Síndrome de Horner em cães e gatos: revisão / Horner's syndrome in dogs and cats: a review / Síndrome de Horner en perros y gatos: revisión

Em cães e gatos, a síndrome de Horner (SH) é caracterizada por um conjunto de sinais clínicos oculares oriundos de disfunção ipsilateral da inervação simpática do globo ocular e de seus anexos. Esses sinais incluem ptose palpebral, miose, anisocoria e protrusão da terceira pálpebra e enoftalmia. Lesões que afetem direta ou indiretamente a inervação simpática do globo ocular, tais como traumas, neoplasias, lesões iatrogênicas, otites e encefalites, entre outras, podem causar a SH. O presente estudo teve por objetivo revisar as características anatômicas e fisiológicas da inervação simpática para o globo ocular, com ênfase na descrição das particularidades da SH, incluindo sua etiologia, os sinais clínicos e as ferramentas diagnósticas, além do seus possíveis tratamentos e prognóstico.

In dogs and cats, Horner's syndrome (HS) is characterized by a group of clinical signs arising from an ipsilateral dysfunction of sympathetic innervation of the eye andits appendages. These signs include ptosis, miosis, anisocoria, prolapse of the third eyelid, and enophtalmos. Lesions that may affect directly or indirectly the sympathetic innervation of the eye, such as trauma, neoplasms, iatrogenic lesions, otitis, encephalitis, among others, can induce HS. The aim of the present study was to review the anatomical and physiological characteristics of sympathetic innervation for the ocular globe, with emphasis on the description of the peculiarities of HS, including its etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, as well as its possible treatments and prognosis.

En perros y gatos, el síndrome de Horner (SH) esta caracterizado por una serie de signos clínicos oculares que se originan en una disfunción ipsilateral de la inervación simpática del globo ocular y sus anexos. Los signos clínicos más comunes son la ptosis palpebral, miosis, anisocoria, protrusión del tercer párpado y enoftalmia. Las lesiones que pueden provocar el SH son todas aquelias que afectan directa o indirectamente la inervación simpática del globo ocular, como traumas, neoplasias, lesiones iatrogénicas, otitis y encefalitis. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la inervación simpática del globo ocular, con énfasis en las particularidades del SH como su etiología, signos clínicos y herramientas diagnósticas, además de sus posibles tratamientos y pronóstico.

Síndrome de Horner em cães e gatos: revisão / Horner's syndrome in dogs and cats: a review / Síndrome de Horner en perros y gatos: revisión

Em cães e gatos, a síndrome de Horner (SH) é caracterizada por um conjunto de sinais clínicos oculares oriundos de disfunção ipsilateral da inervação simpática do globo ocular e de seus anexos. Esses sinais incluem ptose palpebral, miose, anisocoria e protrusão da terceira pálpebra e enoftalmia. Lesões que afetem direta ou indiretamente a inervação simpática do globo ocular, tais como traumas, neoplasias, lesões iatrogênicas, otites e encefalites, entre outras, podem causar a SH. O presente estudo teve por objetivo revisar as características anatômicas e fisiológicas da inervação simpática para o globo ocular, com ênfase na descrição das particularidades da SH, incluindo sua etiologia, os sinais clínicos e as ferramentas diagnósticas, além do seus possíveis tratamentos e prognóstico.(AU)

In dogs and cats, Horner's syndrome (HS) is characterized by a group of clinical signs arising from an ipsilateral dysfunction of sympathetic innervation of the eye andits appendages. These signs include ptosis, miosis, anisocoria, prolapse of the third eyelid, and enophtalmos. Lesions that may affect directly or indirectly the sympathetic innervation of the eye, such as trauma, neoplasms, iatrogenic lesions, otitis, encephalitis, among others, can induce HS. The aim of the present study was to review the anatomical and physiological characteristics of sympathetic innervation for the ocular globe, with emphasis on the description of the peculiarities of HS, including its etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, as well as its possible treatments and prognosis.(AU)

En perros y gatos, el síndrome de Horner (SH) esta caracterizado por una serie de signos clínicos oculares que se originan en una disfunción ipsilateral de la inervación simpática del globo ocular y sus anexos. Los signos clínicos más comunes son la ptosis palpebral, miosis, anisocoria, protrusión del tercer párpado y enoftalmia. Las lesiones que pueden provocar el SH son todas aquelias que afectan directa o indirectamente la inervación simpática del globo ocular, como traumas, neoplasias, lesiones iatrogénicas, otitis y encefalitis. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la inervación simpática del globo ocular, con énfasis en las particularidades del SH como su etiología, signos clínicos y herramientas diagnósticas, además de sus posibles tratamientos y pronóstico.(AU)

Multiple infarcts and hemorrhages in the central nervous system of a dog with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: ß-amyloid (Aß) can accumulate in the brain of aged dogs, and within vessels walls, the disease is called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In humans, Alzheimer's disease and CAA are strongly correlated with cerebrovascular disease. However, in dogs, this association has not been extensively studied yet. The present report highlights the pathological and clinical features of a concomitant cerebrovascular disease and amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulation in the brain of a dog. CASE PRESENTATION: A female, 16-year-old, Standard Poodle with a one-year history of cognitive deficits presented with an acute onset of right-sided postural reaction deficit and circling, left-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and ataxia. Due to poor prognosis the dog was euthanized, and pathological examination of the brain revealed an acute lacunar infarction within the thalamus extending to rostral colliculus. Additional findings included subacute and chronic areas of ischemia throughout the brain and areas of hemorrhage within the medulla. Immunolabeling revealed APP deposition within intraparenchymal vessels of frontal, temporal and occipital cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, mesencephalon and myelencephalon, besides meningeal vessels walls. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling showed marked astrocytosis around the acute area of infarction and within chronic areas of ischemia. Histological examination of the brain along with immunohistochemistry results showed a concomitant APP, which is an Aß precursor, accumulation within the neuroparenchyma and vessels (CAA) with histological evidences of a cerebrovascular disease in an aged dog. CONCLUSIONS: This report shows that APP accumulation in the brain can occur concomitantly to a severe cerebrovascular disease in a dog. Further studies are necessary to elucidate if cerebrovascular disease is associated with Aß accumulation in the brain of dogs.

Effect of Heat Stress on Sperm DNA: Protamine Assessment in Ram Spermatozoa and Testicle.

Sperm DNA fragmentation is considered one of the main causes of male infertility. The most accepted causes of sperm DNA damage are deleterious actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS), defects in protamination, and apoptosis. Ram sperm are highly prone to those damages due to the high susceptibility to ROS and to oxidative stress caused by heat stress. We aimed to evaluate the effects of heat stress on the chromatin of ejaculated and epididymal sperm and the activation of apoptotic pathways in different cell types in ram testis. We observed higher percentages of ejaculated sperm with increased chromatin fragmentation in the heat stress group; a fact that was unexpectedly not observed in epididymal sperm. Heat stress group presented a higher percentage of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation and increased number of mRNA copies of transitional protein 1. Epididymal sperm presented greater gene expression of protamine 1 on the 30th day of the spermatic cycle; however, no differences in protamine protein levels were observed in ejaculated sperm and testis. Localization of proapoptotic protein BAX or BCL2 in testis was not different. In conclusion, testicular heat stress increases ram sperm DNA fragmentation without changes in protamination and apoptotic patterns.

A rabies virus vampire bat variant shows increased neuroinvasiveness in mice when compared to a carnivore variant

Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (RABV) variants. These variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two Brazilian RABV street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RABV through the footpad, with the 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) determined by intracranial inoculation. The morbidity of rabies in mice infected with variant 3 and the crab-eating fox strain was 100% and 50%, respectively, with an incubation period of 7 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. The clinical disease in mice was similar with both strains, and it was characterized initially by weight loss, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and hind limb paralysis progressing to quadriplegia and recumbency at 9 to 12 dpi. Histological lesions within the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and necrosis were observed in mice infected with variant 3 and those infected with the crab-eating fox variant. However, lesions and the presence of RABV antigen, were more widespread within the CNS of variant-3-infected mice, whereas in crab-eating fox-variant-infected mice, RABV antigens were more restricted to caudal areas of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and brainstem. In conclusion, the results shown here demonstrate that the RABV vampire bat strain (variant 3) has a higher potential for neuroinvasiveness than the carnivore variant. (AU) i

A rabies virus vampire bat variant shows increased neuroinvasiveness in mice when compared to a carnivore variant.

Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (RABV) variants. These variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two Brazilian RABV street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RABV through the footpad, with the 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) determined by intracranial inoculation. The morbidity of rabies in mice infected with variant 3 and the crab-eating fox strain was 100% and 50%, respectively, with an incubation period of 7 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. The clinical disease in mice was similar with both strains, and it was characterized initially by weight loss, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and hind limb paralysis progressing to quadriplegia and recumbency at 9 to 12 dpi. Histological lesions within the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and necrosis were observed in mice infected with variant 3 and those infected with the crab-eating fox variant. However, lesions and the presence of RABV antigen, were more widespread within the CNS of variant-3-infected mice, whereas in crab-eating fox-variant-infected mice, RABV antigens were more restricted to caudal areas of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and brainstem. In conclusion, the results shown here demonstrate that the RABV vampire bat strain (variant 3) has a higher potential for neuroinvasiveness than the carnivore variant.

Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters.

The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important cause of myeloencephalopathy and respiratory disease in horses. Animal models for EHV-1 infection have been specially developed using mice and Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). However, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system of hamsters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of four Brazilian EHV-1 strains within the CNS and lungs of Syrian hamsters. Hamsters intranasally infected with A4/72, A9/92, A3/97, and Iso/72 EHV-1 strains developed severe neurological and respiratory signs and died during acute EHV-1 infection within 3 to 5days post-inoculation. However, neurological signs were more severe in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, whereas respiratory signs were more prominent in A3/97 and Iso/72-infected hamsters. In the latter, lesions in the CNS were predominantly inflammatory, whereas in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, neuronal and liquefactive necrosis were the predominant lesions. EHV-1 infected hamsters also developed an interstitial pneumonia with infiltration of alveolar septa by macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, with the exception of A9/92-infected hamsters, which developed severe hemorrhages within the airways. EHV-1 antigens were detected along with CNS and pulmonary lesions. EHV-1 was also recovered from CNS of all infected hamsters, whereas the virus was recovered from the lungs of A4/72, A9/92, and Iso/72-infected hamsters. Brazilian EHV-1 strains caused both severe CNS and respiratory disease in hamsters, thus making this species an interesting model for EHV-1 infection in the CNS and respiratory system.

Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters

The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important cause of myeloencephalopathy and respiratory disease in horses. Animal models for EHV-1 infection have been specially developed using mice and Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). However, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system of hamsters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of four Brazilian EHV-1 strains within the CNS and lungs of Syrian hamsters. Hamsters intranasally infected with A4/72, A9/92, A3/97, and Iso/72 EHV-1 strains developed severe neurological and respiratory signs and died during acute EHV-1 infection within 3 to 5 days post-inoculation. However, neurological signs were more severe in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, whereas respiratory signs were more prominent in A3/97 and Iso/72-infected hamsters. In the latter, lesions in the CNS were predominantly inflammatory, whereas in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, neuronal and liquefactive necrosis were the predominant lesions. EHV-1 infected hamsters also developed an interstitial pneumonia with infiltration of alveolar septa by macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, with the exception of A9/92-infected hamsters, which developed severe hemorrhages within the airways. EHV-1 antigens were detected along with CNS and pulmonary lesions. EHV-1 was also recovered from CNS of all infected hamsters, whereas the virus was recovered from the lungs of A4/72, A9/92, and Iso/72-infected hamsters. Brazilian EHV-1 strains caused both severe CNS and respiratory disease in hamsters, thus making this species an interesting model for EHV-1 infection in the CNS and respiratory system.(AU) i

Renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis in a mare / Carcinoma renal associado à carcinomatose peritoneal em uma égua

Renal cell carcinoma, especially with extensive involvement of peritoneal cavity, is rarely described in horses. This study described a case of renal cell carcinoma in an 8-year-old mare, which presented with an enlargement in the left flank, decreased appetite and straining to defecate. Clinically, a tumor in the left retroperitoneal space was detected by rectal examination and ultrasonography. The animal died after one month of clinical evolution. At necropsy, the left kidney was completely effaced by a 50cm in diameter, irregular, round, lobulated cystic mass with necro-hemorrhagic areas. Within the peritoneal cavity, there was severe hemoperitoneum and numerous sessile and pedunculated masses ranging from 2.0 to 15.0cm diameter that were attached to the visceral and parietal peritoneum. Histologically, the primary neoplasia and its metastasis were composed by a proliferation of epithelial cells, which were arranged in a tubulopapillary pattern. Diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis and hemoperitoneum was based on macroscopic aspects, and mainly on the histological features.(AU)

Carcinomas renais, principalmente aqueles com extenso envolvimento da cavidade peritoneal são raramente descritos na espécie equina. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever um carcinoma renal com carcinomatose peritoneal em um equino, fêmea, de oito anos de idade, que apresentava aumento de volume no flanco esquerdo, hiporexia e dificuldade para defecar. Clinicamente, um tumor localizado no espaço retroperitoneal esquerdo foi detectado por meio de palpação retal e exame ultrassonográfico. Após um mês de evolução clínica, o animal veio a óbito. Macroscopicamente, o rim esquerdo estava completamente obliterado por uma massa de 50,0cm de diâmetro, irregular, lobulada e com áreas císticas e necro-hemorrágicas. Na cavidade peritoneal, havia hemoperitônio acentuado e inúmeras massas sésseis e pedunculadas, de 2,0 a 15,0cm de diâmetro, estavam aderidas às porções parietal e visceral do peritônio. Histologicamente, a neoplasia primária e suas metástases eram constituídas principalmente pela proliferação de células epiteliais, as quais formavam estruturas túbulo-papilares. O diagnóstico de carcinoma renal com carcinomatose peritoneal, associado a hemoperitônio foi baseado nos achados macroscópicos e, principalmente, histológicos da neoplasia.(AU)

Renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis in a mare / Carcinoma renal associado à carcinomatose peritoneal em uma égua

Renal cell carcinoma, especially with extensive involvement of peritoneal cavity, is rarely described in horses. This study described a case of renal cell carcinoma in an 8-year-old mare, which presented with an enlargement in the left flank, decreased appetite and straining to defecate. Clinically, a tumor in the left retroperitoneal space was detected by rectal examination and ultrasonography. The animal died after one month of clinical evolution. At necropsy, the left kidney was completely effaced by a 50cm in diameter, irregular, round, lobulated cystic mass with necro-hemorrhagic areas. Within the peritoneal cavity, there was severe hemoperitoneum and numerous sessile and pedunculated masses ranging from 2.0 to 15.0cm diameter that were attached to the visceral and parietal peritoneum. Histologically, the primary neoplasia and its metastasis were composed by a proliferation of epithelial cells, which were arranged in a tubulopapillary pattern. Diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis and hemoperitoneum was based on macroscopic aspects, and mainly on the histological features.

Carcinomas renais, principalmente aqueles com extenso envolvimento da cavidade peritoneal são raramente descritos na espécie equina. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever um carcinoma renal com carcinomatose peritoneal em um equino, fêmea, de oito anos de idade, que apresentava aumento de volume no flanco esquerdo, hiporexia e dificuldade para defecar. Clinicamente, um tumor localizado no espaço retroperitoneal esquerdo foi detectado por meio de palpação retal e exame ultrassonográfico. Após um mês de evolução clínica, o animal veio a óbito. Macroscopicamente, o rim esquerdo estava completamente obliterado por uma massa de 50,0cm de diâmetro, irregular, lobulada e com áreas císticas e necro-hemorrágicas. Na cavidade peritoneal, havia hemoperitônio acentuado e inúmeras massas sésseis e pedunculadas, de 2,0 a 15,0cm de diâmetro, estavam aderidas às porções parietal e visceral do peritônio. Histologicamente, a neoplasia primária e suas metástases eram constituídas principalmente pela proliferação de células epiteliais, as quais formavam estruturas túbulo-papilares. O diagnóstico de carcinoma renal com carcinomatose peritoneal, associado a hemoperitônio foi baseado nos achados macroscópicos e, principalmente, histológicos da neoplasia.

Tumor estromal gastrintestinal em uma cadela - relato de caso / Gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a dog - a case report / Tumor del estroma gastrointestinal en perro - relato de caso

Os tumores estromais gastrintestinais, ou GISTs, são neoplasias raramente descritas na espécie canina. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever um caso de GIST em uma cadela de dez anos de idade, da raça beagle, que apresentou hiporexia, hipodipsia e hematoquezia. Clinicamente, uma massa localizada no lúmen de uma alça intestinal foi detectada por meio de exame ultrassonográfico. Foi realizada a ressecção cirúrgica de nódulo intraluminal no jejuno. Microscopicamente, esse nódulo era composto por células mesenquimais fusiformes organizadas em feixes. Na imuno-histoquímica, as células neoplásicas foram positivas para o marcador KIT, s-100 e vimentina, sendo negativas para os marcadores de tumores originados da musculatura lisa, a desmina e a actina muscular. Com base na histologia, e principalmente na imunomarcação para KIT, realizou-se o diagnóstico de GIST no animal do presente estudo.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare in the canine species. The aim of this study was to describe a case of GIST in a ten-year-old female Beagle with appetite loss, hypodipsia and hematochezia. Clinically, a mass within the lumen of an intestinal loop was detected through ultrasonography. An intraluminal nodule within the jejunum was surgically resected. Microscopically, this nodule was composed by interlacing bundles of spindle-shaped neoplastic cells of mesenchymal origin. Neoplastic cells were immunopositive for KIT, s-100 and vimentin and were negative for desmin and muscle actin, which are markers for tumors arising from smooth muscle. Histological findings and especially the immunolabeling for KIT helped establish the diagnosis of GIST.

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, o GISTs, son neoplasias poco relatadas en caninos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir un caso de GIST en una perra Beagle de diez años que presentaba hiporexia, hipodipsia y hematoquecia. Mediante un examen ecográfico pudo detectarse una masa localizada en la luz intestinal. Se realizó la resección quirúrgica del nódulo intraluminal que fue localizado en el yeyuno. Microscópicamente, este nódulo estaba formado por células mesenquimales fusiformes, organizadas en forma de haces. En el examen inmunohistoquímico, las células neoplásicas fueron positivas para el marcador KIT, s-100 y para vimentina, siendo negativas para los marcadores de tumores de músculo liso ? desmina y actina muscular. En base a la histopatología y, principalmente, a la inmunomarcación para KIT, el diagnóstico final de esta paciente fue de un GIST.

Tumor estromal gastrintestinal em uma cadela - relato de caso / Gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a dog - a case report / Tumor del estroma gastrointestinal en perro - relato de caso

Os tumores estromais gastrintestinais, ou GISTs, são neoplasias raramente descritas na espécie canina. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever um caso de GIST em uma cadela de dez anos de idade, da raça beagle, que apresentou hiporexia, hipodipsia e hematoquezia. Clinicamente, uma massa localizada no lúmen de uma alça intestinal foi detectada por meio de exame ultrassonográfico. Foi realizada a ressecção cirúrgica de nódulo intraluminal no jejuno. Microscopicamente, esse nódulo era composto por células mesenquimais fusiformes organizadas em feixes. Na imuno-histoquímica, as células neoplásicas foram positivas para o marcador KIT, s-100 e vimentina, sendo negativas para os marcadores de tumores originados da musculatura lisa, a desmina e a actina muscular. Com base na histologia, e principalmente na imunomarcação para KIT, realizou-se o diagnóstico de GIST no animal do presente estudo.(AU)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare in the canine species. The aim of this study was to describe a case of GIST in a ten-year-old female Beagle with appetite loss, hypodipsia and hematochezia. Clinically, a mass within the lumen of an intestinal loop was detected through ultrasonography. An intraluminal nodule within the jejunum was surgically resected. Microscopically, this nodule was composed by interlacing bundles of spindle-shaped neoplastic cells of mesenchymal origin. Neoplastic cells were immunopositive for KIT, s-100 and vimentin and were negative for desmin and muscle actin, which are markers for tumors arising from smooth muscle. Histological findings and especially the immunolabeling for KIT helped establish the diagnosis of GIST.(AU)

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, o GISTs, son neoplasias poco relatadas en caninos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir un caso de GIST en una perra Beagle de diez años que presentaba hiporexia, hipodipsia y hematoquecia. Mediante un examen ecográfico pudo detectarse una masa localizada en la luz intestinal. Se realizó la resección quirúrgica del nódulo intraluminal que fue localizado en el yeyuno. Microscópicamente, este nódulo estaba formado por células mesenquimales fusiformes, organizadas en forma de haces. En el examen inmunohistoquímico, las células neoplásicas fueron positivas para el marcador KIT, s-100 y para vimentina, siendo negativas para los marcadores de tumores de músculo liso ? desmina y actina muscular. En base a la histopatología y, principalmente, a la inmunomarcación para KIT, el diagnóstico final de esta paciente fue de un GIST.(AU)

Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the inflammatory and glial cells in the central nervous system of goat fetuses and adult male goats naturally infected with Neospora caninum.

BACKGROUND: Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan that is considered one of the main agents responsible for abortion in ruminants. The lesions found in the central nervous system (CNS) of aborted fetuses show multifocal necrosis, gliosis, and perivascular cuffs of mononuclear cells, but the inflammatory and glial cells have not been immunophenotypically characterized. The lesions in the CNS of infected adult animals have rarely been described. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the lesions, the immunophenotypes of the inflammatory and glial cells and the expression of MHC-II and PCNA in the CNS of goats infected with N. caninum. The CNS of eight aborted fetuses and six adult male goats naturally infected with N. caninum were analyzed with lectin histochemistry (RCA1) and immunohistochemistry (with anti-CD3, -CD79α, -GFAP, -MHC-II, and -PCNA antibodies). All animals were the offspring of dams naturally infected with N. caninum. RESULTS: The microscopic lesions in the CNS of the aborted fetuses consisted of perivascular cuffs composed mainly of macrophages (RCA1(+)), rare T lymphocytes (CD3(+)), and rare B lymphocytes (CD79α(+)). Multifocal necrosis surrounded by astrocytes (GFAP(+)), gliosis composed predominantly of monocytic-lineage cells (macrophages and microglia, RCA1(+)), and the cysts of N. caninum, related (or not) to the lesions were present. Similar lesions were found in four of the six male goats, and multinucleate giant cells related to focal gliosis were also found in three adult goats. Anti-GFAP immunostaining showed astrocytes characterizing areas of glial scarring. Cysts of N. caninum were found in three adult male goats. The presence of N. caninum was evaluated with histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and PCR. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated anti-PCNA labeling of macrophages and microglia in the perivascular cuffs and the expression of MHC-II by microglia and endothelial cells in the CNS of the aborted fetuses and adult male goats. CONCLUSIONS: Macrophages and microglia were the predominant inflammatory cells in the CNS of aborted fetuses and healthy adult male goats infected with N. caninum. Activated astrocytes were mainly associated with inflamed areas, suggesting that astrocytes were involved in the resolution of the lesions.

Patologia veterinária forense: aplicação, aspectos técnicos e relevância em casos com potencial jurídico de óbito de animais / Forensic veterinary pathology: application, technical aspects and relevance in cases of animal death with legal potential / Patología forense veterinaria: aplicación, aspectos técnicos y su importancia en los casos con potencial jurídico de muerte de animales

O aumento da conscientização de médicos veterinários e proprietários de animais quanto às consequências legais referentes à prática da medicina veterinária se reflete na crescente demanda pela medicina veterinária legal. A patologia forense é um instrumento valioso nessa área, sendo seu conhecimento essencial em casos de óbito de animais com suspeita de maus-tratos, negligência, intoxicações exógenas e erros médicos, dentre outros. As necrópsias com fins periciais apresentam diferenças quanto ao exame necroscópico tradicional, especialmente no registro e na documentação de lesões, tornando necessário o conhecimento das bases da patologia forense. O presente trabalho visa reunir e divulgar informações técnicas quanto à patologia forense veterinária e à realização de uma necrópsia documentada com fins periciais, a fim de auxiliar o médico veterinário frente a um caso com potencial jurídico de óbito animal.

The increasing awareness of veterinarians and animal owners regarding the legal consequences of the veterinary medicine practice is reflected on the growing demand for veterinary forensic medicine. Forensic pathology is a very valuable tool in this area, being essential in cases of animal death that may suggest abuse, neglect, poisoning and medical errors, among others. Necropsies for forensic ends present some differences regarding the traditional exam, especially regarding the recording and documentation of lesions, thus rendering the knowledge of the bases of forensic pathology necessary. The present study aims to gather and disclose technical information about the performance of forensic necropsies in animals, in order to assist the veterinarian in cases of animal death with legal potential.

El aumento de la concientización de los médicos veterinarios y de los propietarios de animales en relación a las consecuencias legales relacionadas con la práctica de la medicina veterinaria puede verse reflejada en la creciente demanda por una medicina veterinaria forense. La patología forense representa un valioso instrumento en esa área, siendo esencial su conocimiento en los casos de muerte de animales donde se sospecha de malos tratos, negligencia, intoxicaciones exógenas y errores médicos, entre otras situaciones. Las necropsias con fines periciales presentan diferencias con el examen necroscópico convencional, especialmente en el registro y en la documentación de las lesiones, siendo necesario que se conozcan las bases de la patología forense. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reunir y divulgar las informaciones técnicas relacionadas con la patología forense veterinaria, con la realización de una necropsia documentada con fines periciales, a fin de ayudar al médico veterinario en los casos donde exista un potencial jurídico relacionado con la muerte un animal.

Patologia veterinária forense: aplicação, aspectos técnicos e relevância em casos com potencial jurídico de óbito de animais / Forensic veterinary pathology: application, technical aspects and relevance in cases of animal death with legal potential / Patología forense veterinaria: aplicación, aspectos técnicos y su importancia en los casos con potencial jurídico de muerte de animales

O aumento da conscientização de médicos veterinários e proprietários de animais quanto às consequências legais referentes à prática da medicina veterinária se reflete na crescente demanda pela medicina veterinária legal. A patologia forense é um instrumento valioso nessa área, sendo seu conhecimento essencial em casos de óbito de animais com suspeita de maus-tratos, negligência, intoxicações exógenas e erros médicos, dentre outros. As necrópsias com fins periciais apresentam diferenças quanto ao exame necroscópico tradicional, especialmente no registro e na documentação de lesões, tornando necessário o conhecimento das bases da patologia forense. O presente trabalho visa reunir e divulgar informações técnicas quanto à patologia forense veterinária e à realização de uma necrópsia documentada com fins periciais, a fim de auxiliar o médico veterinário frente a um caso com potencial jurídico de óbito animal.(AU)

The increasing awareness of veterinarians and animal owners regarding the legal consequences of the veterinary medicine practice is reflected on the growing demand for veterinary forensic medicine. Forensic pathology is a very valuable tool in this area, being essential in cases of animal death that may suggest abuse, neglect, poisoning and medical errors, among others. Necropsies for forensic ends present some differences regarding the traditional exam, especially regarding the recording and documentation of lesions, thus rendering the knowledge of the bases of forensic pathology necessary. The present study aims to gather and disclose technical information about the performance of forensic necropsies in animals, in order to assist the veterinarian in cases of animal death with legal potential.(AU)

El aumento de la concientización de los médicos veterinarios y de los propietarios de animales en relación a las consecuencias legales relacionadas con la práctica de la medicina veterinaria puede verse reflejada en la creciente demanda por una medicina veterinaria forense. La patología forense representa un valioso instrumento en esa área, siendo esencial su conocimiento en los casos de muerte de animales donde se sospecha de malos tratos, negligencia, intoxicaciones exógenas y errores médicos, entre otras situaciones. Las necropsias con fines periciales presentan diferencias con el examen necroscópico convencional, especialmente en el registro y en la documentación de las lesiones, siendo necesario que se conozcan las bases de la patología forense. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reunir y divulgar las informaciones técnicas relacionadas con la patología forense veterinaria, con la realización de una necropsia documentada con fines periciales, a fin de ayudar al médico veterinario en los casos donde exista un potencial jurídico relacionado con la muerte un animal.(AU)

Teores críticos de fósforo no solo e características morfogênicas de Panicum maximum cultivares Mombaça e Tanzânia-1 e Brachiaria híbrida Mulato sob aplicação de fósforo / / Forage yield and growth of “Panicum maximum” cvs. Mombaça and Tanzania-1 and Mulato hybrid Brachiaria under phosphorus application

O experimento foi conduzido na região Oeste do Paraná, em Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico de textura argilosa. O objetivo foi determinar, no estabelecimento, os teores críticos de P disponível e as doses críticas para produção de matéria seca (PMS) e perfilhamento e, no 2° ano, o crescimento de Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaça e Tanzânia-1 e Brachiaria sp. híbrida Mulato. Os tratamentos foram: três forrageiras e cinco doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240kg/ha) em arranjo fatorial e em três blocos completos. As doses de P (kg/ha de P2O5) elevaram os teores de P-Mehlich-1 diponível (ŷ =-4,5136 + 1,0241X, R2=0,96, ŷ, em mg/dm3). A aplicação de P aumentou, até determinado ponto, a PMS (kg/ha) dos capins Mombaça (ŷ=6.472 + 74,41X – 0,241X2 R2=0,97), Tanzânia-1 (ŷ =6.923 + 70,95X – 0,249X2, R2=0,88) e Mulato (ŷ =7.393 + 94,42X – 0,341X2, R2=0,72) e a densidade de perfilhos (DP). As doses críticas foram 54, 44 e 48 kg/ha de P2O5 e os teores críticos de 51, 41 e 44mg/dm3, respectivamente, para Mombaça, Tanzânia-1 e Mulato. No estabelecimento, o capim- mulato apresentou maiores produções de MS e DP (11.169kg/ha e 69 perfilhos/0,25m2). As PMS e DP no capim-Mombaça (9.787kg/ha e 54 perfilhos/0,25m2) e no capim-Tanzânia-1 (9.563kg/ha e 52 perfilhos/0,25m2) foram semelhantes. No 2° ano, as PMS não variaram entre os capins. As maiores taxas de alongamento (Tal) e de aparecimento de folhas (Tap) por perfilho foram, respectivamente, obtidas no capim-Mombaça e no capim-Mulato. O capim-Mulato apresentou menor filocrono.

The experiment was carried out in west of Paraná state, in Red Eutroferric Latosoil. The objective was to verify, in the establishment, the available P concentration in soil and critical doses of P to yield of dry matter (DM) and tillering and, in the 2° year, the growth of Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaça and Tanzânia-1 and Brachiaria sp. hibrid Mulato. The treatments were three forages and five P2O5 rates (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg/ha) randomized in three complete blocks in factorial arrange. The phosphorus rates linearly increased the P available in soil extracted by Mehlich-1 method (ŷ =-4,5136 + 1,0241X, R2=0,96, ŷ, in mg/dm3). The P application increased, up to maximum, the DM yield of forages Mombaça (ŷ=6.472 + 74,41X – 0,241X2 R2=0,97), Tanzânia- 1 (ŷ =6.923 + 70,95X – 0,249X2, R2=0,88) and Mulato (ŷ =7.393 + 94,42X – 0,341X2, R2=0,72) and the tiller density (TD). The critical phosphorus rates of 54, 44 e 48kg/ha of P2O5, respectively, to Mombaça, Tanzânia-1 and Mulato and P critical concentrations in soil of 51, 41 and 44mg/dm3. In the establishment, the mulato-grass presented highers DM yield and TD (11.169kg/ha and 69 tillers/0,25m2). The DM yield and TD in the mombaça-grass (9.787kg/ha and 54 perfilhos/0,25m2) and the tanzania-grass (9.563kg/ha and 52 perfilhos/0,25m2) were equal. In the 2° year, there were no variations in DM yield. The highest leaf elogantion ratio (LER) and leaf appearance ratio (LAR) were obtained in mombaça-grass and mulato-grass, respectively. The mulato-grass presented lower phylocron.

Teores críticos de fósforo no solo e características morfogênicas de Panicum maximum cultivares Mombaça e Tanzânia-1 e Brachiaria híbrida Mulato sob aplicação de fósforo / / Forage yield and growth of “Panicum maximum” cvs. Mombaça and Tanzania-1 and Mulato hybrid Brachiaria under phosphorus application

O experimento foi conduzido na região Oeste do Paraná, em Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico de textura argilosa. O objetivo foi determinar, no estabelecimento, os teores críticos de P disponível e as doses críticas para produção de matéria seca (PMS) e perfilhamento e, no 2° ano, o crescimento de Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaça e Tanzânia-1 e Brachiaria sp. híbrida Mulato. Os tratamentos foram: três forrageiras e cinco doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240kg/ha) em arranjo fatorial e em três blocos completos. As doses de P (kg/ha de P2O5) elevaram os teores de P-Mehlich-1 diponível (ŷ =-4,5136 + 1,0241X, R2=0,96, ŷ, em mg/dm3). A aplicação de P aumentou, até determinado ponto, a PMS (kg/ha) dos capins Mombaça (ŷ=6.472 + 74,41X 0,241X2 R2=0,97), Tanzânia-1 (ŷ =6.923 + 70,95X 0,249X2, R2=0,88) e Mulato (ŷ =7.393 + 94,42X 0,341X2, R2=0,72) e a densidade de perfilhos (DP). As doses críticas foram 54, 44 e 48 kg/ha de P2O5 e os teores críticos de 51, 41 e 44mg/dm3, respectivamente, para Mombaça, Tanzânia-1 e Mulato. No estabelecimento, o capim- mulato apresentou maiores produções de MS e DP (11.169kg/ha e 69 perfilhos/0,25m2). As PMS e DP no capim-Mombaça (9.787kg/ha e 54 perfilhos/0,25m2) e no capim-Tanzânia-1 (9.563kg/ha e 52 perfilhos/0,25m2) foram semelhantes. No 2° ano, as PMS não variaram entre os capins. As maiores taxas de alongamento (Tal) e de aparecimento de folhas (Tap) por perfilho foram, respectivamente, obtidas no capim-Mombaça e no capim-Mulato. O capim-Mulato apresentou menor filocrono.(AU)

The experiment was carried out in west of Paraná state, in Red Eutroferric Latosoil. The objective was to verify, in the establishment, the available P concentration in soil and critical doses of P to yield of dry matter (DM) and tillering and, in the 2° year, the growth of Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaça and Tanzânia-1 and Brachiaria sp. hibrid Mulato. The treatments were three forages and five P2O5 rates (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg/ha) randomized in three complete blocks in factorial arrange. The phosphorus rates linearly increased the P available in soil extracted by Mehlich-1 method (ŷ =-4,5136 + 1,0241X, R2=0,96, ŷ, in mg/dm3). The P application increased, up to maximum, the DM yield of forages Mombaça (ŷ=6.472 + 74,41X 0,241X2 R2=0,97), Tanzânia- 1 (ŷ =6.923 + 70,95X 0,249X2, R2=0,88) and Mulato (ŷ =7.393 + 94,42X 0,341X2, R2=0,72) and the tiller density (TD). The critical phosphorus rates of 54, 44 e 48kg/ha of P2O5, respectively, to Mombaça, Tanzânia-1 and Mulato and P critical concentrations in soil of 51, 41 and 44mg/dm3. In the establishment, the mulato-grass presented highers DM yield and TD (11.169kg/ha and 69 tillers/0,25m2). The DM yield and TD in the mombaça-grass (9.787kg/ha and 54 perfilhos/0,25m2) and the tanzania-grass (9.563kg/ha and 52 perfilhos/0,25m2) were equal. In the 2° year, there were no variations in DM yield. The highest leaf elogantion ratio (LER) and leaf appearance ratio (LAR) were obtained in mombaça-grass and mulato-grass, respectively. The mulato-grass presented lower phylocron. (AU)