GC-MS Characterization of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antitrypanosomal Activity of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil and Eugenol.

Syzygium aromaticum has a diversity of biological activities due to the chemical compounds found in its plant products such as total phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The present work describes the chemical analysis and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitrypanosomal activity of the essential oil of S. aromaticum. Eugenol (53.23%) as the major compound was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. S. aromaticum essential oil was more effective against S. aureus (MIC 50 µg/mL) than eugenol (MIC 250 µg/mL). Eugenol presented higher antioxidant activity than S. aromaticum essential oil, with an EC50 of 12.66 and 78.98 µg/mL, respectively. S. aromaticum essential oil and eugenol exhibited Trypanosoma cruzi inhibitory activity, with IC50 of 28.68 ± 1.073 and 31.97 ± 1.061 µg/mL against epimastigotes and IC50 of 64.51 ± 1.658 and 45.73 ± 1.252 µg/mL against intracellular amastigotes, respectively. Both compounds presented low cytotoxicity, with S. aromaticum essential oil displaying 15.5-fold greater selectivity for the parasite than the cells. Nitrite levels in T. cruzi-stimulated cells were reduced by essential oil (47.01%; p = 0.002) and eugenol (48.05%; p = 0.003) treatment. The trypanocidal activity of S. aromaticum essential oil showed that it is reasonable to use it in future research in the search for new therapeutic alternatives for trypanosomiasis.

Aniba rosaeodora (Var. amazonica Ducke) Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antitrypanosomal Activity.

Aniba rosaeodora is one of the most widely used plants in the perfumery industry, being used as medicinal plant in the Brazilian Amazon. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of A. rosaeodora essential oil and its biological activities. A. rosaeodora essential oil presented linalool (93.60%) as its major compound. The A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool showed activity against all the bacteria strains tested, standard strains and marine environment bacteria, with the lower minimum inhibitory concentration being observed for S. aureus. An efficient antioxidant activity of A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool (EC50: 15.46 and 6.78 µg/mL, respectively) was evidenced by the inhibition of the 2,2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical. The antitrypanosomal activity of A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool was observed at high concentrations against epimatigote forms (inhibitory concentration for 50% of parasites (IC50): 150.5 ± 1.08 and 198.6 ± 1.12 µg/mL, respectively), and even higher against intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi (IC50: 911.6 ± 1.15 and 249.6 ± 1.18 µg/mL, respectively). Both A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect in BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and both reduced nitrite levels in unstimulated cells revealing a potential effect in NO production. These data revealed the pharmacological potential of A. rosaeodora essential oil and linalool, encouraging further studies.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum vulgare, and Curcuma longa Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antileishmanial Activity.

The resistance mechanisms of bacteria and protozoans have evidenced the need of discover new compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Medicinal plants have been for centuries a promising alternative as sources of new drugs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum vulgare, and Curcuma longa essential oils. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was performed by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Antileishmanial activity was performed against antipromastigote and intracellular amastigote of Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxic and nitrite production were realized in BALB/c peritoneal macrophages. The major compounds of the essential oils were cinnamic aldehyde (46.30%) in C. zeylanicum, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (33.88%) and linalyl acetate (13.90%) in O. vulgare, and turmerone (55.43%) in C. longa. The MIC showed significant antimicrobial activity of C. longa essential oil against S. aureus (83.3 ± 14.43 µg/mL). Antipromastigote activity showed IC50 values >500 µg/mL to C. zeylanicum, 308.4 ± 1.402 µg/mL to O. vulgare, and 405.5 ± 1.119 µg/mL to C. longa essential oil. Activity against intracellular amastigote of L. amazonensis showed IC50 of 63.3 ± 1.369 µg/mL and cytotoxic was not observed, resulting in selectivity index higher than 15.79 to parasite. C. longa essential oil decreased nitrite production in peritoneal macrophages, but not in Leishmania-infected cells. The chemical composition of the three essential oils is directly associated to its potential biological action, as the antimicrobial activity. C. longa presented a potent antileishmanial activity against promastigote and intracellular amastigote of L. amazonensis, although this activity is not linked to nitric oxide, since C. longa essential oil inhibits its production.

Uso da iconografia e da iconologia como ferramenta de auxílio nas visitas técnicas em estabelecimentos de alimentação / Use of iconography and iconology as an aid tool in technical visits in food establishments

A vigilância sanitária dos alimentos tem como principal atribuição a fiscalização de locais que produzem, transportam e comercializam alimentos a fim de proporcionar alimentos saudáveis e seguros por meio da divulgação de boas práticas alimentares desde o acesso aos alimentos até o fornecimento aos consumidores. O objetivo neste estudo foi descrever o uso da iconografia e da iconologia como ferramentas de auxílio nas visitas técnicas da vigilância sanitária aos estabelecimentos de alimentação e verificar suas condições higienicossanitárias. Trata-se de estudo descritivo transversal realizado por meio do uso da iconografia e iconologia (fotografia) em cinco dos dez estabelecimentos de alimentação que aceitaram participar da pesquisa, em São Luís-MA no ano de 2016. Foram selecionadas quatro situações implícitas nas fotografias que são analisadas iconográfica e iconologicamente e que retratam itens de fiscalização na vigilância dos alimentos em estabelecimentos de alimentação. Neste estudo, verificou-se que esta ferramenta é um instrumento de complemento eficiente a ser utilizado nas atividades de inspeção/ fiscalização, por meio da qual se podem observar os seguintes itens: a estrutura física dos estabelecimentos de alimentos; a forma de exposição e armazenamento dos produtos alimentícios e as condições do manipulador de alimentos, itens que na maioria dos estabelecimentos de alimentação deste estudo estavam em condições favoráveis. Esta ferramenta subsidia a inspeção in loco, e pode ser melhor explorada quando houver maiores demandas de visitas técnicas e não houver disponibilização de recursos humanos, mas jamais devem ser dissociadas das visitas técnicas in loco.(AU)

Sanitary food surveillance has as its main task the monitoring of premises that produce, transport and market food in order to provide safe and healthy food by disseminating good food practices from access to food to supply to consumers. The objective of this study was to describe the use of iconography and iconology as a tool to aid in the technical visits of sanitary surveillance to food establishments and to verify their hygienic and sanitary conditions. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out through the use of iconography and iconology (photography) in five of the ten food establishments that accepted to participate in the research, in São Luís / MA in the year 2016. Four situations were selected implicit in the photographs are analyzed iconographically and iconologically and portray surveillance items in food surveillance in food establishments. In this study, it was verified through this tool that it is an efficient complement tool to be used in inspection / inspection activities and that the following items can be observed: the physical structure of food establishments; as well as exposure, storage of food products adequately and inadequately, and conditions of the food handler, items that in most of the food establishments of this study were in favorable conditions. This tool subsidizes on-site inspection, and can be better exploited when there are greater demands for technical visits and there is no human resources available, but they should be disassociated with on-site technical visits.

Uso da iconografia e da iconologia como ferramenta de auxílio nas visitas técnicas em estabelecimentos de alimentação

A vigilância sanitária dos alimentos tem como principal atribuição a fiscalização de locais que produzem, transportam e comercializam alimentos a fim de proporcionar alimentos saudáveis e seguros por meio da divulgação de boas práticas alimentares desde o acesso aos alimentos até o fornecimento aos consumidores. O objetivo neste estudo foi descrever o uso da iconografia e da iconologia como ferramentas de auxílio nas visitas técnicas da vigilância sanitária aos estabelecimentos de alimentação e verificar suas condições higienicossanitárias. Trata-se de estudo descritivo transversal realizado por meio do uso da iconografia e iconologia (fotografia) em cinco dos dez estabelecimentos de alimentação que aceitaram participar da pesquisa, em São Luís-MA no ano de 2016. Foram selecionadas quatro situações implícitas nas fotografias que são analisadas iconográfica e iconologicamente e que retratam itens de fiscalização na vigilância dos alimentos em estabelecimentos de alimentação. Neste estudo, verificou-se que esta ferramenta é um instrumento de complemento eficiente a ser utilizado nas atividades de inspeção/ fiscalização, por meio da qual se podem observar os seguintes itens: a estrutura física dos estabelecimentos de alimentos; a forma de exposição e armazenamento dos produtos alimentícios e as condições do manipulador de alimentos, itens que na maioria dos estabelecimentos de alimentação deste estudo estavam em condições favoráveis. Esta ferramenta subsidia a inspeção in loco, e pode ser melhor explorada quando houver maiores demandas de visitas técnicas e não houver disponibilização de recursos humanos, mas jamais devem ser dissociadas das visitas técnicas in loco.(AU)

Sanitary food surveillance has as its main task the monitoring of premises that produce, transport and market food in order to provide safe and healthy food by disseminating good food practices from access to food to supply to consumers. The objective of this study was to describe the use of iconography and iconology as a tool to aid in the technical visits of sanitary surveillance to food establishments and to verify their hygienic and sanitary conditions. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out through the use of iconography and iconology (photography) in five of the ten food establishments that accepted to participate in the research, in São Luís / MA in the year 2016. Four situations were selected implicit in the photographs are analyzed iconographically and iconologically and portray surveillance items in food surveillance in food establishments. In this study, it was verified through this tool that it is an efficient complement tool to be used in inspection / inspection activities and that the following items can be observed: the physical structure of food establishments; as well as exposure, storage of food products adequately and inadequately, and conditions of the food handler, items that in most of the food establishments of this study were in favorable conditions. This tool subsidizes on-site inspection, and can be better exploited when there are greater demands for technical visits and there is no human resources available, but they should be disassociated with on-site technical visits.(AU)

Susceptibilidade de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite cru a antibióticos comerciais / Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk to commercial antibiotics

O leite possui extremo valor na dieta humana e constitui um excelente substrato para o crescimento de grande diversidade de microrganismos, dentre eles o Staphylococcus aureus, frequentemente encontrado no leite cru, e que se destaca como um dos microrganismos mais prevalentes em casos de mastite bovina no mundo. Objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade de cepas de S. aureus isoladas de leite cru à antimicrobianos comerciais. Para isso, selecionaram-se antibióticos com base em pesquisas junto a estabelecimentos comerciais de medicamentos veterinários no município de Zé Doca, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Esses antibióticos foram identificados por associação à base de penicilina, estreptomicina, isoniazida e prednisolona (BPC), oxitetraciclina base (TOR), associação à base de penicilina e estreptomicina (MPP) e cloridrato de tetraciclina (TCA). Posteriormente, realizou-se contagem de Staphylococcus spp., com isolamento e identificação bioquímica das cepas de S. aureus as quais, em seguida, foram submetidas à antibiogramas com identificação de ce,pas produtoras de beta-lactamase. Os resultados demonstraram contaminação em todas as amostras por Staphylococcus spp., com contagens de 1,9 x 103 a 5,24 x 106 UFC/mL. Dentre os antibióticos testados, o TOR apresentou maior eficiência na eliminação ou redução de todas as cepas de S. aureus. Verificou-se que 50% das cepas de S. aureus isoladas produziram enzima beta-lactamase. Torna-se necessário a criação de medidas de combate ao surgimento de novas cepas bacterianas e atuação das autoridades públicas, fiscalizando a comercialização de medicamentos veterinários.

Milk is extremelly valuable to the human diet and an excellent substrate for the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, frequently found in raw milk and one of the most prevalent microorganisms in cases of bovine mastitis in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk to commercial antimicrobials. For this end, antibiotics based on research were selected from commercial establishments of veterinary drugs in the municipality of Zé Doca (Maranhão State, Brazil). The antibiotics were identified by association with penicillin, streptomycin, isoniazid and prednisolone (PCB), oxytetracycline base (TOR), a combination of penicillin and streptomycin (MPP), and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCA). Subsequently, Staphylococcus spp. counting was perfomed, with isolation and biochemical identification of strains of S. aureus, which were then submitted to antibiograms with identification of beta-lactamase producing strains. The results showed contamination in all samples by Staphylococcus spp., with counts ranging from 1.9 x 103 to 5.24 x 106 CFU/mL. Among the antibiotics tested, TOR showed the highest efficiency in elimination or reduction of all S. aureus strains. We found that 50% of S. aureus strains isolated produced the enzyme beta-lactamase. It is necessary to create measures to combat the emergence of new bacterial strains and to promote action by public authorities, supervising the commercialization of veterinary drugs.

Susceptibilidade de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite cru a antibióticos comerciais / Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk to commercial antibiotics

O leite possui extremo valor na dieta humana e constitui um excelente substrato para o crescimento de grande diversidade de microrganismos, dentre eles o Staphylococcus aureus, frequentemente encontrado no leite cru, e que se destaca como um dos microrganismos mais prevalentes em casos de mastite bovina no mundo. Objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade de cepas de S. aureus isoladas de leite cru à antimicrobianos comerciais. Para isso, selecionaram-se antibióticos com base em pesquisas junto a estabelecimentos comerciais de medicamentos veterinários no município de Zé Doca, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Esses antibióticos foram identificados por associação à base de penicilina, estreptomicina, isoniazida e prednisolona (BPC), oxitetraciclina base (TOR), associação à base de penicilina e estreptomicina (MPP) e cloridrato de tetraciclina (TCA). Posteriormente, realizou-se contagem de Staphylococcus spp., com isolamento e identificação bioquímica das cepas de S. aureus as quais, em seguida, foram submetidas à antibiogramas com identificação de ce,pas produtoras de beta-lactamase. Os resultados demonstraram contaminação em todas as amostras por Staphylococcus spp., com contagens de 1,9 x 103 a 5,24 x 106 UFC/mL. Dentre os antibióticos testados, o TOR apresentou maior eficiência na eliminação ou redução de todas as cepas de S. aureus. Verificou-se que 50% das cepas de S. aureus isoladas produziram enzima beta-lactamase. Torna-se necessário a criação de medidas de combate ao surgimento de novas cepas bacterianas e atuação das autoridades públicas, fiscalizando a comercialização de medicamentos veterinários.(AU)

Milk is extremelly valuable to the human diet and an excellent substrate for the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, frequently found in raw milk and one of the most prevalent microorganisms in cases of bovine mastitis in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk to commercial antimicrobials. For this end, antibiotics based on research were selected from commercial establishments of veterinary drugs in the municipality of Zé Doca (Maranhão State, Brazil). The antibiotics were identified by association with penicillin, streptomycin, isoniazid and prednisolone (PCB), oxytetracycline base (TOR), a combination of penicillin and streptomycin (MPP), and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCA). Subsequently, Staphylococcus spp. counting was perfomed, with isolation and biochemical identification of strains of S. aureus, which were then submitted to antibiograms with identification of beta-lactamase producing strains. The results showed contamination in all samples by Staphylococcus spp., with counts ranging from 1.9 x 103 to 5.24 x 106 CFU/mL. Among the antibiotics tested, TOR showed the highest efficiency in elimination or reduction of all S. aureus strains. We found that 50% of S. aureus strains isolated produced the enzyme beta-lactamase. It is necessary to create measures to combat the emergence of new bacterial strains and to promote action by public authorities, supervising the commercialization of veterinary drugs.(AU)