RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is well established that obesity is a major health risk in diabetes and associated diseases. Epigenetic changes, specially DNA methylation, play an important role in regulation of adipokines. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the DNA methylation status at the promoter region of the leptin gene in obese individuals and its association with metabolic risk factors. METHODS: The study included obese (n=100) and non-obese (n=75) individuals aged 25-45 years, and measured their physical, biochemical parameters (glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles) and leptin, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3b) mRNA expressions with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DNA methylation of the leptin gene at the promoter region was analyzed by methyl-specific qPCR . RESULTS: The study found that the DNA methylation level at the promoter area of the leptin gene was negatively associated with weight in obese subjects. Furthermore, study findings showed that the DNA methylation level was negatively associated with fasting insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and total cholesterol. There was also a higher expression of DNMT1 and DNMT-3b in obese subjects as compared with non-obese subjects. CONCLUSION: The leptin epigenetic profile may be associated with obesity and its associated metabolic risk factors.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia, a painful musculoskeletal disorder is associated with sleep disturbances as well as autonomic dysfunction. Pathophysiology of fibromyalgia is yet not clear and neuroanatomical proximity of sleep and autonomic centre prompts probable involvement of the two impacting the quality of life of fibromyalgia patients. Present study was done with the objective to explore the extent of sleep disturbances and/or autonomic dysfunction in fibromyalgia and asses their impact on quality of life of fibromyalgia patients. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty consecutive fibromyalgia patients (diagnosed by ACR 2010) from out-patient department and 30 age-gender matched controls were enrolled after the ethical clearance. All participants were evaluated for: (1) sleep using Pittsburgh sleep quality index and medical outcomes study sleep scale-12 Revised, (2) Quality of life by 36 item short-form health survey-36v2TM and revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (only patients). Autonomic functions of patients were evaluated by standard cardiovascular autonomic function tests by Ewing's battery and heart rate variability (5-min) measurement. RESULTS: Fibromyalgia patients had increased sleep disturbances compared to controls (39.46 ± 11, 59.61 ± 2.31; p=0.0001) and very poor sleep quality (13.63 ± 4.15, 3.03 ± 1.56; p=0.0001) as well as quality of life (p=0.0001) which further deteriorated with increasing severity of fibromyalgia. Twelve patients had autonomic dysfunction but it was neither associated with sleep disturbances nor with quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Mild to moderate grade fibromyalgia patients have significant sleep disturbance, poor sleep quality which remarkably impacts their quality of life. Autonomic dysfunction is not an early feature of disease. The study suggests that full spectrum of sleep disturbances and sleep quality should be explored in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients.