Molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chicken in Northeastern Libya.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the zoonotic protozoa parasites. It can prevalently infect humans and warm-blooded animals, causing human health problems and substantial economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Chicken is one of the potential sources of toxoplasmosis, but there is no report of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and their genotypes in free-range chickens in Libya. Aim: This study aims to conduct a survey of molecular prevalence and identify the T. gondii genotype in free-range chickens and its association with the risk factors of age, gender, and region in Northeastern Libya. Methods: This study was conducted by examining a total of 315 free-range chicken organs (brain and heart) derived from three administrative districts in Northeastern Libya. The molecular prevalence was determined by PCR technique using B1 gene amplification. and the T. gondii genotype was determined by nested PCR-RFLP of GRA6 gene amplicon with restriction enzymes (MseI). Results: The overall molecular prevalence of T. gondii in free-range chicken in all three districts was 9.5% (30/315), and the highest (15.4%) was in the Al-Marj district (p = 0.01; x 2 = 9.238). The highest prevalence of T. gondii by age was in chickens aged more than 2 years (p = 0.001; x 2 = 15.530). The difference in T. gondii prevalence in male and female chickens was not significant (p = 0.372; x 2 = 0.798). The predominant genotype I (93.3%) had identified at position 544 and 194 bp at the GRA6 marker, and only two positives were from genotype II (6.7%) at 700 and 100 bp fragments. Conclusion: The molecular prevalence of toxoplasmosis in free-range chicken in three districts in Northeastern Libya was 9.5%, and the highest rate was shown in the Al Marj district. Chicken by age more than 2 years had more risk to transmit toxoplasmosis in human. There was no different infection risk by consuming male or female free-range chicken. It is the first report to determine the predominant genotype, which was genotype I.

Observational study of vaccination in cancer patients: How can vaccine coverage be improved?

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy increases the risk of infections, often severe, and some of them are vaccine-preventable infections. We aimed to assess vaccination coverage and associated factors in oncology and hematology patients. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients followed in a French university hospital for hematological malignancy or solid cancer voluntarily completed an anonymous questionnaire in September and October 2016. It included questions on underlying disease, chemotherapy, flu, and pneumococcal vaccination uptakes, and attitudes toward vaccination. Factors associated with vaccination uptake were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The response rate was 41.9% (N=671) among 1,600 questionnaires distributed; 232 patients had underlying hematological malignancy and 439 had solid cancer. Half of the patients were aged over 65 years. Chemotherapy was ongoing or discontinued for less than one year in 74.7% of patients. In patients aged <65 years undergoing chemotherapy, flu vaccination rate was 19.9% whereas patients aged >65 years had coverage of 47%. Pneumococcal vaccine uptake was 7.3%. However, 64.7% of patients were favorable to vaccination. Vaccine uptake was associated with age >65 years (OR 4.5 [2.9-7.0]), information about vaccination delivered by the family physician (OR 12.9 [5.5-30.1]), follow-up in hematology unit (OR 2.0 [1.3-3.1]), and positive opinion about vaccination (OR 2.0 [1.3-3.1]). CONCLUSION: Despite specific recommendations regarding immunocompromised patients, anti-pneumococcal and flu vaccinations were rarely conducted, even in elderly patients. Targeted information campaigns to family physicians, oncologists, and patients should be implemented to improve vaccine coverage in patients with underlying malignancies.

Living-Donor Liver Transplantation in Hepatitis C Virus Era: A Report of 500 Consecutive Cases in a Single Center.

BACKGROUND: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is considered a safe alternative to deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). In Egypt, DDLT program is still awaited, making LDLT the only hope for patients with end-stage liver disease, mainly due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The current study is conducted to evaluate our experience of LDLT and discuss the lessons learned from 500 consecutive cases in HCV area. METHODS: We reviewed the data of patients who underwent LDLT at Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University during the period between May 2004 and March 2017. RESULTS: During the study period, 500 cases underwent LDLT at our unit. The median age was 51 years, and most of our cases were males (446, 89.2%) and had HCV infection (453, 90.6%). The median MELD score was 15. Median ICU stay was 5 days, and hospital stay was 22 days. Postoperative morbidities occurred in 220 cases (44%). Early mortality occurred in 69 patients (13.8%), and late mortality occurred in 45 patients (9%). The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival rates of all cases were 80.9%, 78.2%, 75.7%, and 75%, respectively. Preoperative creatinine, worm ischemia, blood transfusion, ICU stay, postoperative morbidities, and small for size syndrome were independent predictors for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: In countries lacking DDLT, LDLT is the only effective alternative. LDLT requires a teamwork to achieve successful outcomes. LDLT should only be performed in centers with the adequate experience to avoid and decrease the hazards related to this procedure.

Pri sORF peptides induce selective proteasome-mediated protein processing.

A wide variety of RNAs encode small open-reading-frame (smORF/sORF) peptides, but their functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that Drosophila polished-rice (pri) sORF peptides trigger proteasome-mediated protein processing, converting the Shavenbaby (Svb) transcription repressor into a shorter activator. A genome-wide RNA interference screen identifies an E2-E3 ubiquitin-conjugating complex, UbcD6-Ubr3, which targets Svb to the proteasome in a pri-dependent manner. Upon interaction with Ubr3, Pri peptides promote the binding of Ubr3 to Svb. Ubr3 can then ubiquitinate the Svb N terminus, which is degraded by the proteasome. The C-terminal domains protect Svb from complete degradation and ensure appropriate processing. Our data show that Pri peptides control selectivity of Ubr3 binding, which suggests that the family of sORF peptides may contain an extended repertoire of protein regulators.

Pentavalent technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid [Tc-99m (V) DMSA] brain SPECT: does it have a place in predicting survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme?

Pentavalent technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-99m (V) DMSA) is reported as a useful tool for detection of residual or recurrent gliomas. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of Tc-99m (V) DMSA brain SPECT in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). 40 patients [21 males and 19 females; mean age 48.6 ± 12.2 years] with GBM were included. Tc-99m (V) DMSA brain SPECT was done after surgery and before onset of radiation therapy or chemotherapy (Baseline study), at 4-6 weeks and at 6 months as a follow-up after therapy. The end point of the study was clinical follow-up for 2 years and/or death. 4-6 weeks after therapy, 40 and 60 % had negative and positive Tc-99m (V) DMSA for viable tumor tissues respectively (P = 0.09). At 6 months follow-up, 62.5 % of (V) DMSA negative patients and 12.5 % of the positive subjects were responders (P = 0.001). The median over-all survival (OS) of all patients was 12.3 month [range 5-24 month]. Patients with positive (V) DMSA had worse survival (8.87 month) compared to the negative ones (16.67 month) (P = 0.0001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Tc-99m (V) DMSA brain SPECT studies at 4-6 weeks and 6-months follow-up were independent prognostic factors for survival [OR 1.069; 95 % CI 1.417-2.174; P = 0.03 and OR 1.055; 95 % CI 0.821-1.186; P = 0.01 respectively]. Stratification of tumors into risk groups based on prognostic parameters may improve outcome by altering or intensifying treatment methods. Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid brain SPECT may have an additional prognostic role in patients with GBM which needs further evaluation in larger future series.

[Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage revealing hyperhomocysteinemia]. / Hémorragie surrénalienne bilatérale révélant une hyperhomocystéinémie.

INTRODUCTION: Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage remains a rare disease. It has several etiologies, and clinical presentation is not specific. CASE REPORT: We report a 45-year old man without known prothrombotic factor who presented with acute left sided abdominal pain left revealing a bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. The diagnostic work-up identified a significant hyperhomocysteinemia associated with a previously undiagnosed homozygous mutation of the 5,10 methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase gene. The outcome was associated with the occurrence of an adrenal insufficiency.

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in children.

We report a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in a 4-year-old girl. Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a left cavernous sinus involvement with internal carotid artery occlusion. Clinical signs included left ophthalmoplegia, convulsions and right hemiplegia. Etiopathogenesis of this syndrome is unclear but as in our case, response to corticosteroid therapy is spectacular and avoids unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. We underline the importance of cross-sectional imaging in the diagnostic approach. Several other diseases including tumors, vascular lesions and infections can have a similar clinical and/or imaging presentation. However, closely monitored evolution on imaging proves to be decisive in the establishment of final diagnosis of this syndrome.

[A new framework for cerebral palsy]. / Un nouveau cadre conceptuel pour l'infirmité motrice cérébrale.

Cerebral palsy was recently redefined as a group of disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication or behaviour, by epilepsy or by secondary musculoskeletal problems (Bax et al. 2005). It has an estimated incidence of 0.2 %, i.e., 200 new cases per year in Belgium and a total of about 18,000 patients (in a population of 10 millions). Over the last few years, interest has risen in issues pertaining to learning, social participation, services, some assessment modalities (including gait analysis), some therapeutic modalities (including orthotics and antispastic treatment). The Department of Neurology of the H6pital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola has taken an active part in several aspects of these developments, including research on pathophysiology, neurophysiology, motor control and management (including intrathecal baclofen) as well as setting up the Interuniversity Reference Centre for Cerebral Palsy ULB-VUB-ULg. The 20th anniversary of the hospital offers an opportunity to review this important topic.

[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome: an oft unrecognised familial early-onset encephalopathy]. / Le syndrome d'Aicardi-Goutières: une maladie neurologique infantile, à transmission familiale, encore méconnue.

INTRODUCTION: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, first described in 1984, is a progressive infantile familial encephalopathy featuring cerebral calcifications, mainly of the basal ganglia, cerebral white matter abnormalities and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis. Most of the patients present with severe developmental retardation, microcephaly, abnormal eye movements, pyramidal tract signs, and prominent dystonic movements. An elevated level of interferon-alpha in the CSF is a constant feature, particularly during the first stages of the disease course. One locus has been mapped on chromosome 3p21 in about half of the families so far studied. PATIENTS: and results. We report two new French cases and discuss the limits of the clinical syndrome, the differential diagnosis and issues raised by the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The major concern is to separate this condition from intrauterine infections because of the genetic and therapeutic consequences. A number of other questions remain unanswered. For example, we still do not know today at what age the absence of features like CSF lymphocytosis, and possibly absence of calcifications, rules out the diagnosis of the condition. The origin of the vasculitis lesions is not known, but seems to be related to dysregulation of interferon production and secretion. CONCLUSION: Currently about 75 patients have been reported, even though many more probably exist. The study of this syndrome can contribute to the understanding of some mechanisms of CNS calcification and in a broader perspective to that of chronic encephalopathies with dysregulation of immune mechanisms.

The mRNA encoding a beta subunit of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins is localized to the animal pole of Xenopus laevis oocyte and embryos.

In order to provide evidence for a potential role of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins in the transduction of developmental signals, we prepared cDNAs from Xenopus laevis embryos and looked for fragments amplified between primers located in conserved sequences of the different subtypes of beta subunit. Using the amplified fragment as a probe, we cloned a member of the beta subunit family. The deduced protein sequence of the amphibian cDNA is highly homologous to the beta 1 subtype and, accordingly, we have named the Xenopus gene XG beta 1. In situ hybridization and RNase protection assay revealed that XG beta 1 mRNA is confined to the animal hemisphere of the mature oocyte. This localization of XG beta 1 mRNA is established at stage V during oogenesis. Following fertilization, the maternal mRNAs cosegregate with animal cells during cleavage stages. At gastrulation, transcripts are expressed in the dorsal ectoderm layer that will give rise to the central nervous system. Thus, XG beta 1 mRNA belongs to the small family of localized maternal mRNAs; as a transducing protein, its restriction to a subset of embryonic cells could mediate the distinct responsiveness which contributes to the patterning of the embryo.

[Liver abscess caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus]. / Abcès hépatique à Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is usually considered to be non pathogenic. We report a case of liver abscess due to Lactobacillus acidophilus in a 39 year-old man with chronic pancreatitis complicated by both endocrine and exocrine insufficiency, and with a choledoco-duodenostomy. Lactobacillus acidophilus was isolated in blood and liver samples. Complete recovery of the liver abscess occurred after antibiotherapy. We suggest that the abnormally low duodenal pH secondary to pancreatic insufficiency may have promoted both Lactobacillus acidophilus adhesion and multiplication in this patient. The choledoco-duodenostomy may then have promoted biliary tract colonisation.

Hypoxemia does not affect the strength of the inspiration-inhibiting Breuer-Hering reflex.

Several studies were focused on the consequences of reduced PaO2 (hypoxemia) on the Breuer-Hering inspiration-inhibiting vagal reflex. However, these data are often contradictory and do not allow us to decide whether hypoxemia interacts with the central integration of pulmonary vagal afferents and/or exerts peripheral influence on pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) activity. The present study was performed in anesthetized rabbits breathing different gas mixtures containing O2, N2 and CO2. Intravenous injection of bicarbonates and CO2 addition in the inspired mixture maintained pHa and PaCO2 within their physiological ranges. The Breuer-Hering reflex, assessed from the changes in diaphragmatic EMG activity, was elicited either by inflating the lungs at different volumes above the functional residual capacity (PSR activation) or by direct electrical stimulation of vagal afferents (central stimulation). Hypoxemia never significantly modified the strength of the reflex or its threshold. Thus, acute hypoxemia present at high altitude does not seem to modify the key role played by PSR afferents in the ventilatory control.