RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although Venezuela has a National Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Program offering free diagnosis and treatment, 41% of patients present for diagnosis at a later disease-stage, indicating that access to care may still be limited. Our study aimed to identify factors influencing delay in presenting for HIV-diagnosis using a case-case comparison. A cross-sectional survey was performed at the Regional HIV Reference Centre (CAI), Carabobo Region, Venezuela. Between May 2005 and October 2006 225 patients diagnosed with HIV at CAI were included and demographic, behavioural and medical characteristics collected from medical files. Socio-economic and behavioural factors were obtained from 129 eligible subjects through interviews. "Late presentation" at diagnosis was defined as patients classified with disease-stage B or C according to the 1993 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, USA) classification, and "early presentation" defined as diagnosis in disease-stage A. RESULTS: Of 225 subjects, 91 (40%) were defined as late presenters. A similar proportion (51/129) was obtained in the interviewed sub-sample. Older age (>30 years), male heterosexuality, lower socio-economic status, perceiving ones partner to be faithful and living >/= 25 km from the CAI were positively associated with late diagnosis in a multivariate model. Females were less likely to present late than heterosexual males (odds ratio = 0.23, P = 0.06). The main barriers to HIV testing were low knowledge of HIV/AIDS, lack of awareness of the free HIV program, lack of perceived risk of HIV-infection, fear for HIV-related stigma, fear for lack of confidentiality at testing site and logistic barriers. CONCLUSION: Despite the free Venezuelan HIV Program, poverty and barriers related to lack of knowledge and awareness of both HIV and the Program itself were important determinants in late presentation at HIV diagnosis. This study also indicates that women; heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual men might have different pathways to testing and different factors related to late presentation in each subgroup. Efforts must be directed to i) increase awareness of HIV/AIDS and the Program and ii) the identification of specific factors associated with delay in HIV diagnosis per subgroup, to help develop targeted public health interventions improving early diagnosis and prognosis of people living with HIV/AIDS in Venezuela and elsewhere.
RESUMEN
La urticaria es una afección común de la piel que puede presentarse en un 15 a un 20 por ciento de la población general. La desloratadina es un nuevo antagonista de los receptortes periféricos H1, de histamina, sin efectos sedantes. Estudios internacionales en urticaria crónica han demostrado que la desloratadina es segura y eficaz. El presente estudio observacional, fase IV, prospectivo, abierto multicéntrico evalúa la eficacia y seguridad y reporta la experiencia local con la desloratadina en el manejo de la urticaria crónica idiopática. Se administraron 5 mg de Desloratadina vía oral, una vez al día durante un período total de 30 días. La respesta clínica se evaluó de acuerdo a una escala que tomó en cuenta 4 parámetros: número de habones, severidad del prurito, interrupción de la actividad diaria e interrupción del sueño; cada parámetro con 4 grados en la evaluación (0-3). Se incluyeron 86 pacientes entre 12 y 73 años (39 ± 15). Sesenta y cinco por ciento de los sujetos fueron del sexo femenino. El Puntaje Total de Síntomas tuvo un promedio de 7,56 ± 2,32 al inicio, disminuyendo hasta 1,26 ± 1,59, al completar la terapia; la diferencia promedio observada resultó 6,20 (p<0,001). La propuesta fue señalada como excelente y buena por 76 médicos (88,37 por ciento) mientras que 75 pacientes se manifestaron como satisfechos o con resolución total de su enfermedad (87,2 por ciento). La incidencia de eventos adversos fue de 6,9 por ciento (ninguno serio). Así, Desloratadina, 5 mg diariamente, resulta una opción eficaz para controlar los síntomas de la urticaria idiopática crónica y los efectos que la misma produce en las actividades cotidianas y el sueño con baja incidencia de eventos adversos