Fine-tuning plant valuable secondary metabolite biosynthesis via small RNA manipulation: strategies and potential.

Plants produce secondary metabolites that serve various functions, including defense against biotic and abiotic stimuli. Many of these secondary metabolites possess valuable applications in diverse fields, including medicine, cosmetic, agriculture, and food and beverage industries, exhibiting their importance in both plant biology and various human needs. Small RNAs (sRNA), such as microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), have been shown to play significant roles in regulating the metabolic pathways post-transcriptionally by targeting specific key genes and transcription factors, thus offering a promising tool for enhancing plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize current approaches for manipulating sRNAs to regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. We provide an overview of the latest research strategies for sRNA manipulation across diverse plant species, including the identification of potential sRNAs involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in non-model plants. We also highlight the potential future research directions, focusing on the manipulation of sRNAs to produce high-value compounds with applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries. By exploring these advanced techniques, we aim to unlock new potentials for biotechnological applications, contributing to the production of high-value plant-derived products.

Ultrahigh Sensitivity for Thermographic Human-Machine Interface via Precious Metals Atomic Layer Deposition on V-MXene: Computational and Experimental Exploration.

Global healthcare based on the Internet of Things system is rapidly transforming to measure precise physiological body parameters without visiting hospitals at remote patients and associated symptoms monitoring. 2D materials and the prevailing mood of current ever-expanding MXene-based sensing devices motivate to introduce first the novel iridium (Ir) precious metal incorporated vanadium (V)-MXene via industrially favored emerging atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. The current work contributes a precise control and delicate balance of Ir single atomic forms or clusters on the V-MXene to constitute a unique precious metal-MXene embedded heterostructure (Ir-ALD@V-MXene) in practical real-time sensing healthcare applications to thermography with human-machine interface for the first time. Ir-ALD@V-MXene delivers an ultrahigh durability and sensing performance of 2.4% °C-1 than pristine V-MXene (0.42% °C-1), outperforming several conventionally used MXenes, graphene, underscoring the importance of the Ir-ALD innovative process. Aberration-corrected advanced ultra-high-resolution transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy confirms the presence of Ir atomic clusters on well-aligned 2D-layered V-MXene structure and their advanced heterostructure formation (Ir-ALD@V-MXene), enhanced sensing mechanism is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) computations. A rational design empowering the Ir-ALD process on least explored V-MXene can potentially unfold further precious metals ALD-process developments for next-generation wearable personal healthcare devices.

Performance of CT With Adrenal-Washout Protocol in Heterogeneous Adrenal Nodules: A Multiinstitutional Study.

BACKGROUND. CT with adrenal-washout protocol (hereafter, adrenal-protocol CT) is commonly performed to distinguish adrenal adenomas from other adrenal tumors. However, the technique's utility among heterogeneous nodules is not well established, and the optimal method for placing ROIs in heterogeneous nodules is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to determine the diagnostic performance of adrenal-protocol CT to distinguish adenomas from nonadenomas among heterogeneous adrenal nodules and to compare this performance among different methods for ROI placement. METHODS. This retrospective study included 164 patients (mean age, 59.1 years; 61 men, 103 women) with a total of 164 heterogeneous adrenal nodules evaluated using adrenal-protocol CT at seven institutions. All nodules had an available pathologic reference standard. A single investigator at each institution evaluated the CT images. ROIs were placed on portal venous phase images using four ROI methods: standard ROI, which refers to a single large ROI in the nodule's center; high ROI, a single ROI on the nodule's highest-attenuation area; low ROI, a single ROI the on nodule's lowest-attenuation area; and average ROI, the mean of the three ROIs on the nodule's superior, middle, and inferior thirds using the approach for the standard ROI. ROIs were then placed in identical locations on unenhanced and delayed phase images. Absolute washout was determined for all methods. RESULTS. The nodules comprised 82 adenomas and 82 nonadenomas (36 pheochromocytomas, 20 metastases, 12 adrenocortical carcinomas, and 14 nodules with other pathologies). The mean nodule size was 4.5 ± 2.8 (SD) cm (range, 1.6-23.0 cm). Unenhanced CT attenuation of 10 HU or less exhibited sensitivity and specificity for adenoma of 22.0% and 96.3% for standard-ROI, 11.0% and 98.8% for high-ROI, 58.5% and 84.1% for low-ROI, and 30.5% and 97.6% for average-ROI methods. Adrenal-protocol CT overall (unenhanced attenuation ≤ 10 HU or absolute washout of ≥ 60%) exhibited sensitivity and specificity for adenoma of 57.3% and 84.1% for the standard-ROI method, 63.4% and 51.2% for the high-ROI method, 68.3% and 62.2% for the low-ROI method, and 59.8% and 85.4% for the average-ROI method. CONCLUSION. Adrenal-protocol CT has poor diagnostic performance for distinguishing adenomas from nonadenomas among heterogeneous adrenal nodules regardless of the method used for ROI placement. CLINICAL IMPACT. Adrenal-protocol CT has limited utility in the evaluation of heterogeneous adrenal nodules.

Evolution of Metal Tellurides for Energy Storage/Conversion: From Synthesis to Applications.

Metal telluride (MTe)-based nanomaterials have emerged as a potential alternative for efficient, highly conductive, robust, and durable electrodes in energy storage/conversion applications. Significant progress in the material development of MTe-based electrodes is well-sought, from the synthesis of its nanostructures, integration of MTes with supporting materials, synthesis of their hybrid morphologies, and their implications in energy storage/conversion systems. Herein, an extensive exploration of the recent advancements and progress in MTes-based nanomaterials is reviewed. This review emphasizes elucidating the fundamental properties of MTes and providing a systematic compilation of its wet and dry synthesis methods. The applications of MTes are extensively summarized and discussed, particularly, in energy storage and conversion systems including batteries (Li-ion, Zn-ion, Li-S, Na-ion, K-ion), supercapacitor, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and CO2 reduction. The review also emphasizes the future prospects and urgent challenges to be addressed in the development of MTes, providing knowledge for researchers in utilizing MTes in energy storage and conversion technologies.

Study on the association and phase separation behavior of surfactants and promethazine hydrochloride: impact of ammonium electrolytes.

In the current study, the association and phase separation of cationic tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and nonionic Triton X-100 (TX-100) surfactants with promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) were investigated in aqueous ammonium-based solutions. The micellization nature of the TTAB and PMH drug mixture was examined by evaluating critical micelle concentration (CMC) and counterion binding extent (ß) at different salt contents and temperatures (298.15-323.15 K). Micelle formation in the TTAB + PMH mixture was enhanced in the presence of ammonium salts, whereas the process was delayed with an increase in temperature in the respective salt solution. With an increase in salt content, the cloud point (CP) of the TX-100 + PMH mixture decreased, which revealed that the respective progression occurred through the salting out phenomenon. In micellization and clouding processes, the changes in free energies ΔG0m and ΔG0c were found to be negative and positive, respectively, demonstrating that the corresponding processes are spontaneous and non-spontaneous. Standard enthalpies (ΔH0m/ΔH0c) and standard entropies (ΔS0m/ΔS0c) for the association and clouding processes, respectively, were also calculated and discussed. The core forces amid TTAB/TX-100 and PMH in the manifestation of electrolytes are dipole-dipole and hydrophobic forces among the employed components according to the values for ΔH0m/ΔH0c and ΔS0m/ΔS0c, respectively.

Enhancement of efficiency in CsSnI3 based perovskite solar cell by numerical modeling of graphene oxide as HTL and ZnMgO as ETL.

Perovskite photovoltaics have an immense contribution toward the all-round development of the solar cell. Apart from the flexibility, stability, and high efficiency, more stress has been given to using lead-free as well as eco-friendly, inexpensive materials in the fabrication of PSC devices. The utilization of non-volatile material, such as cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3), can be proposed for designing the PSC device, which not only makes it eco-friendly but also offers better optoelectronic characteristics due to its smaller bandgap of 1.27 eV. The inclusion of Sn in the perovskite material also functions as an increment in the stability of the perovskite. In the present simulation, CsSnI3 is used as an active absorber layer while the ZnMgO is used as an ETL for a cost-effective nature. Similarly, graphene oxide (GO) is used as HTL for a superior collection of holes. The comprehensive numerical modeling of the ZnMgO can be utilized in solar cell designing with appropriate CsSnI3 thickness, working temperature, total defectivity, and resistance impact, respectively. The presently simulated device offers an excellent efficiency of 17.37 % with CsSnI3-based PSC. These results of the study also show an effective route to develop highly efficient lead-free PSC devices.

Harnessing the potential of non-coding RNA: An insight into its mechanism and interaction in plant biotic stress.

Plants have developed diverse physical and chemical defence mechanisms to ensure their continued growth and well-being in challenging environments. Plants also have evolved intricate molecular mechanisms to regulate their responses to biotic stress. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) plays a crucial role in this process that affects the expression or suppression of target transcripts. While there have been numerous reviews on the role of molecules in plant biotic stress, few of them specifically focus on how plant ncRNAs enhance resistance through various mechanisms against different pathogens. In this context, we explored the role of ncRNA in exhibiting responses to biotic stress endogenously as well as cross-kingdom regulation of transcript expression. Furthermore, we address the interplay between ncRNAs, which can act as suppressors, precursors, or regulators of other ncRNAs. We also delve into the regulation of ncRNAs in response to attacks from different organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, oomycetes, and insects. Interestingly, we observed that diverse microorganisms interact with distinct ncRNAs. This intricacy leads us to conclude that each ncRNA serves a specific function in response to individual biotic stimuli. This deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involving ncRNAs in response to biotic stresses enhances our knowledge and provides valuable insights for future research in the field of ncRNA, ultimately leading to improvements in plant traits.

Atomic Layer Deposition-A Versatile Toolbox for Designing/Engineering Electrodes for Advanced Supercapacitors.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become the most widely used thin-film deposition technique in various fields due to its unique advantages, such as self-terminating growth, precise thickness control, and excellent deposition quality. In the energy storage domain, ALD has shown great potential for supercapacitors (SCs) by enabling the construction and surface engineering of novel electrode materials. This review aims to present a comprehensive outlook on the development, achievements, and design of advanced electrodes involving the application of ALD for realizing high-performance SCs to date, as organized in several sections of this paper. Specifically, this review focuses on understanding the influence of ALD parameters on the electrochemical performance and discusses the ALD of nanostructured electrochemically active electrode materials on various templates for SCs. It examines the influence of ALD parameters on electrochemical performance and highlights ALD's role in passivating electrodes and creating 3D nanoarchitectures. The relationship between synthesis procedures and SC properties is analyzed to guide future research in preparing materials for various applications. Finally, it is concluded by suggesting the directions and scope of future research and development to further leverage the unique advantages of ALD for fabricating new materials and harness the unexplored opportunities in the fabrication of advanced-generation SCs.

Designing an efficient lead-free perovskite solar cell with green-synthesized CuCrO2 and CeO2 as carrier transport materials.

With increased efficiency, simplicity in manufacturing, adaptability, and flexibility, solar cells constructed from organic metal halide perovskite (PVK) have recently attained great eminence. Lead, a poisonous substance, present in a conventional PVK impacts the environment and prevents commercialization. To deal with this issue, a number of toxicity-free PVK-constructed solar cells have been suggested. Nevertheless, inherent losses mean the efficiency conversion accomplished from these devices is inadequate. Therefore, a thorough theoretical investigation is indispensable for comprehending the losses to improve efficiency. The findings of a unique modelling method for organic lead-free solar cells, namely methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI3), are investigated to reach the maximum practical efficiencies. The layer pertinent to MASnI3 was constructed as a sandwich between a bio-synthesized electron transport layer (ETL) of CeO2 and a hole transport layer (HTL) of CuCrO2 in the designed perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the use of algae-synthesized Au in the back contacts has been proposed. To obtain the maximum performance, the devices are further analyzed and optimized for active layer thickness, working temperature, total and interface defect density analysis, impedance analysis (Z'-Z), and capacitance-voltage (C-V), respectively. An optimal conversion efficiency of 26.60% has been attained for an MASnI3-constructed PSC. The study findings may open the door to a lead-free PSC through improved conversion efficiencies.

Overlooked Promising Green Features of Electrospun Cellulose-Based Fibers in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are accounted as promising power tools, applicable in a wide range of energy-based equipment, from portable devices to electric vehicles. Meanwhile, approaching a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and safe LIB array has remained sluggish yet. In this regard, cellulose, as a nontoxic natural renewable polymer, has provided a stable and cohesive electrode structure with excellent mechanical stability and reduced electrode cracking or delamination during cycling. Additionally, the porous configuration of the cellulose allows for efficient and faster ion transport as a separator component. Miniaturizing cellulose and its derivatives have revealed more fabulous characteristics for the anode, cathode, and separator resulting from the increased surface-to-volume ratio and superior porosity, as well as their thin and lightweight architectures. The focal point of this review outlines the challenges relating to the extraction and electrospinning of cellulose-based nanofibers. Additionally, the efforts to employ these membranes as the LIBs' components are elucidated. Correspondingly, despite the great performance of cellulose-based LIB structures, a research gap is sensed in this era, possibly due to the difficulties in processing the electrospun cellulose fibers. Hence, this review can provide a source of recent advancements and innovations in cellulose-based electrospun LIBs for researchers who aim to develop versatile battery structures using green materials, worthwhile, and eco-friendly processing techniques.

Assessment of atrial septal defects using 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography prior to percutaneous device closure: first report from Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is treated following trans-catheter closure in alternative to surgical treatment. Per-intervention selection of device size with balloon occlusive diameter (BOD) often cause tearing or enlarging, causing arrhythmias and hypotension. We assessed the suitability of percutaneous device closure for ASD using 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE). OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate if 3DTTE could be an alternative of balloon sizing for selection of device size in atrial septal defect device closure. DESIGN: It was a cross-sectional comparative study. METHODS: This study was conducted at the department of Pediatric Cardiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University for a period of 2 years. Thirty-three purposively selected secundum ASD patients suitable for device closure were included in the study. Ethical permission was taken from the Institutional Review Board and written consent was taken from each patient's guardian. In this study, 3DTTE derived ASD diameter and BOD were compared with that of deployed device size using correlation analysis. RESULTS: Out of 33 patients, 63.6% were female and 36.4% were males had a mean age of 18.07 ± 14.58 years (range 2-55 years). Mean diameter of ASD measured by 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography were 17.09 ± 6.08 mm and 21.30 ± 6.56 mm, respectively, yielding a significant difference (p < 0.001). 3D echocardiography derived ASDs diameter were highly correlated with device size than BOD and 2D echocardiography derived diameter (2D echocardiography: r = 0.796, p = <0.001, 3D echocardiography: r = 0.960, p = <0.001, BOD: r = 0.840, p = <0.001). CONCLUSION: 3DTTE can accurately measure ASD diameter and can be used as an alternate, effective, and safe method to select device size.

Comparative study of distinct halide composites for highly efficient perovskite solar cells using a SCAPS-1D simulator.

This research investigates the influence of halide-based methylammonium-based perovskites as the active absorber layer (PAL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Using SCAPS-1D simulation software, the study optimizes PSC performance by analyzing PAL thickness, temperature, and defect density impact on output parameters. PAL thickness analysis reveals that increasing thickness enhances JSC for MAPbI3 and MAPbI2Br, while that of MAPbBr3 remains steady. VOC remains constant, and FF and PCE vary with thickness. MAPbI2Br exhibits the highest efficiency of 22.05% at 1.2 µm thickness. Temperature impact analysis shows JSC, VOC, FF, and PCE decrease with rising temperature. MAPbI2Br-based PSC achieves the highest efficiency of 22.05% at 300 K. Contour plots demonstrate that optimal PAL thickness for the MAPbI2Br-based PSC is 1.2 µm with a defect density of 1 × 1013 cm-3, resulting in a PCE of approximately 22.05%. Impedance analysis shows the MAPbBr3-based PSC has the highest impedance, followed by Cl2Br-based and I-based perovskite materials. A comparison of QE and J-V characteristics indicates MAPbI2Br offers the best combination of VOC and JSC, resulting in superior efficiency. Overall, this study enhances PSC performance with MAPbI2Br-based devices, achieving an improved power conversion efficiency of 22.05%. These findings contribute to developing more efficient perovskite solar cells using distinct halide-based perovskite materials.

State-of-the-art advances in nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite polymeric materials: A comprehensive review.

The modern eco-friendly materials used in research and innovation today consist of nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposite polymers. Their unique composite properties make them suitable for various industrial, medicinal, and energy applications. Bio-nanocomposite polymers are made of biopolymer matrices that have nanofillers dispersed throughout them. There are several types of fillers that can be added to polymers to enhance their quality, such as cellulose-based fillers, clay nanomaterials, carbon black, talc, carbon quantum dots, and many others. Biopolymer-based nanocomposites are considered a superior alternative to traditional materials as they reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote the use of renewable resources. This review covers the current state-of-the-art in nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite materials, focusing on ways to improve their features and the various applications they can be used for. The review article also investigates the utilization of diverse nanocomposites as a viable approach for developing bio-nanocomposites. It delves into the underlying principles that govern the synthesis of these materials and explores their prospective applications in the biomedical field, food packaging, sensing (Immunosensors), and energy storage devices. Lastly, the review discusses the future outlook and current challenges of these materials, with a focus on sustainability.

Improving the Energy Storage of Supercapattery Devices through Electrolyte Optimization for Mg(NbAgS)x(SO4)y Electrode Materials.

Electrolytes are one of the most influential aspects determining the efficiency of electrochemical supercapacitors. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the effect of introducing co-solvents of ester into ethylene carbonate (EC). The use of ester co-solvents in ethylene carbonate (EC) as an electrolyte for supercapacitors improves conductivity, electrochemical properties, and stability, allowing greater energy storage capacity and increased device durability. We synthesized extremely thin nanosheets of niobium silver sulfide using a hydrothermal process and mixed them with magnesium sulfate in different wt% ratios to produce Mg(NbAgS)x)(SO4)y. The synergistic effect of MgSO4 and NbS2 increased the storage capacity and energy density of the supercapattery. Multivalent ion storage in Mg(NbAgS)x(SO4)y enables the storage of a number of ions. The Mg(NbAgS)x)(SO4)y was directly deposited on a nickel foam substrate using a simple and innovative electrodeposition approach. The synthesized silver Mg(NbAgS)x)(SO4)y provided a maximum specific capacity of 2087 C/g at 2.0 A/g current density because of its substantial electrochemically active surface area and linked nanosheet channels which aid in ion transportation. The supercapattery was designed with Mg(NbAgS)x)(SO4)y and activated carbon (AC) achieved a high energy density of 79 Wh/kg in addition to its high power density of 420 W/kg. The supercapattery (Mg(NbAgS)x)(SO4)y//AC) was subjected to 15,000 consecutive cycles. The Coulombic efficiency of the device was 81% after 15,000 consecutive cycles while retaining a 78% capacity retention. This study reveals that the use of this novel electrode material (Mg(NbAgS)x(SO4)y) in ester-based electrolytes has great potential in supercapattery applications.

Comparative Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells for Obtaining a Higher Efficiency Using a Numerical Approach.

Perovskite materials have gained considerable attention in recent years for their potential to improve the efficiency of solar cells. This study focuses on optimizing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by investigating the thickness of the methylammonium-free absorber layer in the device structure. In the study we used a SCAPS-1D simulator to analyze the performance of MASnI3 and CsPbI3-based PSCs under AM1.5 illumination. The simulation involved using Spiro-OMeTAD as a hole transport layer (HTL) and ZnO as the electron transport layer (ETL) in the PSC structure. The results indicate that optimizing the thickness of the absorber layer can significantly increase the efficiency of PSCs. The precise bandgap values of the materials were set to 1.3 eV and 1.7 eV. In the study we also investigated the maximum thicknesses of the HTL, MASnI3, CsPbI3, and the ETL for the device structures, which were determined to be 100 nm, 600 nm, 800 nm, and 100 nm, respectively. The improvement techniques used in this study resulted in a high power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.86% due to a higher value of VOC for the CsPbI3-based PSC structure. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of perovskite materials as absorber layers in solar cells. It also provides insights into improving the efficiency of PSCs, which is crucial for advancing the development of cost-effective and efficient solar energy systems. Overall, this study provides valuable information for the future development of more efficient solar cell technologies.

Self-Formation of a Ru/ZnO Multifunctional Bilayer for the Next-Generation Interconnect Technology via Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition.

This study suggests a Ru/ZnO bilayer grown using area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) as a multifunctional layer for advanced Cu metallization. As a diffusion barrier and glue layer, ZnO is selectively grown on SiO2 , excluding Cu, where Ru, as a liner and seed layer, is grown on both surfaces. Dodecanethiol (DDT) is used as an inhibitor for the AS-ALD of ZnO using diethylzinc and H2 O at 120 °C. H2 plasma treatment removes the DDT adsorbed on Cu, forming inhibitor-free surfaces. The ALD-Ru film is then successfully deposited at 220 °C using tricarbonyl(trimethylenemethane)ruthenium and O2 . The Cu/bilayer/Si structural and electrical properties are investigated to determine the diffusion barrier performance of the bilayer film. Copper silicide is not formed without the conductivity degradation of the Cu/bilayer/Si structure, even after annealing at 700 °C. The effect of ZnO on the Ru/SiO2 structure interfacial adhesion energy is investigated using a double-cantilever-beam test and is found to increase with ZnO between Ru and SiO2 . Consequently, the Ru/ZnO bilayer can be a multifunctional layer for advanced Cu interconnects. Additionally, the formation of a bottomless barrier by eliminating ZnO on the via bottom, or Cu, is expected to decrease the via resistance for the ever-shrinking Cu lines.

Hole-Transport Material Engineering in Highly Durable Carbon-Based Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices.

Despite the fast-developing momentum of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) toward flexible roll-to-roll solar energy harvesting panels, their long-term stability remains to be the challenging obstacle in terms of moisture, light sensitivity, and thermal stress. Compositional engineering including less usage of volatile methylammonium bromide (MABr) and incorporating more formamidinium iodide (FAI) promises more phase stability. In this work, an embedded carbon cloth in carbon paste is utilized as the back contact in PSCs (having optimized perovskite composition), resulting in a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.4%, and the as-fabricated devices retain 60% of the initial PCE after more than 180 h (at the experiment temperature of 85 °C and under 40% relative humidity). These results are from devices without any encapsulation or light soaking pre-treatments, whereas Au-based PSCs retain 45% of the initial PCE at the same conditions with rapid degradation. In addition, the long-term device stability results reveal that poly[bis(4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine] (PTAA) is a more stable polymeric hole-transport material (HTM) at the 85 °C thermal stress than the copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) inorganic HTM for carbon-based devices. These results pave the way toward modifying additive-free and polymeric HTM for scalable carbon-based PSCs.

Different Dimensionalities, Morphological Advancements and Engineering of g-C3 N4 -Based Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has gained tremendous interest in the sector of power transformation and retention, because of its distinctive stacked composition, adjustable electronic structure, metal-free feature, superior thermodynamic durability, and simple availability. Furthermore, the restricted illumination and extensive recombination of photoexcitation electrons have inhibited the photocatalytic performance of pure g-C3 N4 . The dimensions of g-C3 N4 may impact the field of electronics confinement; as a consequence, g-C3 N4 with varying dimensions shows unique features, making it appropriate for a number of fascinating uses. Even if there are several evaluations emphasizing on the fabrication methods and deployments of g-C3 N4 , there is certainly an insufficiency of a full overview, that exhaustively depicts the synthesis and composition of diverse aspects of g-C3 N4 . Consequently, from the standpoint of numerical simulations and experimentation, several legitimate methodologies were employed to deliberately develop the photocatalyst and improve the optimal result, including elements loading, defects designing, morphological adjustment, and semiconductors interfacing. Herein, this evaluation initially discusses different dimensions, the physicochemical features, modifications and interfaces design development of g-C3 N4 . Emphasis is given to the practical design and development of g-C3 N4 for the various power transformation and inventory applications, such as photocatalytic H2 evolution, photoreduction of CO2 source, electrocatalytic H2 evolution, O2 evolution, O2 reduction, alkali-metal battery cells, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and metal-air batteries. Ultimately, the current challenges and potential of g-C3 N4 for fuel transformation and retention activities are explored.

Process Controlled Ruthenium on 2D Engineered V-MXene via Atomic Layer Deposition for Human Healthcare Monitoring.

In searching for unique and unexplored 2D materials, the authors try to investigate for the very first time the use of delaminated V-MXene coupled with precious metal ruthenium (Ru) through atomic layer deposition (ALD) for various contact and noncontact mode of real-time temperature sensing applications at the human-machine interface. The novel delaminated V-MXene (DM-V2 CTx ) engineered ruthenium-ALD (Ru-ALD) temperature sensor demonstrates a competitive sensing performance of 1.11% °C-1 as of only V-MXene of 0.42% °C-1 . A nearly threefold increase in sensing and reversibility performance linked to the highly ordered few-layered V-MXene and selective, well-controlled Ru atomic doping by ALD for the successful formation of Ru@DM-V2 CTX heterostructure. The advanced heterostructure formation, the mechanism, and the role of Ru have been comprehensively investigated by ultra-high-resolution transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopies coupled with next-generation spherical aberration correction technology and fast, accurate elemental mapping quantifications, also by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. To the knowledge, this work is the first to use the novel, optimally processed V-MXene over conventionally used Ti-MXene and its surface-internal structure engineering by Ru-ALD process-based temperature-sensing devices function and operational demonstrations. The current work could potentially motivate the development of multifunctional, future, next-generation, safe, personal healthcare electronic devices by the industrially scalable ALD technique.

In-situ construction of binder-free MnO2/MnSe heterostructure membrane for high-performance energy storage in pseudocapacitors.

Manganese (Mn)-based oxides are considered suitable positive electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). However, their cycle stability and specific capacitance are significantly hindered by key restrictions such as structural instability and low conductivity. Herein, we demonstrated a novel nanorod (NR)-shaped heterostructured manganese dioxide/manganese selenide membrane (MnO2/MnSe) on carbon cloth (CC) (denoted as MnO2/MnSe-NR@CC) with a high aspect ratio by a straightforward and facile hydrothermal process. Experiments have demonstrated that doping selenium atoms to oxygen sites reduce electronegativity, increasing the intrinsic electronic conductivity of MnO2, decreasing electrostatic interactions with electrolyte ions, and thus boosting the reaction kinetics. Further, the selenium doping results in an amorphous surface with extensive oxygen defects, which contributed to the emergence of additional charge storage sites with pseudocapacitive characteristics. As expected, novel heterostructured MnO2/MnSe-NR@CC as an electrode for SC exhibits a high capacitance of 740.63 F/g at a current density of 1.5 A/g, with excellent cycling performance (93% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). The MnO2/MnSe-NR@CC exhibited outstanding charge storage capability, dominating capacitive charge storage (84.6% capacitive at 6 mV/s). To examine the practical applications of MnO2/MnSe-NR@CC-ASC as a positive electrode, MnO2/MnSe-NR@CC//AC device was fabricated. The MnO2/MnSe-NR@CC//AC-ASC device performed exceptionally well, with a maximum capacitance of 166.66 F/g at 2 A/g, with a capacitance retention of 94%, after 500 GCD cycles. Additionally, it delivers an energy density of 75.06 Wh/kg at a power density of 1805.1 W/kg and maintains 55.044 Wh/kg at a maximum power density of 18,159 W/kg. This research sheds fresh information on the anionic doping method and has the potential to be applied to the synthesis of positive electrode materials for energy storage applications.