Designing a Virtual Toolkit for Analysing Planetary Science Data in Virtual Reality.

To understand the surface evolution and potential habitability of other planets we must analyse their geology - the 3D structure and chemistry of the rocks that are exposed at the surface. Although rovers capture this 3D structure using stereo camera systems and other instruments, when we present this information to mission scientists for analysis it is generally confined to the 2D plane of a computer screen, and the spatial information is lost at the point when it is needed most. To address this problem, we design, develop, and evaluate a prototype Virtual Environment to present geological data in the 3D form in which it was originally captured, and users are supplied with a toolkit for measurement and annotation of data. We observed that users were inspired by the environment and felt more connected to it because they could move within the data; they valued the tools but did not trust the scale and therefore did not always trust the results. We conclude with recommendations for others working in this application area, and pose a series of questions for future research.

Genesis of change: Substance use treatment for forensic patients with mental health concerns.

Substance use disorders are highly prevalent among forensic patients. They are associated with many challenges for patients with these problems, including their ability to rehabilitate and successfully move through secure forensic mental health services, as well as increasing risk for recidivism. Traditionally, forensic services have been more adept at focusing on and treating the primary mental health diagnosis alone and have been less likely to prioritise this co-occurring patient need. Opportunities exist to foster effective treatment strategies for substance use disorders, and past research has produced positive outcomes among forensic patients in studies in both Australia and the UK to navigate a new course for patients with these problems. By providing empirically validated, co-produced and culturally competent treatment responses, forensic patients living with substance use disorders will have the opportunity to significantly improve their wellbeing and progress through the system. They will also be more prepared and equipped to face challenges upon discharge into the community, including increased availability of alcohol and other drugs, social stigma and barriers to employment. Moreover, by prioritising effective substance use treatment programs during inpatient rehabilitation, services can reduce the levels of post-discharge recidivism.

Seeing Through the "Science Eyes" of the ExoMars Rover.

The ExoMars rover, due to launch in mid 2020, will travel to Mars in search of signs of past or present habitability. The rover will carry the Panoramic Camera, PanCam, a scientific camera system designed to provide crucial remote sensing capabilities as mission scientists search for targets of interest. In preparation for the mission operations, the visual output of PanCam has been simulated and modeled with a three-dimensional rendering system, allowing the team to investigate the capabilities of the camera system and providing insight into how it may be calibrated and used for engineering tasks during the surface mission.

An exploration of perceived coercion into psychological assessment and treatment within a low secure forensic mental health service.

Psychologists working within forensic mental health (FMH) services face challenges around supporting clients' informed consent when engaging in psychological assessment and treatment. Given that there is little research in this area, this qualitative study interviewed ten forensic inpatients from a low secure FMH service, to determine the impact of any perceived coercion to engage with psychologists. Interviews were transcribed and subject to Thematic Analysis. Three over-arching themes emerged from the analysis: 'Awareness of Coercive Power', 'Experiencing and Responding to Coercion' and 'Psychological Treatment is Helpful, But…'. Participants perceived coercion to engage with psychologists. Perceived coercion led to psychological distress, wanting to resist, and superficial engagement. Despite this, therapeutic alliance was established with the psychologist but the quality of the therapeutic alliance was compromised. The findings have implications for psychologists working in FMH services. Suggestions for reducing perceived coercion and future directions for research are discussed.

An updated picture of the mental health needs of male and female prisoners in the UK: prevalence, comorbidity, and gender differences.

PURPOSE: Epidemiological data on the mental health needs of prisoners are essential for the organisation, planning, and delivery of services for this population as well as for informing policy and practice. Recent reports by the National Audit Office and NICE call for new research to provide an updated picture of the mental health needs of men and women in prison in the UK. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and comorbidity of mental health needs across a representative sample of both men and women across 13 prisons in one UK region. METHOD: Participants completed a standardised battery of psychometric assessments which screened for a range of mental health difficulties including: mental disorders, personality disorder, and substance misuse. RESULTS: 469 participants were included in the final sample (338 males, 131 females). A high number of participants reported having had previous contact with mental health services and/or a pre-existing diagnosis of a mental disorder. High rates of current mental disorder were detected across the range of disorders screened for. Levels of comorbidity were also high, with nearly half of participants screening positive for two or more types of mental disorder. Gender differences were noted in terms of previous contact with mental health services, having a pre-existing diagnosis, prevalence of current mental disorder, and levels of comorbidity; with women reporting higher rates than men. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of pre-existing and current mental illness continue to be high amongst prisoners. Women report significantly higher levels of mental health need compared to men.

Targeted Coagulation Management in Severe Trauma: The Controversies and the Evidence.

Hemorrhage in the setting of severe trauma is a leading cause of death worldwide. The pathophysiology of hemorrhage and coagulopathy in severe trauma is complex and remains poorly understood. Most clinicians currently treating trauma patients acknowledge the presence of a coagulopathy unique to trauma patients-trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC)-independently associated with increased mortality. The complexity and incomplete understanding of TIC has resulted in significant controversy regarding optimum management. Although the majority of trauma centers utilize fixed-ratio massive transfusion protocols in severe traumatic hemorrhage, a widely accepted "ideal" transfusion ratio of blood to blood products remains elusive. The recent use of viscoelastic hemostatic assays (VHAs) to guide blood product replacement has further provoked debate as to the optimum transfusion strategy. The use of VHA to quantify the functional contributions of individual components of the coagulation system may permit targeted treatment of TIC but remains controversial and is unlikely to demonstrate a mortality benefit in light of the heterogeneity of the trauma population. Thus, VHA-guided algorithms as an alternative to fixed product ratios in trauma are not universally accepted, and a hybrid strategy starting with fixed-ratio transfusion and incorporating VHA data as they become available is favored by some institutions. We review the current evidence for the management of coagulopathy in trauma, the rationale behind the use of targeted and fixed-ratio approaches and explore future directions.

Awareness of the risk of endocarditis associated with tattooing and body piercing among patients with congenital heart disease and paediatric cardiologists in the United Kingdom.

Body art in the form of tattoos and piercing has become increasingly popular amongst children and teenagers, and is nowadays more socially acceptable despite media reports citing tissue destruction and death. Our study explored the awareness and experience of patients with congenital heart disease, and of cardiologists and professionals responsible for their care.

Who's really hypertensive?--Quality control issues in the assessment of blood pressure for randomized trials.

The characterization of blood pressure in treatment trials assessing the benefits of blood pressure lowering regimens is a critical factor for the appropriate interpretation of study results. With numerous operators involved in the measurement of blood pressure in many thousands of patients being screened for entry into clinical trials, it is essential that operators follow pre-defined measurement protocols involving multiple measurements and standardized techniques. Blood pressure measurement protocols have been developed by international societies and emphasize the importance of appropriate choice of cuff size, identification of Korotkoff sounds, and digit preference. Training of operators and auditing of blood pressure measurement may assist in reducing the operator-related errors in measurement. This paper describes the quality control activities adopted for the screening stage of the 2nd Australian National Blood Pressure Study (ANBP2). ANBP2 is cardiovascular outcome trial of the treatment of hypertension in the elderly that was conducted entirely in general practices in Australia. A total of 54 288 subjects were screened; 3688 previously untreated subjects were identified as having blood pressure >140/90 mmHg at the initial screening visit, 898 (24%) were not eligible for study entry after two further visits due to the elevated reading not being sustained. For both systolic and diastolic blood pressure recording, observed digit preference fell within 7 percentage points of the expected frequency. Protocol adherence, in terms of the required minimum blood pressure difference between the last two successive recordings, was 99.8%. These data suggest that adherence to blood pressure recording protocols and elimination of digit preferences can be achieved through appropriate training programs and quality control activities in large multi-centre community-based trials in general practice. Repeated blood pressure measurement prior to initial diagnosis and study entry is essential to appropriately characterize hypertension in these elderly patients.

Retrospective and prospective cognitions in adolescents: anxiety, depression, and positive and negative affect.

Research with anxious and depressed adults has suggested that anxiety is related to an increased anticipation of both negative memories and negative expectancies whereas depression is related to a reduction in positive memories and expectancies. The present study examined whether anxiety and depression in 123 school-aged adolescents would show the same pattern. Small groups completed a memory and future thinking task in which they were asked to generate future and past, positive and negative events. Adolescents with higher levels of depression and those with higher levels of anxiety reported significantly more negative events relative to controls, but neither group generated fewer positive events. The results provide support for the involvement of cognitions in mood disturbance although do not support the idea that these cognitions are different in anxiety and depression.

Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder.

OBJECTIVES: The co-occurrence of severe mental illness and substance use disorder, or dual diagnosis, is prevalent and is associated with significant clinical and social problems. Most studies have treated persons with a dual diagnosis as a homogeneous population, grouping together different substances of misuse. This study investigated whether subgroups defined by their main substances of misuse were heterogeneous. The primary hypothesis was that users of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, would be characterized by especially high rates of inpatient admission, violence, and self-harm. METHODS: Case managers' ratings were used to identify individuals with serious mental illness and comorbid substance abuse or dependence who were being treated by 13 community mental health teams in South London. Standardized instruments were used to elicit sociodemographic, clinical, social, and service use data. RESULTS: A total of 233 cases of comorbid substance use disorder and psychotic illness were identified. On the basis of best available information, 78 (34 percent) patients were classified as alcohol misusers only, 52 (22 percent) as alcohol and cannabis users, 29 (12 percent) as users of cannabis only, and 55 (24 percent) as stimulant users; 19 patients (8 percent) were excluded from the analysis. No significant differences were found between subgroups in the use of inpatient services and lifetime history of self-harm, but there was a significant difference in lifetime history of violence, which was more frequent among stimulant users. The alcohol users were older and more likely to be white, but otherwise few differences between subgroups were suggested by exploratory analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from differences in history of violence, little heterogeneity was found among subgroups of patients with different types of substance misuse.

Natural history and familial relationships of infant spilling to 9 years of age.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the natural history of infant spilling (regurgitation/vomiting) during the first 2 years of life and to determine the relationship between infant spilling and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms at 9 years of age. METHODS: A prospective birth cohort was followed with daily symptom diaries during the first 2 years of life and reviewed at 9 years of age (range: 8-11 years). The prevalence of infant spilling during the first 2 years of life, the prevalence of GER symptoms between 8 and 11 years of age (mean age: 9.7 years), relative risk of infant spilling predisposing to GER symptoms at 9 years of age, and prevalence of maternal GER symptoms and relationship with infant spilling and GER at 9 years of age were measured. RESULTS: A total of 693 children who represented 83% of an original sample of 836 children and were followed for 2 years from birth with daily symptom diaries were contacted at 9 (8-11) years of age. Spilling of most feeds each day was common in infancy and reached a peak prevalence of 41% between 3 and 4 months of age and thereafter declined to < 5% between 13 and 14 months of age. Infants with spilling on 90 days or more during the first 2 years of life (classified as frequent spilling) were more likely to have GER symptoms at 9 years of age. Children with frequent infant spilling, compared with those with no spilling, had a relative risk of 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-4.0) of 1 or more GER symptoms at 9 years of age, 4.6 (95% CI: 1.5-13.8) for heartburn, 2.7 (95% CI: 1.4-5.5) for vomiting, and 4.7 (95% CI: 1.6-14.0) for acid regurgitation. Gender, breastfeeding, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure were not significant factors related to infant spilling. Prepregnancy smoking and smoking in the same room as the child at the 9-month and 18-month follow-ups had a significant effect on GER symptoms at 9 years of age. Infant spilling and GER at 9 years of age were significantly related to maternal GER symptoms but not to paternal GER symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Spilling in infancy is very common, but the majority of children settle by 13 to 14 months of age. However, those with frequent spilling (>90 days) are more likely to have GER symptoms at 9 years of age. In addition, a maternal history of GER was significantly related both to infant spilling and to GER at 9 years, suggesting that a genetic component may be involved. Physicians should consider studying children with a history of frequent infant spilling to determine whether this group is at increased risk for GER disease.