RESUMEN
Children and adolescents with haematological malignancies (PedHM) are characterized by a severe loss of exercise ability during cancer treatment, lasting throughout their lives once healed and impacting their social inclusion prospects. The investigation of the effect of a precision-based exercise program on the connections between systems of the body in PedHM patients is the new frontier in clinical exercise physiology. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of 11 weeks (3 times weekly) of combined training (cardiorespiratory, resistance, balance and flexibility) on the exercise intolerance in PedHM patients. Two-hundred twenty-six PedHM patients were recruited (47% F). High or medium frequency participation (HAd and MAd) was considered when a participant joined; > 65% or between 30% and < 64% of training sessions, respectively. The "up and down stairs'' test (TUDS), "6 min walking" test (6MWT), the "5 Repetition Maximum strength" leg extension and arm lateral raise test (5RM-LE and 5RM-ALR), flexibility (stand and reach), and balance (stabilometry), were performed and evaluated before and after training. The TUDS, the 5RM-LE and 5RM-ALR, and the flexibility exercises showed an increase in HAd and MAd groups (P < 0.05), while the 6MWT and balance tests showed improvement only in HAd group (P < 0.0001). These results support the ever-growing theory that, in the case of the treatment of PedHM, 'exercise is medicine' and it has the potential to increase the patient's chances of social inclusion.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Ejercicio , Neoplasias Hematológicas/fisiopatología , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Fuerza Muscular , Aptitud Física , Equilibrio Postural , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina de PrecisiónAsunto(s)
Animales , Esquistosomiasis , Mitocondrias , Mitocondrias Hepáticas , Schistosoma mansoni , Callithrix , RiñónAsunto(s)
Neumotórax/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Neumotórax/etiología , Neumotórax/terapia , RadiografíaRESUMEN
The gastric mucosa of marmosets is devoid of UDPG-GT; phosphorylases; G-6-PA; F-1,6-PA; alanyl aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase. Only the acid phosphatase was seen with a stronger reactivity in the chief cells. The other enzymes (LDH; G-6-PDH; 6-PGDH; NADPH2-TR; cis-aconitase; ICDH; SDH; MDH; cytochrome oxidase; NADH2-TR; a-GPDH; b-OHBDH and nonspecific esterase) showed a stronger reactivity in the parietal cells.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae , Mucosa Gástrica/enzimología , Animales , Células Epiteliales , Epitelio/enzimología , Mucosa Gástrica/citologíaRESUMEN
The epithelial cells in the taste buds of C. jacchus and C. penicillata show a moderate amount of ribonucleic acid an a concentration of a PAS-positive diastase-resistant material at their apical part. These cells are devoid of UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, G-6-PA, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cholinesterase and MAO; they present a weak reaction of F-1, 6-P Ald, LDH, SDH, MDH, cytochrome oxidase, beta-OHBDH, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and a stronger reaction to ADH, NADPH2-TR, ATPases, alpha-GPDH, alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and GDH. Although some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and ATPases) have an almost uniform reactivity by the several taste buds, the other ones react with a lesser intensity in the smaller uniform reactivity by the several taste buds, the other ones react with a lesser intensity in the smaller taste buds of the fungiform papillae. As a rule the apical part of the cells shows a stronger enzymatic reactivity. The taste buds of the marmosets are penetrated by acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibers whereas the autonomic ganglia in the connective tissue contain both-acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/anatomía & histología , Papilas Gustativas/análisis , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/análisis , Fosfatasa Alcalina/análisis , Animales , Epitelio/análisis , Femenino , Haplorrinos , Histocitoquímica , Masculino , Nucleotidasas/análisis , Oxidorreductasas/análisis , ARN/análisis , Papilas Gustativas/enzimologíaRESUMEN
The Rete ovarii in young marmosets shows a strong reactivity for a certain number of enzymes (LDH; NADH2-TR; NADPH2-TR; G-6-PDH; 6-PGDH; alpha-GPDH; beta-OHBDH and nonspecific esterase). The granulosa cells of the cortical innermost placed follicles have the same enzymatic reactivity. The germinal epithelium results negative to the mentioned group of enzymes at this phase of the development. The Rete ovarii must play an important rôle in the granulosa cells differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Folículo Ovárico/enzimología , Ovario/enzimología , Animales , Callitrichinae , Esterasas/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Haplorrinos , Histocitoquímica , Hidroxibutirato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , NADH NADPH Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Fosfogluconato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Corazón/parasitología , Sarcocystis , Animales , Bovinos , Histocitoquímica , Miocardio/patología , Sarcocistosis/patologíaRESUMEN
The liver cells of 8 rabbits fed for 12 to 16 weeks with a cholesterol diet showed a decrease of RNA and a stronger reactivity for acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The non-specific esterase showed a weaker reactivity in the cells with a larger amount of cholesterol and a stronger reaction in the cells with a smaller quantity of this substance. Several enzymes such as: diaphorases, those of the pentose shunt and respiratory cycle as well as those related to the metabolism of lipids, proteins and mucopolysaccharides showed a unconspicuous reactivity. The glycogen was found in a lesser amont in 6 out of 8 rabbits but with a higher concentration in 2 of them. The reactivity of UDPG-GT, active phosphorylase, F-1,6-PA, F-1,6-P Ald, LDH and ADH was stronger in the last 2 animals but weaker in the 6 others. In this 8 rabbit group the total phosphorylase and G-6-PA showed respectively always a stronger and a weaker reactivity than their controls. In the liver of 2 cholesterol-fed for 20 weeks rabbits it was observed a centrolobular fibrosis, a smaller amount of RNA and glycogen as well as a global decrease of the enzymatic reactivity.
Asunto(s)
Colesterol en la Dieta , Hígado/enzimología , Animales , Histocitoquímica , Hígado/análisis , Glucógeno Hepático/análisis , Masculino , ARN/análisis , ConejosRESUMEN
The histochemistry of the neural cells was studied in the submandibular ganglia of 5 Callithrix jacchus (3 males and 2 females) and 4 Callithrix penicillata (2 males and 2 females). These cells contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipidic materia, but are apparently devoid of glycogen. It is impossible to demonstrate in them any reactivity for UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, ATPase at pH 6.3, leucine aminopeptidase and alanyl aminopeptidas. The reaction for the other searched enzymes was as follows: weak (F-1,6-P Ald and cytochrome oxidase), weak to moderate (ADH, 6-P-GDH, ICDH, SDH, MDH, alpha-GPDH and beta-OHBDH), moderate (G-6-PDH, F-1,6-PA, LDH and GDH), moderate to strong (ATPase at pH 7.4, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) and strong (G-6-PA, NADH2,-TR, NADPH2-TR, ATPase at pH 8.5 and 9.4 and alkaline phosphatase).
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/metabolismo , Ganglios Autónomos/metabolismo , Glándula Submandibular/inervación , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/metabolismo , Aminopeptidasas/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Haplorrinos , Histocitoquímica , Leucil Aminopeptidasa/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Masculino , Nucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Fosforilasas/metabolismo , Transferasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The histrochemistry of the adrenal glands was studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). It was impossible to demonstrate any reactivity to UDPG-GT, ADH, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, xilitol (NAD-dependent) dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and aryl-sulfatase in these glands. Total phosphorylase was found in scattered cells of the glomerulosa and adjacent outer fasciculata of one C. penicillata. The dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH,6-PGDH, NADPH2-TR,ICDH,SDH,NADH2-TR, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH) as well as the hydrolases (except alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed a stonger reactivity in the cortical part. Some hydrolases (naphthol acetate esterase, acid phosphatase) and cytochrome oxidase were less reactive in the zona glomerulosa, where the dehydrogenases were more abundant. The outer fasciculata and the reticularis also showed a strong dehydrogenase reactivity.
Asunto(s)
Glándulas Suprarrenales/enzimología , Callitrichinae/metabolismo , Fosfatasa Ácida/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/metabolismo , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Animales , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Glucosa-6-Fosfatasa/metabolismo , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Glicerolfosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Hidroxibutirato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Masculino , NADP/metabolismo , Naftol AS D Esterasa/metabolismo , Fosfogluconato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The structure and histochemistry of the palmar and plantar skin were studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). In this skin there exist well-developed epidermal ridges, to which are attached one or two ducts of sweat glands. A thick stratum corneum can be seen in the epidermis, while a distinct stratum lucidum cannot be isolated from the other layers. The stratum granulosum is constituted by one or three layers of cells containing keratohyalin granules. Melanin granulations are mainly concentrated in the basal cells of the epidermal ridges. Dendritic melanocytes and amelanotic melanocytes containing alkaline phosphatase are found among the epidermal cells. Glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylases are mainly present in the middle and lower Malpighian cells of the epidermal ridges. Alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, alanyl amino-peptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were absent in the epidermal cells. SDH, cytochrome oxidase, MAO and a certain number of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, ADH, MDH, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH and GDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the basal cells and Malpighian layer. The NADP-dependent enzymes (G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, cis-aconistase and ICDH) were more reactive in the upper Malpighian layer and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum showed some acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase reactivity. The collagenous fibers intertwined with a small number of very thin elastic ones and a larger amount of reticular fibers run almost parallel to the epidermal ridges in the papillary body. In the reticular dermis some fibers are disposed transversely to the epidermal ridges. Meissner corpuscles reactive to butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and G-6-PA are disposed at regular intervals and frequently at each side of the epidermal ridges. Pacinian corpuscles were found only in the hypodermis. The eccrine sweat glands contain glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylase in their secretory, ductal and myoepithelial cells. The secretory part shows a uniform reactivity for every dehydrogenase because it contains only one type of cells (clear cells). The intraepidermal segment of the ducts shows a stronger reactivity to nonspecific esterase and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases than the epithelial cells around it.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/anatomía & histología , Piel/anatomía & histología , Animales , Enzimas/metabolismo , Miembro Anterior/anatomía & histología , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Haplorrinos , Miembro Posterior/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Piel/enzimología , Piel/metabolismo , Glándulas Sudoríparas/anatomía & histología , Glándulas Sudoríparas/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Histoenzymologic differences between the parotid, paramandibular and submandibular glands were studied in six Callithrix jacchus (four males and two females) and four Callithrix penicillata (three males and one female). The acinous cells of the paramandibular glands showed a stronger reactivity for the diaphorases (NADH2-TR and NADPH2-TR) and for a certain group of enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism (F-1-6P Ald, LDH, ADH, G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH), lipid metabolism (alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase), protein metabolism (alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase and GDH) and respiratory chain (cris-aconitase and ICDH). The nonspecific esterase was more reactive in the basal part of of the mucous cells of the submandibular glands. Conversely, some enzymes of the respiratory chain (SDH, cytochrome oxidase and ATPases) showed a stronger reactivity in the serous cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. The paramandibular glands exhibited a lesser autonomic innervation than the parotid and submandibular.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae , Glándulas Salivales/citología , Animales , Femenino , Haplorrinos , Histocitoquímica , Masculino , Glándula Parótida/citología , Glándula Parótida/enzimología , Glándulas Salivales/enzimología , Glándula Submandibular/citología , Glándula Submandibular/enzimologíaRESUMEN
The distribution of several hydrolases and oxidoreductases was studied in the renal parenchyma of adult male marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). The oxidative enzymes showed a high reactivity in the proximal and distal tubules, whereas the hydrolases reacted strongly in the proximal tubules but only weakly or not at all in the thick limb of Henle's loop, distal tubules and collecting ducts. The NAD-dependent enzymes (except alpha-GPDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the proximal tubules, while the NADP-dependent ones were more reactive in the thick limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubules. Two groups of interstitial cells were found in the medulla. A first group inside the outer medulla, showing cells rich in acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterases and a second group, close to the papilla, reactive to a certain number of oxidative enzymes. A different reactivity in cells of the distal convoluted tubules, thick limb of Henle's loops and collecting ducts (dark cells) was seen in the case of some enzymes like nonspecific esterase, alpha-GPDH and SDH.
Asunto(s)
Callitrichinae/metabolismo , Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Riñón/enzimología , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Animales , Esterasas/metabolismo , Histocitoquímica , Riñón/citología , Médula Renal/enzimología , Túbulos Renales Distales/enzimología , Túbulos Renales Proximales/enzimología , Asa de la Nefrona/enzimología , Masculino , NADH NADPH Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The histochemistry of the hepatic parenchymal cells was studied in four Callithrix jacchus. A large amount of glycogen was noted throughout the lobules while the UDPG-GT and the phosphorylases were found unevenly distributed by the hepatic strands with different degrees of reactivity. Near the central vein one of the livers showed PAS-positive nuclear corpuscles that were more conspicuous in the hepatic cells with a larger amount of cytoplasmic glycogen and weaker UDPG-GT and phosphorylase reactivities. G-6PA (in a larger amount) and LDH (in a moderate amount) were found evenly distributed in the hepatic strands. F-1-6PA was seen sometimes with a stronger reactivity at the peripheral part of the lobules. The enzymes of the pentose shunt (G-6PDH, 6-PGDH and NADPH-2-TR) reacted strongly and as a rule evenly distributed near the hepatic lobules. Occasionally they reacted more intensely in the row of hepatic cells disposed just around the central vein. Cytochrome oxidase showed a very faint reaction. Cis-aconitase and ICDH were weak or moderate. NADH-2-TR more than SDH more than MDH were seen frequently diffused near the hepatic strands. SDH and MDH in some instances showed a stronger reactivity in the row or group of hepatic cells around the central vein. ATPase at pH 6.3 was negative in the marmoset liver; ATPase at pH 7.4 was mainly found in the wall of the portal area vessels; ATPase at pH 8.5 showed a stronger reactivity in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and ATPase at pH 9.4 was more abundant in the bile capillaries. The reactivity of the lipid metabolism enzymes was moderate with regard to alpha-GPDH or negligible with regard to beta-OHBDH. Acid phosphatase showed a stronger reaction, but almost limited to the Kupffer cells. The hepatic cells showed only a moderate amount of RNA. Some enzymes of the protein metabolism, such as GDH and leucine aminopeptidase showed a stronger reactivity while some others, such as alanyl aminopeptidase and MAO, were seen diffused near the hepatic lobules in a small amount. Enzymes of the mucopolysaccharide metabolism were not found at all (beta-glucuronidase) or showed only a weak reactivity, such as xylitol dehydrogenase.