[Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Spain]. / Impacto del confinamiento por COVID-19 en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática en España.

INTRODUCTION: The nationwide lockdown implemented in Spain in March 2020 in response to the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) could have had an effect on the clinical situation, disease management and access to care in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted by means of an online survey. The frequency and impact of headache, visual symptoms, dizziness, cognitive symptoms, diplopia, anxiety and depression on patients' quality of life were recorded. Disease treatment and delays experienced in accessing care were recorded. Participants were grouped according to the time elapsed since diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients participated in the study (103 women). The average time since disease onset was 6.25 years. Headache, anxiety and depression were responsible for considerable impact in the period prior to lockdown. The impact of headache was not aggravated during lockdown, but anxiety and depression did become significantly worse. Recently diagnosed participants reported higher rates of anxiety, depression, dizziness and diplopia; chronically diagnosed participants reported a higher frequency of cognitive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical situation of the participants deteriorated during lockdown, although the differences were smaller than previously thought. This was probably because the baseline situation was more severe than expected. Further studies are needed to clarify the medium and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

TITLE: Impacto del confinamiento por COVID-19 en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática en España.Introducción. El confinamiento nacional instaurado en España en marzo de 2020 como respuesta a la pandemia por la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pudo tener un efecto en la situación clínica, el manejo de la enfermedad y el acceso a la atención médica en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal por medio de una encuesta en línea. Se registraron la frecuencia y el impacto en la calidad de vida de la cefalea, los síntomas visuales, el mareo, los síntomas cognitivos, la diplopía, la ansiedad y la depresión. Se registró el tratamiento de la enfermedad y los retrasos experimentados en el acceso a la atención médica. Se agrupó a los participantes según el tiempo de evolución desde el diagnóstico. Resultados. Participaron 112 pacientes (103 mujeres). El tiempo medio de evolución de la enfermedad fue 6,25 años. La cefalea, la ansiedad y la depresión fueron responsables de un impacto considerable en el período previo al confinamiento. El impacto de la cefalea no empeoró durante el confinamiento, pero la ansiedad y la depresión empeoraron significativamente. Los participantes diagnosticados recientemente comunicaron mayores tasas de ansiedad, depresión, mareo y diplopía; los de evolución crónica, mayor frecuencia de síntomas cognitivos. Conclusiones. La situación clínica de los participantes se deterioró durante el confinamiento, aunque las diferencias fueron menores de lo que se pensaba. Esto se debió, probablemente, a que la situación basal era más grave de lo esperado. Son necesarios más estudios para aclarar el impacto a medio y largo plazo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática.

Impacto del confinamiento por COVID-19 en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática en España / Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Spain

Introducción: El confinamiento nacional instaurado en España en marzo de 2020 como respuesta a la pandemia por la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pudo tener un efecto en la situación clínica, el manejo de la enfermedad y el acceso a la atención médica en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal por medio de una encuesta en línea. Se registraron la frecuencia y el impacto en la calidad de vida de la cefalea, los síntomas visuales, el mareo, los síntomas cognitivos, la diplopía, la ansiedad y la depresión. Se registró el tratamiento de la enfermedad y los retrasos experimentados en el acceso a la atención médica. Se agrupó a los participantes según el tiempo de evolución desde el diagnóstico. Resultados: Participaron 112 pacientes (103 mujeres). El tiempo medio de evolución de la enfermedad fue 6,25 años. La cefalea, la ansiedad y la depresión fueron responsables de un impacto considerable en el período previo al confinamiento. El impacto de la cefalea no empeoró durante el confinamiento, pero la ansiedad y la depresión empeoraron significativamente. Los participantes diagnosticados recientemente comunicaron mayores tasas de ansiedad, depresión, mareo y diplopía; los de evolución crónica, mayor frecuencia de síntomas cognitivos. Conclusiones: La situación clínica de los participantes se deterioró durante el confinamiento, aunque las diferencias fueron menores de lo que se pensaba. Esto se debió, probablemente, a que la situación basal era más grave de lo esperado. Son necesarios más estudios para aclarar el impacto a medio y largo plazo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal idiopática.(AU)

Introduction: The nationwide lockdown implemented in Spain in March 2020 in response to the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) could have had an effect on the clinical situation, disease management and access to care in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted by means of an online survey. The frequency and impact of headache, visual symptoms, dizziness, cognitive symptoms, diplopia, anxiety and depression on patients’ quality of life were recorded. Disease treatment and delays experienced in accessing care were recorded. Participants were grouped according to the time elapsed since diagnosis. Results: A total of 112 patients participated in the study (103 women). The average time since disease onset was 6.25 years. Headache, anxiety and depression were responsible for considerable impact in the period prior to lockdown. The impact of headache was not aggravated during lockdown, but anxiety and depression did become significantly worse. Recently diagnosed participants reported higher rates of anxiety, depression, dizziness and diplopia; chronically diagnosed participants reported a higher frequency of cognitive symptoms. Conclusions: The clinical situation of the participants deteriorated during lockdown, although the differences were smaller than previously thought. This was probably because the baseline situation was more severe than expected. Further studies are needed to clarify the medium and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.(AU)

Aprendizaje expandido: gestión de una comunidad de práctica online para educadores físicos / Expanded Learning Process in Managing a PE Teachers’ On-Line Community of Practice

A través de un estudio de caso, se indaga en las tensiones detectadas en el diseño y gestión de una comunidad de práctica online de profesorado de Educación Física. El marco conceptual usado en la discusión es el “Aprendizaje Expandido” (Engreström). Se constata un modelo de cinco fases. En la fase 1, las tensiones se dan entre las ideas de los propios diseñadores; en la fase 2, entre las ideas y las posibilidades tecnológicas; en la fase 3, las tensiones surgen entre las ideas de los desarrolladores, las prácticas y las necesidades de los participantes; en la fase 4, continúa la tensión entre desarrolladores y prácticas, mediatizadas por la incorporación de nuevos gestores que provienen de la comunidad de práctica; y, finalmente, en la fase 5, los diseñadores y gestores van retirándose del primer plano de la plataforma y su ideas iniciales acaban disolviéndose entre las de la comunidad. (AU)

Through a case study, tensions detected in the design and management of an online community of practice for Physical Education teachers are investigated. The discussion is established within the conceptual framework of "Expanded Learning" (Engreström). A five-phase model was found. In phase 1, tensions arise between the ideas of the designers themselves; in phase 2, tensions are established between ideas and technological possibilities; in phase 3, tensions arise between developers' ideas, practices, and participants’ needs; in phase 4, tensions between developers and practices continue, mediated by the incorporation of new managers who come from the community of practice; and finally, in phase 5, designers and managers quit the forefront of the platform and their initial ideas end up dissolving among the ideas of the community. (AU)

Measurement of the specific and non-specific binding energies of Mg2+ to RNA.

Determining the non-specific and specific electrostatic contributions of magnesium binding to RNA is a challenging problem. We introduce a single-molecule method based on measuring the folding energy of a native RNA in magnesium and at its equivalent sodium concentration. The latter is defined so that the folding energy in sodium equals the non-specific electrostatic contribution in magnesium. The sodium equivalent can be estimated according to the empirical 100/1 rule (1 M NaCl is equivalent to 10 mM MgCl2), which is a good approximation for most RNAs. The method is applied to an RNA three-way junction (3WJ) that contains specific Mg2+ binding sites and misfolds into a double hairpin structure without binding sites. We mechanically pull the RNA with optical tweezers and use fluctuation theorems to determine the folding energies of the native and misfolded structures in magnesium (10 mM MgCl2) and at the equivalent sodium condition (1 M NaCl). While the free energies of the misfolded structure are equal in magnesium and sodium, they are not for the native structure, the difference being due to the specific binding energy of magnesium to the 3WJ, which equals ΔG≃ 10 kcal/mol. Besides stabilizing the 3WJ, Mg2+ also kinetically rescues it from the misfolded structure over timescales of tens of seconds in a force-dependent manner. The method should generally be applicable to determine the specific binding energies of divalent cations to other tertiary RNAs.

Reliability and validity of the Mexican teachers' physical activity questionnaire (MTPAQ) in a subsample of female Mexican teachers.

BACKGROUND: Reliable and valid instruments are needed to estimate physical activity levels. The purposes of this study were to estimate the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire (MTPAQ) in a subsample of the Mexican Teachers Cohort study. METHODS: We completed telephone interviews and clinical examinations of 82 teachers. Two MTPAQ, five International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-long form, and two accelerometer (AC) measures were used to determine physical activity levels throughout 24 months. Moderate and walking physical activity (MWPA min/week), vigorous physical activity (VPA min/week), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity minutes per week (MVPA min/week) were estimated for each instrument. Pearson, Intra-class correlations and deattenuated adjustments were used to determine the reliability and validity of MTPAQ. RESULTS: MWPA and MVPA min/week of MTPAQs were moderately correlated (r ≥ 0.54) to min/week of IPAQ-long form. MWPA and MVPA min/week average MTPAQ and MTPAQ1 and average AC, AC1 and AC2 were fairly correlated (r ≥ 0.20). A higher correlation was observed when correlation coefficients were attenuated (r ≥ 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: MTPAQ1 is a reliable and valid tool to measure physical activity levels.

Dynamics of cluster-forming hub-filament systems: The case of the high-mass star-forming complex Monoceros R2.

CONTEXT: High-mass stars and star clusters commonly form within hub-filament systems. Monoceros R2 (hereafter Mon R2), at a distance of 830 pc, harbors one of the closest such systems, making it an excellent target for case studies. AIMS: We investigate the morphology, stability and dynamical properties of the Mon R2 hub-filament system. METHODS: We employ observations of the 13CO and C18O 1→0 and 2→1 lines obtained with the IRAM-30m telescope. We also use H2 column density maps derived from Herschel dust emission observations. RESULTS: We identified the filamentary network in Mon R2 with the DisPerSE algorithm and characterized the individual filaments as either main (converging into the hub) or secondary (converging to a main filament) filaments. The main filaments have line masses of 30-100 M ⊙ pc-1 and show signs of fragmentation, while the secondary filaments have line masses of 12-60 M ⊙ pc-1 and show fragmentation only sporadically. In the context of Ostriker's hydrostatic filament model, the main filaments are thermally supercritical. If non-thermal motions are included, most of them are trans-critical. Most of the secondary filaments are roughly transcritical regardless of whether non-thermal motions are included or not. From the morphology and kinematics of the main filaments, we estimate a mass accretion rate of 10-4-10-3 M ⊙ yr-1 into the central hub. The secondary filaments accrete into the main filaments with a rate of 0.1-0.4×10-4 M ⊙ yr-1. The main filaments extend into the central hub. Their velocity gradients increase towards the hub, suggesting acceleration of the gas.We estimate that with the observed infall velocity, the mass-doubling time of the hub is ~ 2:5 Myr, ten times larger than the free-fall time, suggesting a dynamically old region. These timescales are comparable with the chemical age of the Hii region. Inside the hub, the main filaments show a ring- or a spiral-like morphology that exhibits rotation and infall motions. One possible explanation for the morphology is that gas is falling into the central cluster following a spiral-like pattern.

Are high-sensitivity troponins always reliable? Donor-recipient troponin transfusion in liver transplantation.

Blood troponins are used to diagnose perioperative myocardial injury and infarction. During liver transplantation, a passive donor-recipient troponin transfer with the graft may result in an increase of troponins in the transplant recipient questioning the diagnosis of myocardial injury. We present a case of liver transplantation with sudden elevation of recipient's serum troponin levels immediately after graft reperfusion and its subsequent normalization in which myocardial damage and other non-ischaemic potential causes were ruled out. Patient consent for publication was obtained prior to submission of the manuscript.

Circulating leptin and adiponectin, and breast density in premenopausal Mexican women: the Mexican Teachers' Cohort.

PURPOSE: Leptin and adiponectin are produced by the adipose tissue. Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer (BC) and is highly influenced by adiposity. How the interplay between MD, obesity, and obesity-related biomarkers influences BC risk, however, is still unknown, especially in premenopausal women, where adiposity seems to be protective for BC. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between circulating leptin, adiponectin, and their ratio, with MD in Mexican premenopausal women who are part of the large Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC). METHODS: A subsample of 2,084 women from the MTC participated in a clinical evaluation. Of them, 574 premenopausal women were randomly selected, from four MD strata. Serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured by immunoassays. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to compare means of MD by quartiles of adipokines and their ratio. RESULTS: High leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio levels were significantly associated with lower percentage MD and higher absolute and non-absolute dense tissue areas. High adiponectin levels were significantly associated with lower absolute dense and non-dense tissue areas, but not with percentage MD. After adjustment for BMI, only the associations between percentage MD and absolute non-dense tissue area with leptin remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin, adiponectin, and their ratio were associated with MD; however, only the positive association with leptin seemed to be independent from overall obesity.

(sub)Millimeter Emission Lines of Molecules in Born-again Stars⋆.

CONTEXT: Born-again stars offer us a unique possibility of studying the evolution of the circumstellar envelope of evolved stars in human timescales. To present, most of the observations of the circumstellar material in these stars have been limited to study the relatively hot gas and dust. In other evolved stars, the emission from rotational transitions of molecules, such as CO, is commonly used to study the cool component of their circumstellar envelopes. Thus, the detection and study of molecular gas in born-again stars would be of great importance to understand their composition and chemical evolution. In addition, the molecular emission would be an invaluable tool to explore the physical conditions, kinematics and formation of asymmetric structures in the circumstellar envelopes of these evolved stars. However, until now, all attempts to detect molecular emission from the cool material around born-again stars have failed. AIMS: We searched for emission from rotational transitions of molecules in the hydrogen-deficient circumstellar envelopes of born-again stars to explore the chemical composition, kinematics, and physical parameters of the relatively cool gas. METHODS: We carried out observations using the APEX and IRAM 30m telescopes to search for molecular emission toward four well studied born-again stars, V4334 Sgr, V605 Aql, A30 and A78, that are thought to represent an evolutionary sequence. RESULTS: We detected for the first time emission from HCN and H13CN molecules toward V4334 Sgr, and CO emission in V605 Aql. No molecular emission was detected above the noise level toward A30 and A78. The detected lines exhibit broad linewidths ≳150 km s-1, which indicates that the emission comes from gas ejected during the born-again event, rather than from the old planetary nebula. A first estimate of the H12CN/H13CN abundance ratio in the circumstellar environment of V4334 Sgr is ≈3, which is similar to the value of the 12C/13C ratio measured from other observations. We derived a rotational temperature of T rot=13±1 K, and a total column density of N HCN=1.6±0.1×1016 cm-2 for V4334 Sgr. This result sets a lower limit on the amount of hydrogen that was ejected into the wind during the born-again event of this source. For V605 Aql, we obtained a lower limit for the integrated line intensities I 12C/I 13C>4.

Far-infrared observations of a massive cluster forming in the Monoceros R2 filament hub⋆.

We present far-infrared observations of Monoceros R2 (a giant molecular cloud at approximately 830 pc distance, containing several sites of active star formation), as observed at 70 µm, 160 µm, 250 µm, 350 µm, and 500 µm by the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) and Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) instruments on the Herschel Space Observatory as part of the Herschel imaging survey of OB young stellar objects (HOBYS) Key programme. The Herschel data are complemented by SCUBA-2 data in the submillimetre range, and WISE and Spitzer data in the mid-infrared. In addition, C18O data from the IRAM 30-m Telescope are presented, and used for kinematic information. Sources were extracted from the maps with getsources, and from the fluxes measured, spectral energy distributions were constructed, allowing measurements of source mass and dust temperature. Of 177 Herschel sources robustly detected in the region (a detection with high signal-to-noise and low axis ratio at multiple wavelengths), including protostars and starless cores, 29 are found in a filamentary hub at the centre of the region (a little over 1% of the observed area). These objects are on average smaller, more massive, and more luminous than those in the surrounding regions (which together suggest that they are at a later stage of evolution), a result that cannot be explained entirely by selection effects. These results suggest a picture in which the hub may have begun star formation at a point significantly earlier than the outer regions, possibly forming as a result of feedback from earlier star formation. Furthermore, the hub may be sustaining its star formation by accreting material from the surrounding filaments.

The first CO+ image: I. Probing the HI/H2 layer around the ultracompact HII region Mon R2.

The CO+ reactive ion is thought to be a tracer of the boundary between a HII region and the hot molecular gas. In this study, we present the spatial distribution of the CO+ rotational emission toward the Mon R2 star-forming region. The CO+ emission presents a clumpy ring-like morphology, arising from a narrow dense layer around the HII region. We compare the CO+ distribution with other species present in photon-dominated regions (PDR), such as [CII] 158 µm, H2 S(3) rotational line at 9.3 µm, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and HCO+. We find that the CO+ emission is spatially coincident with the PAHs and [CII] emission. This confirms that the CO+ emission arises from a narrow dense layer of the HI/H2 interface. We have determined the CO+ fractional abundance, relative to C+ toward three positions. The abundances range from 0.1 to 1.9 ×10-10 and are in good agreement with previous chemical model, which predicts that the production of CO+ in PDRs only occurs in dense regions with high UV fields. The CO+ linewidth is larger than those found in molecular gas tracers, and their central velocity are blue-shifted with respect to the molecular gas velocity. We interpret this as a hint that the CO+ is probing photo-evaporating clump surfaces.

First record of Porocephalus cf. clavatus (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) as a parasite on Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) in Costa Rica.

Pentastomids are parasites that infect respiratory cavities of vertebrates, they are pretty common but poorly known in wildlife veterinary. A Bothrops asper snake (Garman, 1884) was captured in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica and had its lung infested with pentastomids, identified as ca Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845). This represents the first record of Porocephalus (Humboldt, 1812) on B. asper as well as P. cf. clavatus in Costa Rica. Further studies are needed to clarify their taxonomic position, images and scanning electron microscopy photographs (SEM) of the specimens are given.

First record of Porocephalus cf. clavatus (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) as a parasite on Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) in Costa Rica / Primeiro registro de Porocephalus cf. clavatus (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) como um parasita em Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) na Costa Rica

Abstract Pentastomids are parasites that infect respiratory cavities of vertebrates, they are pretty common but poorly known in wildlife veterinary. A Bothrops asper snake (Garman, 1884) was captured in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica and had its lung infested with pentastomids, identified as ca Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845). This represents the first record of Porocephalus (Humboldt, 1812) on B. asper as well as P. cf. clavatus in Costa Rica. Further studies are needed to clarify their taxonomic position, images and scanning electron microscopy photographs (SEM) of the specimens are given.

Resumo Pentastomídeos sâo parasitas que infectam as cavidades respiratórias dos vertebrados, eles são bastante comuns, mas pouco conhecido nos animais silvestres. Uma Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884) foi capturada na região do Caribe da Costa Rica e teve seu pulmão infestado de pentastomídeos, identificados como ca Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845). Isto representa o primeiro registro de Porocephalus (Humboldt, 1812) em B. asper, assim como P. cf. clavatus na Costa Rica. Mais estudos detalhados são necessários para esclarecer sua posição taxonómica. Imagens e fotografias de microscopia electrónica de varredura (MEV) dos espécimes são dadas.

Cardiac output monitoring with pulmonary versus transpulmonary thermodilution during liver transplantation: interchangeable methods?

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) implies hemodynamic instability, making invasive monitoring of cardiac output (CO) mandatory. Intermittent thermodilution with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) remains the clinical gold standard to measure CO. The agreement between PAC and new monitoring methods in LT needs to be further investigated. Our aim is to clarify whether cardiac index (CI) measurements with transpulmonary intermittent thermodilution, and continuous pulmonary thermodilution methods agree sufficiently with those performed intermittently with PAC to be considered interchangeable during LT. METHODS: We studied prospectively hemodynamic parameters of 72 consecutive patients undergoing LT. Each CI was obtained simultaneously with three different techniques: intermittent (PACi) and continuous (CCI) pulmonary artery thermodilution with PAC, and intermittent transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) with PiCCO2 in 8 time points of the procedure, obtaining 1350 paired measurements. Exclusion criteria was retransplantation. The statistical Bland Altman method for repeated measures was used to assess agreement, and polar plot methodology to evaluate trending ability. RESULTS: Analysis of agreement between PACi and TPTD measurements (N.=474 paired measurements) showed a bias of -0.42 L/min/m2, 95% limits of agreement (95%LoA) of ±1.5 L/min/m2 and percentage error of 45%. PACi-CCI comparisons (N.=431) showed bias of -0.02 L/min/m2, 95%LoA of ±1.96 L/min/m2, and percentage error of 64%. These results demonstrated questionable clinical agreement between PACi and TPTD, and no agreement between PACi and CCI. TPTD and CCI showed poor CO trending ability. CONCLUSION: Continuous pulmonary thermodilution with PAC is not an alternative monitoring method of CO. Transpulmonary thermodilution CO monitoring with PiCCO2 shows too questionable agreement with the clinical gold standard (PACi) being in the limit of acceptance to be considered interchangeable during liver transplantation.

The GHEP-EMPOP collaboration on mtDNA population data--A new resource for forensic casework.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) population data for forensic purposes are still scarce for some populations, which may limit the evaluation of forensic evidence especially when the rarity of a haplotype needs to be determined in a database search. In order to improve the collection of mtDNA lineages from the Iberian and South American subcontinents, we here report the results of a collaborative study involving nine laboratories from the Spanish and Portuguese Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (GHEP-ISFG) and EMPOP. The individual laboratories contributed population data that were generated throughout the past 10 years, but in the majority of cases have not been made available to the scientific community. A total of 1019 haplotypes from Iberia (Basque Country, 2 general Spanish populations, 2 North and 1 Central Portugal populations), and Latin America (3 populations from São Paulo) were collected, reviewed and harmonized according to defined EMPOP criteria. The majority of data ambiguities that were found during the reviewing process (41 in total) were transcription errors confirming that the documentation process is still the most error-prone stage in reporting mtDNA population data, especially when performed manually. This GHEP-EMPOP collaboration has significantly improved the quality of the individual mtDNA datasets and adds mtDNA population data as valuable resource to the EMPOP database (www.empop.org).

[The diagnosis of cat-scratch-disease-associated adenitis: diagnostic value of serology and polymerase chain reaction]. / Le diagnostic microbiologique des adénites associées à la maladie des griffes du chat : place de la sérologie et de l'amplification génique.

The diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) associated adenitis relies classically on the association of clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological criteria. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) looks like a more competitive diagnostic trial than serology. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity and predictive positive and negative values of serology in routine diagnosis of CSD. A retrospective study over five years was led among patients presenting a suspicion of CSD and having a serology and/or a PCR. The Gold standard for diagnosis was PCR. The serological tests of Bartonella henselae was performed once in 482 patients, of which 2% (11 out of 482) were positive, and twice in only 39 patients (8%). The PCR diagnosis method for B. henselae was performed in biopsy of specimen lymph nodes in 28 patients and 14 out of 28 were positive. In nine patients, the diagnosis was exclusively made by PCR. Among the 14 patients whose PCR was negative, two had a positive serology and in three others patients, the serology was not performed. The sensitivity of serology was 35%, this confirms the low sensitivity of the serology in the CSD diagnosis. The diagnosis was confirmed in 56% of cases where PCR was performed. This led us to propose to perform systematically the PCR test for B. henselae in case of adenitis possibly associated with CSD.

[Transplantation of neural stem cells into the cochlea]. / Neurogene Stammzelltransplantation in die Kochlea.

BACKGROUND: Stem cell therapy is especially interesting for inner ear related diseases, since the hair cells are very sensitive and do not regenerate. Hair cell loss is therefore irreversible and is accompanied by hearing loss. In the last few years, different research groups have transplanted stem cells into the inner ear with promising results. In the presented study, our aim was to gain insight into how neuronal stem cells behave when they are transplanted, both in vitro and in vivo, into a damaged inner ear. METHODS: Neuronal stem cells from E9.5 day old mouse embryos were collected and infected with an adenoviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP+ cells were then transplanted into a damaged organ of Corti in vitro or into a damaged mouse inner ear in vivo. RESULTS: We were able to detect GFP+ cells close to the organ of Corti in vitro and in the organ of Corti in vivo. The GFP+ cells do not seem to be randomly distributed in either the in vitro or in vivo situation. Most interestingly, GFP+ cells could be detected close to places where hair cells had been lost in vivo. CONCLUSION: Neuronal stem cells are interesting candidates to replace lost hair cells. However, a great deal of research is still needed before they can enter clinical trials.

Analysis of body fluid mixtures by mtDNA sequencing: An inter-laboratory study of the GEP-ISFG working group.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) working group of the GEP-ISFG (Spanish and Portuguese Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics) carried out an inter-laboratory exercise consisting of the analysis of mtDNA sequencing patterns in mixed stains (saliva/semen and blood/semen). Mixtures were prepared with saliva or blood from a female donor and three different semen dilutions (pure, 1:10 and 1:20) in order to simulate forensic casework. All labs extracted the DNA by preferential lysis and amplified and sequenced the first mtDNA hypervariable region (HVS-I). Autosomal and Y-STR markers were also analysed in order to compare nuclear and mitochondrial results from the same DNA extracts. A mixed stain prepared using semen from a vasectomized individual was also analysed. The results were reasonably consistent among labs for the first fractions but not for the second ones, for which some laboratories reported contamination problems. In the first fractions, both the female and male haplotypes were generally detected in those samples prepared with undiluted semen. In contrast, most of the mixtures prepared with diluted semen only yielded the female haplotype, suggesting that the mtDNA copy number per cell is smaller in semen than in saliva or blood. Although the detection level of the male component decreased in accordance with the degree of semen dilution, it was found that the loss of signal was not consistently uniform throughout each electropherogram. Moreover, differences between mixtures prepared from different donors and different body fluids were also observed. We conclude that the particular characteristics of each mixed stain can deeply influence the interpretation of the mtDNA evidence in forensic mixtures (leading in some cases to false exclusions). In this sense, the implementation of preliminary tests with the aim of identifying the fluids involved in the mixture is an essential tool. In addition, in order to prevent incorrect conclusions in the interpretation of electropherograms we strongly recommend: (i) the use of additional sequencing primers to confirm the sequencing results and (ii) interpreting the results to the light of the phylogenetic perspective.

Phenazine 5,10-dioxide derivatives as hypoxic selective cytotoxins: Part II. Structure-activity relationship studies.

The synthesis and evaluation as hypoxic selective cytotoxins of new derivatives of 2-amino or 2-hydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide are described. The compounds were developed as structural analogs of other bioreductive compounds and its in vitro cytotoxicities on V79 cells under hypoxic and aerobic conditions were determined. To gain insight into its mechanism of action electrochemical behavior, interaction with DNA experiments and QSAR studies were performed.

Design and evaluation of "3 + 1" mixed ligand oxorhenium and oxotechnetium complexes bearing a nitroaromatic group with potential application in nuclear medicine oncology.

The synthesis and evaluation of a series of oxotechnetium and oxorhenium complexes containing a nitroaromatic moiety as potential radiopharmaceuticals for targeting tumour hypoxia is presented. 99mTc labelling was performed in high yield (>85%) and radiochemical purity (>90%). Their structure was corroborated by means of the rhenium complexes. Reduction potentials were in the range for bioreducible compounds. 99mTc complexes III-VI were selected for "in vivo" experiments in view of the results of cytotoxicity studies. Biodistribution in normal animals was characterized by high initial blood, lung and liver uptake, fast blood and soft tissue depuration and preferential excretion via the hepatobiliary system. Initial tumour uptake was moderate but tumour/muscle ratios for complexes III and IV, were favourable at all time points. Although the results are encouraging further development is still necessary in order to achieve higher tumour uptake and lower gastrointestinal activity.