Risk factor for breast cancer development under exposure to bovine leukemia virus in Colombian women: A case-control study.

Viruses have been implicated in cancer development in both humans and animals. The role of viruses in cancer is typically to initiate cellular transformation through cellular DNA damage, although specific mechanisms remain unknown. Silent and long-term viral infections need to be present, in order to initiate cancer disease. In efforts to establish a causative role of viruses, first is needed to demonstrate the strength and consistency of associations in different populations. The aim of this study was to determine the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a causative agent of leukemia in cattle, with breast cancer and its biomarkers used as prognosis of the severity of the disease (Ki67, HER2, hormonal receptors) in Colombian women. An unmatched, observational case-control study was conducted among women undergoing breast surgery between 2016-2018. Malignant samples (n = 75) were considered as cases and benign samples (n = 83) as controls. Nested-liquid PCR, in-situ PCR and immunohistochemistry were used for viral detection in blood and breast tissues. For the risk assessment, only BLV positive samples from breast tissues were included in the analysis. BLV was higher in cases group (61.3%) compared with controls (48.2%), with a statistically significant association between the virus and breast cancer in the unconditional logistic regression (adjusted-OR = 2.450,95%CI:1.088-5.517, p = 0.031). In this study, BLV was found in both blood and breast tissues of participants and an association between breast cancer and the virus was confirmed in Colombia, as an intermediate risk factor.

Development of an alternative saliva test for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using TRIzol: Adapting to countries with lower incomes looking for a large-scale detection program.

The use of saliva for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 has shown to be a good alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), since it permits self-collection, avoids the exposure of healthy persons to infected patients, reduces waiting times, eliminates the need of personal protective equipment and is non-invasive. Yet current saliva testing is still expensive due to the need of specialized tubes containing buffers to stabilize the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 and inactivate the virus. These tubes are expensive and not always accessible in sufficient quantities. We now developed an alternative saliva testing method, using TRIzol for extraction, viral inactivation, and storage of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, combined with RT-qPCR, which was comparable in its performance to NPS. Paired saliva samples and NPS were taken from 15 asymptomatic healthcare workers and one patient with SARS-CoV-2. Further 13 patients with SARS-CoV-2 were only saliva-tested. All the tests were performed according to CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel. Saliva (4 mL) was taken in sterile 50 mL tubes, 1.5 mL TRIzol were added and mixed. Our results show that 5 µL of saliva RNA extracted with TRIzol allow for an adequate detection of the virus in patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 and was equally sensitive to NPS in TRIzol. We conclude that saliva testing using TRIzol is a recommendable method for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 since it has several advantages over currently used saliva tests: it can be done with normal sterile tubes, does not need cold-chain handling, is stable at room temperature, is non-invasive and less costly, making it more accessible for low-income countries. Cheaper saliva testing using TRIzol is especially relevant for low-income countries to optimize diagnosis and help define quarantine durations for families, healthcare workers, schools, and other public workplaces, thus decreasing infections and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2.

"He invited me and didn't ask anything in return" Migration and Mobility as Vulnerabilities for Sexual Exploitation among Female Adolescents in Mexico.

Although human trafficking is recognized as a major human rights violation, there is limited evidence regarding the vulnerabilities that contribute to female adolescents' risk of being forced or coerced into the sex trade. Vulnerabilities such as gender-based violence, economic and social inequalities have been shown to shape the risk of sexual exploitation among adolescents. In-depth interviews (n=18) with current sex workers who reported being deceived or forced into the sex trade as adolescents (<17 years old) were analysed to explore their experiences of migration and mobility in Mexico. Driven by socio-economic and vulnerabilities in home communities, adolescents often engaged in internal migration and mobility to other Mexican communities and states. Migration and mobility further predisposed them to social isolation, economic hardship and abuse, which were used as tools to trick them into the sex trade. Policies that support safer migration for adolescents in origin, transit, and destination communities are needed.

Fractures of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus: non-surgical management and complications.

BACKGROUND: treatment of frontal sinus fractures remains controversial. If the posterior wall is fractured and there is cerebrospinal fluid leak, treatment seeks to restore the integrity of the dura and isolate the intracranial contents through the obliteration of the nasofrontal duct and cranialization. Another group supports nonoperative management CSF leakage is produced. The purpose is to avoid complications of meningitis, fistula and late sequelae. The difficulty lies in predicting which patients will develop complications. The aim of this study is to identify complications in patients with posterior wall fracture of the frontal sinus treated nonsurgically. METHODS: an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted with 20 patients with posterior wall fractures of the frontal sinus treated nonsurgically at the Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, Service of Maxillofacial Surgery from January 2007 to October 2009. RESULTS: twenty patients with posterior wall fractures of the frontal sinus were included. There were 17 males and 3 females. Fractures were divided into groups according to their degree of movement and presence of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Postoperative complications were cerebrospinal fluid fistula and frontal abscess. CONCLUSIONS: nonsurgical treatment has proven to be an option, although not free from complications, the most common being CSF fistula and abscess. Future comparative studies should be carried out to define therapeutic strategies usibg clinical monitoring and long-term imaging.

[OsiriX, a useful tool for processing tomographic images in patients with facial fracture]. / OsiriX, visor DICOM útil para procesar imágenes tomográficas de fracturas faciales.

BACKGROUND: OsiriX, a Mac OS X-based open source program, is presented as a useful tool to process tomographic images for diagnosis and preoperative planning in patients with facial fractures. METHODS: CT scans were performed on 124 patients with facial fractures treated at the Department of Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery of the Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia "Lomas Verdes" in Mexico City. Information obtained was recorded in DICOM format in CDs and processed in a Macintosh laptop with OsiriX software, doing multiplanar and 3D reconstructions. Surgical findings were compared to the images obtained by the software. RESULTS: Of the surgical findings, 96.5% matched with the OsiriX images. Only 3.5% of the OsiriX images were not consistent because of distortion or artifacts in the CT due to firearm projectiles and Erich arch bars near the involved area. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results obtained, the authors consider that the OsiriX software is a useful tool for diagnosis and preoperative planning in patients with facial fractures. Furthermore, it prevents the loss of information due to the process of image selection by the radiology staff.

OsiriX, visor DICOM útil para procesar imágenes tomográficas de fracturas faciales / OsiriX, a useful tool for processing tomographic images in patients with facial fracture

Introducción: El programa de código abierto OsiriX para MAC OS X® se presenta como una herramienta útil en el manejo de imágenes tomográficas para el diagnóstico y planificación preoperatoria en pacientes con fracturas del esqueleto facial. Material y métodos: Se realizó tomografía axial a 124 pacientes con fracturas faciales en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial y Reconstructiva del Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes. La información tomográfica en formato DICOM fue grabada en discos compactos y analizada en una computadora portátil Macintosh® con el programa OsiriX. Se realizó reconstrucción multiplanar y tridimensional y se compararon los hallazgos transoperatorios con la imágenes. Resultados: El 96.5 % de las imágenes coincidió con las reconstrucciones en el programa; solo 3.5 % presentó algún grado de discordancia por distorsiones en el estudio, secundarias a la presencia de proyectiles de arma de fuego y arcos férula de Erich. Conclusiones: Basados en los resultados, el programa OsiriX es una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico y planificación preoperatoria en pacientes con fracturas faciales. Además, evita la pérdida de información en el proceso de selección de las imágenes por el personal de radiología.

BACKGROUND: OsiriX, a Mac OS X-based open source program, is presented as a useful tool to process tomographic images for diagnosis and preoperative planning in patients with facial fractures. METHODS: CT scans were performed on 124 patients with facial fractures treated at the Department of Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery of the Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia "Lomas Verdes" in Mexico City. Information obtained was recorded in DICOM format in CDs and processed in a Macintosh laptop with OsiriX software, doing multiplanar and 3D reconstructions. Surgical findings were compared to the images obtained by the software. RESULTS: Of the surgical findings, 96.5% matched with the OsiriX images. Only 3.5% of the OsiriX images were not consistent because of distortion or artifacts in the CT due to firearm projectiles and Erich arch bars near the involved area. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results obtained, the authors consider that the OsiriX software is a useful tool for diagnosis and preoperative planning in patients with facial fractures. Furthermore, it prevents the loss of information due to the process of image selection by the radiology staff.

Reconstrucción funcional de mano en pacientes cuadripléjicos / Quadriplejic patients and hand function reconstruction

Se presenta un informe del protocolo de reconstrucción de mano en pacientes cuadripléjicos. Hasta el momento se ha incluido en el estudio cinco pacientes, cuatro hombres y una mujer, tratados quirúrgicamente con base en lo expuesto en publicaciones sobre el tema, con modificaciones en la técnica quirúrgica. Los procedimientos consistieron en artrodesis de muñeca y transposiciones tendinosas. Los pacientes fueron operados según los elementos funcionales útiles a nivel de antebrazo, tomando en consideración la clasificación de Zancolli. Los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento son alentadores, con periódos que van de siete a 18 meses, aunque no se pueden considerar definitivos, dado el corto tiempo y el número reducido de pacientes. Las artrodesis han logrado una buena consolidación y la función de las transposiciones tendinosas es adecuada. Los pacientes refieren gran mejoría en las funciones básicas de la mano, mayor autosuficiencia y, como efecto agregado, un cambio favorable en su estado anímico

Reconstrucción de mano en pacientes cuadripléjicos / Hand reconstruction in quadriplegic patients

Se presenta un informe del protocolo de reconstrucción de mano en pacientes cuadripléjicos. Hasta el momento se han incluido en el estudio cinco pacientes, cuatro hombres y una mujer, tratados quirúrgicamente con base en lo expuesto en publicaciones sobre el tema, con modificaciones en la técnica quirúrgica. Los procedimientos consistieron en artrodesis de muñeca y transposiciones tendinosas. Los pacientes fueron operados según los elementos funcionales útiles a nivel de antebrazo, tomando en consideración la clasificación de Zancolli. Los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento son alentadores, con periódos que van de siete a 18 meses, aunque no se pueden considerar definitivos, dado el corto tiempo y el número reducido de pacientes. Las artrodesis han logrado una buena consolidación y la función de las transposiciones tendinosas es adecuada. Los pacientes refieren gran mejoría en las funciones básicas de la mano, mayor autosuficiencia y, como efecto agregado, un cambio favorable en su estado animico

Reconstrucción temprana de la fractura de la tibia en el paciente polifracturado / Early reconstruction of tibial fractures in multifractured patientes

Se presentan 10 pacientes con fractura expuesta de la tibia, que ingresaron al Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, severa, grado IV y tornillos de Schanz, y con reposición de la cubierta cutánea en el curso de las primeras seis semanas. Se les aplicó injerto óseo al momento del cierre con cubierta cutánea siempre que existiera seguridad de ausencia de infección. En caso contrario, el hueso se injertó seis semanas después de aplicada la cubierta cutánea. Todos tuvieron lesiones viscerales en las cavidades torácicas y abdominal, ocasionados por accidente vehicular de alta energía, ya fuese por choque o atropellamiento; todos tuvieron de dos a siete lesiones óseas, y en todos se usó heparina como medio profiláctico de embolia grasa, a pesar de lo cual un enfermo la presentó. Las pérdidas de substancia se cubrieron con gemelo medial en cuatro casos, con tibial anterior en tres, con sóleo en uno y con flexor largo del dedo grueso en otro. Soló en uno se requirió injerto libre de piel. Nueve de los 10 desarrollaron cultivos positivos a pesar de lo cual ninguno tuvo infección clínica; todos recibieron antibióticos. Nueve evolucionaron a la consolidación sin infección y solamente uno murió como consecuencia de las complicaciones sistématicas producidas por otras lesiones corporales. Se presenta la clasificacíon en cuatro grados de severidad de las fracturas expuestas, actualizada y utilizada hoy en día por la Asociación para la Osteosíntesis.