 meses após as primeiras chuvas. Tanto na seca quanto nas chuvas, o produtor deve monitorar o rebanho mediante OPG ou por outros critérios (anemia, edema submandibular) para determinar a necessidade de vermifugação.

Productive and reproductive performance, behavior and physiology of cattle under heat stress conditions

This review aimed to detail the main information pertinent to the physiological and behavioral mechanisms evidenced in cattle under heat stress conditions. Brazilian cattle-breeding represents the second largest herd in the world, promoting great impact on the country's exports. Throughout their adaptability, these animals were submitted to different environments, which directly influence productive and reproductive performance, seeking compensatory mechanisms to maintain body homeostasis. Therefore, we can consider that heat stress directly affects the physiological and behavioral responses of cattle subjected to high temperatures. Adaptability of breeds to tropics should be considered of extreme importance in the choice of a productive activity for cattle-breeding and, particularly, in hot environments.

Productive and reproductive performance, behavior and physiology of cattle under heat stress conditions

This review aimed to detail the main information pertinent to the physiological and behavioral mechanisms evidenced in cattle under heat stress conditions. Brazilian cattle-breeding represents the second largest herd in the world, promoting great impact on the country's exports. Throughout their adaptability, these animals were submitted to different environments, which directly influence productive and reproductive performance, seeking compensatory mechanisms to maintain body homeostasis. Therefore, we can consider that heat stress directly affects the physiological and behavioral responses of cattle subjected to high temperatures. Adaptability of breeds to tropics should be considered of extreme importance in the choice of a productive activity for cattle-breeding and, particularly, in hot environments.(AU)

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle and dogs from the Agreste region of the State of Paraíba

Among the protozoa of veterinary importance, Neospora caninum is responsible for large economic and productive losses in cattle herds, with dogs being considered the definitive hosts of the parasite. The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies and the infection risk factors in dairy cattle and dogs in the Gado Bravo municipality of the Agreste region in Paraíba State, Brazil. Blood sera from 220 cows and 20 dogs were used, altogether obtained from a total of 21 farms. For detection of the anti-N. caninum IgG antibodies, the indirect immunofluorescence reaction was performed. Sera that reacted at dilutions of 1:200 and 1:50 for the cows and dogs, respectively, were considered positive. The analysis of risk factors was performed with the variables most associated with N. caninum infection, obtained by epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 12.27% among the cows and 57.14% on rural properties where at least one cow was positive. Among the dogs studied, a prevalence of 25% was observed. The non-vaccination of dogs against viruses, leptospirosis, or giardiasis was considered a risk factor associated with seroprevalence for N. caninum infection (odds ratio = 9.33). Therefore, it can be concluded that dairy cattle and dogs from rural properties in the Agreste region are very likely exposed to the infection caused by N. caninum.

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle and dogs from the Agreste region of the State of Paraíba

Among the protozoa of veterinary importance, Neospora caninum is responsible for large economic and productive losses in cattle herds, with dogs being considered the definitive hosts of the parasite. The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies and the infection risk factors in dairy cattle and dogs in the Gado Bravo municipality of the Agreste region in Paraíba State, Brazil. Blood sera from 220 cows and 20 dogs were used, altogether obtained from a total of 21 farms. For detection of the anti-N. caninum IgG antibodies, the indirect immunofluorescence reaction was performed. Sera that reacted at dilutions of 1:200 and 1:50 for the cows and dogs, respectively, were considered positive. The analysis of risk factors was performed with the variables most associated with N. caninum infection, obtained by epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 12.27% among the cows and 57.14% on rural properties where at least one cow was positive. Among the dogs studied, a prevalence of 25% was observed. The non-vaccination of dogs against viruses, leptospirosis, or giardiasis was considered a risk factor associated with seroprevalence for N. caninum infection (odds ratio = 9.33). Therefore, it can be concluded that dairy cattle and dogs from rural properties in the Agreste region are very likely exposed to the infection caused by N. caninum.(AU)

Sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil: prevalence and risk factors.

In this study, we aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to gastrointestinal helminthiasis, and to characterize the sanitary management practiced among sheep herds in the Sertão region of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, based on factors that condition the ways of controlling these parasites in these herds. The research was carried out between April and July 2012. We visited 54 farms, where fecal and blood samples were individually collected from 465 animals. On each farm, a questionnaire was applied to gather information on variables relating to potential risk factors. The prevalence of sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the region was 75.9%. At least one animal tested positive for this helminthiasis on 53 (98.1%) of the 54 farms evaluated. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis showed the following infection burdens: 51.8% with mild infection, 27.1% moderate infection, 9.9% heavy infection and 11.2% fatal infection. Among the sheep farms visited, anthelmintics were used on 81.5% (p <0.05). The most relevant risk factor in this study was the farm area, because it defines the area available for grazing animals. Properties with many animals and little pasture area, which are the most abundant type in the Sertão region of Paraíba, tend to have high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, because the animals are more prone to reinfection. The Sertão region of Paraíba presents high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among sheep, and the farm area is the most relevant risk factor for the development of these parasites.

Sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil: prevalence and risk factors / Helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos no Sertão do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil: prevalência e fatores de riscos

In this study, we aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to gastrointestinal helminthiasis, and to characterize the sanitary management practiced among sheep herds in the Sertão region of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, based on factors that condition the ways of controlling these parasites in these herds. The research was carried out between April and July 2012. We visited 54 farms, where fecal and blood samples were individually collected from 465 animals. On each farm, a questionnaire was applied to gather information on variables relating to potential risk factors. The prevalence of sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the region was 75.9%. At least one animal tested positive for this helminthiasis on 53 (98.1%) of the 54 farms evaluated. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis showed the following infection burdens: 51.8% with mild infection, 27.1% moderate infection, 9.9% heavy infection and 11.2% fatal infection. Among the sheep farms visited, anthelmintics were used on 81.5% (p <0.05). The most relevant risk factor in this study was the farm area, because it defines the area available for grazing animals. Properties with many animals and little pasture area, which are the most abundant type in the Sertão region of Paraíba, tend to have high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, because the animals are more prone to reinfection. The Sertão region of Paraíba presents high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among sheep, and the farm area is the most relevant risk factor for the development of these parasites.

Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para as helmintoses gastrintestinais, caracterizando o manejo sanitário sob fatores condicionantes das formas de controle dessas parasitoses em rebanhos de ovinos da região do Sertão da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no período de abril a julho de 2012. Foram visitadas propriedades, utilizando-se 465 animais, sendo coletadas individualmente amostras de fezes e sangue durante as visitas. Em cada propriedade, foi aplicado questionário para a coleta de informações acerca de variáveis que atuariam como possíveis fatores de risco. Observou-se que a prevalência das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos na região do Sertão da Paraíba foi de 75,9%. Pelo menos um animal foi positivo para essas helmintoses, em 53 (98,1%) das 54 propriedades avaliadas. A análise de OPG (Ovos Por Gramas de Fezes) demonstrou que 51,8% dos animais apresentaram infecção leve, 27,1% infecção moderada, 9,9% infecção pesada e 11,2% infecção fatal. A utilização de anti-helmínticos ocorreu em 81,5% das propriedades (p <0,05). O fator de risco mais relevante neste estudo foi a área da propriedade, porque delimita a área de pastejo do animal. Propriedades com muitos animais e pouca área de pastejo, que são as mais abundantes no Sertão da Paraíba, tendem a apresentar alta prevalência de helmintoses gastrintestinais, pois os animais estão mais propensos à reinfecção. A região do Sertão da Paraíba apresenta uma elevada prevalência de helmintoses gastrintestinais em ovinos, e a área das propriedades é o fator de risco mais relevante para o desenvolvimento dessas parasitoses.

Sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil: prevalence and risk factors / Helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos no Sertão do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil: prevalência e fatores de riscos

In this study, we aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to gastrointestinal helminthiasis, and to characterize the sanitary management practiced among sheep herds in the Sertão region of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, based on factors that condition the ways of controlling these parasites in these herds. The research was carried out between April and July 2012. We visited 54 farms, where fecal and blood samples were individually collected from 465 animals. On each farm, a questionnaire was applied to gather information on variables relating to potential risk factors. The prevalence of sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the region was 75.9%. At least one animal tested positive for this helminthiasis on 53 (98.1%) of the 54 farms evaluated. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis showed the following infection burdens: 51.8% with mild infection, 27.1% moderate infection, 9.9% heavy infection and 11.2% fatal infection. Among the sheep farms visited, anthelmintics were used on 81.5% (p <0.05). The most relevant risk factor in this study was the farm area, because it defines the area available for grazing animals. Properties with many animals and little pasture area, which are the most abundant type in the Sertão region of Paraíba, tend to have high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, because the animals are more prone to reinfection. The Sertão region of Paraíba presents high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among sheep, and the farm area is the most relevant risk factor for the development of these parasites.

Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para as helmintoses gastrintestinais, caracterizando o manejo sanitário sob fatores condicionantes das formas de controle dessas parasitoses em rebanhos de ovinos da região do Sertão da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no período de abril a julho de 2012. Foram visitadas propriedades, utilizando-se 465 animais, sendo coletadas individualmente amostras de fezes e sangue durante as visitas. Em cada propriedade, foi aplicado questionário para a coleta de informações acerca de variáveis que atuariam como possíveis fatores de risco. Observou-se que a prevalência das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos na região do Sertão da Paraíba foi de 75,9%. Pelo menos um animal foi positivo para essas helmintoses, em 53 (98,1%) das 54 propriedades avaliadas. A análise de OPG (Ovos Por Gramas de Fezes) demonstrou que 51,8% dos animais apresentaram infecção leve, 27,1% infecção moderada, 9,9% infecção pesada e 11,2% infecção fatal. A utilização de anti-helmínticos ocorreu em 81,5% das propriedades (p <0,05). O fator de risco mais relevante neste estudo foi a área da propriedade, porque delimita a área de pastejo do animal. Propriedades com muitos animais e pouca área de pastejo, que são as mais abundantes no Sertão da Paraíba, tendem a apresentar alta prevalência de helmintoses gastrintestinais, pois os animais estão mais propensos à reinfecção. A região do Sertão da Paraíba apresenta uma elevada prevalência de helmintoses gastrintestinais em ovinos, e a área das propriedades é o fator de risco mais relevante para o desenvolvimento dessas parasitoses.