Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein inhibits toll-like receptor 2 activation by lipoteichoic acid in human odontoblast-like cells.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that odontoblasts sense gram-positive bacteria components through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and trigger dental pulp immunity by producing proinflammatory cytokines. Currently, the factors that modulate odontoblast TLR2 activation are unknown. Our aim was to investigate lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) effects on the TLR2-mediated odontoblast response. METHODS: Human odontoblast-like cells were stimulated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (a TLR2 ligand), LBP, CD14 (a TLR2 cofactor), or various combinations of LTA/LBP, LTA/CD14, or LTA/CD14/LBP. CXCL8, IL6, and TLR2 gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CXCL8 and interleukin (IL)-6 production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in culture supernatants of cells stimulated with LTA, LTA/CD14, or LTA/CD14/LBP. LBP effects on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p38, JNK, ERK, STAT3, and p70S6 signaling pathways were determined in LTA-stimulated odontoblast-like cells with a multiplex biometric immunoassay. LBP effects were compared with specific inhibitors of these signaling pathways. LBP transcript and protein were investigated in vivo in healthy and inflamed dental pulps by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Activation of CXCL8, IL6, and TLR2 gene expression and CXCL8 and IL-6 secretion in LTA- and LTA/CD14-stimulated odontoblast-like cells was significantly decreased by LBP. LBP inhibited NF-κB and p38 signaling pathways in LTA-stimulated cells in a similar way to NF-κB and p38 inhibitors. LBP transcript and protein were detected in vivo in inflamed dental pulps but not in healthy ones. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that LBP reduces TLR2-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines by odontoblast-like cells. We suggest that in this way it could modulate host defense in human dental pulp.

Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 oppositely regulate epidermal permeability barrier status and differentiation.

Cannabinoid receptors (CBR) 1 and 2 have been implicated in keratinocyte differentiation/proliferation. How CB receptors affect epidermal permeability barrier and stratum corneum structure and function remains unclear. Permeability barrier abrogation was induced by sequential tape-stripping of the SC and assessed in both CB1R and CB2R knockout (-/-) mice in comparison with wild-type (+/+) littermates. Absence of CB1R delays permeability barrier recovery, while the latter was found to be accelerated in CB2R -/- mice. While increased lamellar body (LB) secretion is observed in CB2R -/- mice accounting for the enhanced recovery, CB1R -/- animals display strong alterations in lipid bilayer structures. Markers for epidermal differentiation (i.e. filaggrin, loricrin and involucrin) and terminal differentiation (i.e. TUNEL assay and caspase-14 activation) were respectively decreased and increased in CB1R and CB2R -/- mice. Surprisingly, CB1R agonist treatment of human cultured keratinocytes increases mRNA of p21 and cytokeratin 1 and 10 and decreases cyclin D1 but protein levels remained unchanged. Such paradox could partially be explained by the increase in non-phosphorylated-4E-BP1, an inhibitor of mRNA translation, following CB1R agonist treatment. Altogether, these observations put forward the importance and the complexity of cannabinoid signalling for the regulation of permeability barrier and epidermal differentiation.

Patented natural avocado sugar modulates the HBD-2 and HBD-3 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptor-2 and ERK/MAPK activation.

Keratinocytes stimulated by microbial organisms secrete not only a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, but also antimicrobial peptides such as beta-defensins (HBDs) such as HBD-2 and HBD-3. AV119, a patented blend of avocado sugar, triggers the up-regulation of HBD-2 in skin epithelia upon contact with AV119, but the signalling mechanisms involved are not completely understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if AV119 was able to induce also the expression of HBD-3 in human keratinocytes. In addition, the receptor and intracellular pathways involved in the AV119 up-regulation of HBD-2 and HBD-3 were investigated. Our results demonstrated that AV119 induces a significantly increase of the expression of HBD-3. In addition, the HBD-2 and HBD-3 AV119-induced gene expression and release are TLR-2 dependent. Finally, we demonstrated that AV119 induced ERK/MAPK phosphorylation in human keratinocytes, thus providing evidence that HBD-2 and HBD-3 secretion is through the same transductional pathway. The ability of AV119 to induce also HBD-3 may amplify its therapeutic potential against a broader spectrum of bacterial and yeast strains responsible for human skin disorders.

Regulation of subchondral bone osteoblast metabolism by cyclic compression.

OBJECTIVE: Recent data have shown that abnormal subchondral bone remodeling plays an important role in osteoarthritis (OA) onset and progression, and it was suggested that abnormal mechanical pressure applied to the articulation was responsible for these metabolic changes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of cyclic compression on osteoblasts from OA subchondral bone. METHODS: Osteoblasts were isolated from sclerotic and nonsclerotic areas of human OA subchondral bone. After 28 days, the osteoblasts were surrounded by an abundant extracellular matrix and formed a resistant membrane, which was submitted to cyclic compression (1 MPa at 1 Hz) for 4 hours. Gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein production in culture supernatants was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or visualized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compression increased the expression of genes coding for interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2, RANKL, fibroblast growth factor 2, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), MMP-9, and MMP-13 but reduced the expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts in both sclerotic and nonsclerotic areas. Colα1(I) and MMP-2 were not significantly affected by mechanical stimuli. Nonsclerotic osteoblasts were significantly more sensitive to compression than sclerotic ones, but after compression, differences in messenger RNA levels between nonsclerotic and sclerotic osteoblasts were largely reduced or even abolished. Under basal conditions, sclerotic osteoblasts expressed similar levels of α5, αv, ß1, and ß3 integrins and CD44 as nonsclerotic osteoblasts but 30% less connexin 43, an important mechanoreceptor. CONCLUSION: Genes involved in subchondral bone sclerosis are mechanosensitive. After compression, nonsclerotic and sclerotic osteoblasts expressed a similar phenotype, suggesting that compression could be responsible for the phenotype changes in OA subchondral osteoblasts.

AV119, a natural sugar from avocado gratissima, modulates the LPS-induced proinflammatory response in human keratinocytes.

Keratinocytes play an active role in innate immune responses by secreting a variety of cytokines and chemokines. The release of critical proinflammatory cytokines, which are necessary to activate the immune response, is induced by the stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by molecules present on pathogenic micro-organisms such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). AV119, a patented blend of avocado sugars, induced the aggregation of Malassezia furfur, a dimorphic, lipid-dependent yeast that is part of the normal human cutaneous commensal flora and inhibited its penetration into the keratinocytes. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of AV119 were investigated in LPS-induced inflammation of human keratinocytes. In particular, we analysed the modulation of the LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) by AV119 and the involvement of TLR-4. Our data show that AV119 is able to modulate significantly the proinflammatory response in human keratinocytes, blocking the NF-kB activation in human keratinocytes.

Cytokine production by human odontoblast-like cells upon Toll-like receptor-2 engagement.

Recent studies have suggested that odontoblasts are involved in the dental pulp immune response to oral pathogens that invade human dentin during the caries process. How odontoblasts regulate the early inflammatory and immune pulp response to Gram-positive bacteria, which predominate in shallow and moderate dentin caries, is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by odontoblast-like cells upon engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, a pattern recognition molecule activated by Gram-positive bacteria components. We used a highly sensitive Milliplex(®) kit for detecting cytokines released by cells stimulated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, or with the potent TLR2 synthetic agonist Pam2CSK4. We found that odontoblasts produce the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8, as well as the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in response to TLR2 agonists. GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12(p70), IL-13 and TNF-α were not detected. These data indicate that TLR2 activation in human odontoblasts selectively induces production of mediators known to influence positively or negatively inflammatory and immune responses in pathogen-challenged tissues. We suggest that these molecules might be important in regulating the fine tuning of the pulp response to Gram-positive bacteria which enter dentin during the caries process.

Expression of NOD2 is increased in inflamed human dental pulps and lipoteichoic acid-stimulated odontoblast-like cells.

Human odontoblasts trigger immune response s to oral bacteria that invade dental tissues during the caries process. To date, their ability to regulate the expression of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor NOD2 when challenged by Gram-positive bacteria is unknown. In this study, we investigated NOD2 expression in healthy and inflamed human dental pulps challenged by bacteria, and in cultured odontoblast-like cells stimulated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist which is specific for Gram-positive bacteria. We found that NOD2 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in pulps with acute inflammation compared to healthy ones. In vitro, LTA augmented NOD2 gene expression and protein level in odontoblast-like cells. The increase was more pronounced in odontoblast-like cells compared to dental pulp fibroblasts. Blocking experiments in odontoblast-like cells with anti-TLR2 antibody strongly reduced the NOD2 gene expression increase, whereas stimulation with the synthetic TLR2 ligand Pam(2)CSK(4) confirmed NOD2 gene up-regulation following TLR2 engagement. These data suggest that NOD2 up-regulation is part of the odontoblast immune response to Gram-positive bacteria and might be important in protecting human dental pulp from the deleterious effects of cariogenic pathogens.

Natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist cream demonstrates similar therapeutic response to topical steroids in atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) requires permanent skin care. OBJECTIVE: A cream containing 2% SO (sunflower oleodistillate), with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist properties, has been compared to a topical steroid (hydrocortisone butyro-propionate 1 mg/g). METHODS: An open, randomized study included two groups of 40 children (aged 3 months to 4 years). Group A applied the steroid and group B applied the 2% SO cream, twice a day. SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) was determined at D0, D7 and D21 and quality of life (QoL) at D0 and D21. RESULTS: SCORAD was similar at D0 (37.2 versus 36.9), D7 (18.9 versus 19.2) (-49% and -48%) and D21 (11 versus 9.4) (-70% and -75%) (p < 0.01 versus D0). The Infant Dermatitis Quality of Life and Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire improved similarly by 65%/67% in group A and 72%/75% in group B at D21 (p < 0.01 versus D0). CONCLUSION: A 2% SO cream has demonstrated therapeutic properties, using clinical scores and QoL, comparable to those of a topical steroid.

Functional skin adaptation in infancy - almost complete but not fully competent.

Early postnatal life is a period of active functional reorganization and cutaneous physiological adaptation to the extrauterine environment. Skin as the outermost organ of mammalians is endowed of multiple functions such as protection, secretion, absorption and thermoregulation. Birth stimulates the epidermal barrier maturation and the skin surface acidification especially in premature infants. In full-term infants the developed stratum corneum accomplishes competent barrier function, in contrast to prematures. Complete barrier maturation in preterm infants is fulfilled by 2-4 weeks of the postnatal life. However, in preterms with 23-25 weeks gestational age this process takes longer. Versatile regulatory mechanisms, namely skin surface acidity, calcium ion gradient and nuclear hormone receptors/ligands are interrelated in the complex postnatal newborn adaptation. The skin of newborns is adjusting quickly to the challenging environmental conditions of the postpartum. However, certain functions, for example, microcirculation, continue to develop even beyond the neonatal period, that is, up to the age of 14-17 weeks. Different environmental factors (for instance, dry and cold climate, diapers and cosmetic care procedures) influence the postnatal development of skin functional parameters such as stratum corneum hydration and the permeability barrier especially in premature infants. The aim of this article is to summarize the current knowledge on skin physiology in newborn and infants with a practical approach and to discuss the possible clinical consequences. This review offers the readership a critical and practical overview of skin physiology in newborns and infants. It emphasizes possible new research fields in neonatal and infantile skin physiology.

Patented natural avocado sugars modulate the HBD-2 expression in human keratinocytes through the involvement of protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinases.

Skin keratinocytes constitute a protective mechanical barrier against invading microorganisms. Stimulated keratinocytes produce endogenous peptides such as the beta-defensins that have direct antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including most bacteria, certain fungi and enveloped viruses. In particular, human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) is virtually absent in normal skin and its expression in human keratinocytes requires stimulation by cytokines or bacteria. AV119, a patented avocado sugar, triggers the up-regulation of HBD-2, but the signalling mechanisms involved in this up-regulation in stimulated keratinocytes are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined the intracellular signalling pathways and nuclear responses in skin keratinocytes that contribute to HBD-2 gene expression upon stimulation with AV119. Our data provide information on signalling pathways in which the activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein kinase C (PKC) takes place and leads to AP-1 and HBD-2 gene activation.

Toll-like receptor 2 activation by lipoteichoic acid induces differential production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human odontoblasts, dental pulp fibroblasts and immature dendritic cells.

Odontoblasts, dental pulp fibroblasts and immature dendritic cells (DCs) have been involved in the human dental pulp immune response to oral pathogens that invade dentine during the caries process. How they regulate the inflammatory response to Gram-positive bacteria remains nevertheless largely unknown. In this study we investigated the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) in these three cell types upon stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria that activates the pattern recognition molecule Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). We observed that TNF-alpha gene expression was up-regulated in all LTA-stimulated cell types. IL-1beta gene expression was not or barely detectable in odontoblast-like cells and pulp fibroblasts when stimulated or not, but was expressed in immature DCs and increased upon stimulation. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta proteins were detected in DC culture supernatants but not in odontoblast-like cell and pulp fibroblast ones. CXCL8 gene and protein were clearly expressed and increased in the three cell types upon LTA stimulation. These data indicate that LTA-dependent TLR2 activation in odontoblasts and pulp fibroblasts, in contrast to immature DCs, does not lead to significant TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production, but that all three cell types influence the pulp inflammatory/immune response through CXCL8 synthesis and secretion.

Protective effects of total fraction of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on the structural changes in experimental dog osteoarthritis: inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-13.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were, first, to investigate the in vivo effects of treatment with avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on the development of osteoarthritic structural changes in the anterior cruciate ligament dog model and, second, to explore their mode of action. METHODS: Osteoarthritis was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection of the right knee in crossbred dogs. There were two treatment groups (n = 8 dogs/group), in which the animals received either placebo or avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (10 mg/kg per day), which were given orally for the entire duration of the study (8 weeks). We conducted macroscopic and histomorphological analyses of cartilage and subchondral bone of the femoral condyles and/or tibial plateaus. We also conducted immunohistochemical analyses in cartilage for the following antigens: inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)4 and ADAMTS5. RESULTS: The size of macroscopic lesions on the tibial plateaus was decreased (P = 0.04) in dogs treated with the avocado/soybean unsaponifiables. Histologically, in these animals the severity of cartilage lesions on both tibial plateaus and femoral condyles, and the cellular infiltration in synovium were significantly decreased (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.04, respectively). Treatment with avocado/soybean unsaponifiables also reduced loss of subchondral bone volume (P < 0.05) and calcified cartilage thickness (P = 0.01) compared with placebo. Immunohistochemical analysis of cartilage revealed that avocado/soybean unsaponifiables significantly reduced the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (P < 0.05) and MMP-13 (P = 0.01) in cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that treatment with avocado/soybean unsaponifiables can reduce the development of early osteoarthritic cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in the anterior cruciate ligament dog model of osteoarthritis. This effect appears to be mediated through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and MMP-13, which are key mediators of the structural changes that take place in osteoarthritis.

The benefits of sunflower oleodistillate (SOD) in pediatric dermatology.

For millennia, sunflower seed oil has been used in folk medicine for both skin care and the treatment of skin disorders. In its natural state, the oil contains high levels of essential fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, which has skin barrier-enhancing properties. A sunflower oleodistillate (SOD), which is produced through a molecular distillation process without the use of solvents, has been shown to increase the epidermal key lipid synthesis and to reduce inflammation in vitro and in animal models. It has also been shown to activate peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) in vitro. As PPAR-alpha agonists have been shown to stimulate keratinocyte differentiation, improve barrier function, and enhance lipid metabolism in the skin, it has been suggested that SOD might also be efficacious in atopic dermatitis (AD). An initial clinical evaluation of the care effect of a 2% SOD emulsion in 20 adult volunteers with atopic skin revealed the moisturizing properties of SOD. Finally, a strong steroid-sparing effect and a positive effect on quality-of-life parameters were clearly demonstrated for the 2% SOD cream in studies in infants and babies with AD.

New emollient with topical corticosteroid-sparing effect in treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis: SCORAD and quality of life improvement.

Emollients are commonly used for their effectiveness on atopic skin, supported by a few clinical studies suggesting their potential role as corticosteroid sparing agents. We investigated the effect of a new natural emollient on corticosteroid sparing and quality of life of young atopic children and their family. Eighty-six patients (4-48 mos) with moderate atopic dermatitis were randomized by 20 pediatricians to five groups for 21 days: corticosteroids (from twice daily to one application every other day) combined or not with the studied cream (twice daily), and evaluated by SCORAD and specific quality of life questionnaires. At the end of the study, all five groups were statistically improved in terms of SCORAD and quality of life index. Thus, application of a topical corticosteroid every other day in addition to the studied cream was as effective as a once or twice daily application of the steroid alone. The studied cream had a significant impact on lichenification, excoriation and quality of life. A twice daily application of a new natural emollient provided a major corticosteroid sparing, improved lichenification and excoriation and improved the quality of life in children and their parents.

Phenotypic characterization of osteoblasts from the sclerotic zones of osteoarthritic subchondral bone.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the phenotype of osteoblasts from the sclerotic zones of human osteoarthritic (OA) subchondral bone. METHODS: Human osteoblasts were isolated from sclerotic or nonsclerotic areas of subchondral bone and cultured for 14 days in monolayer. The expression of 14 genes was investigated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and transglutaminases (TGases) were quantified by enzymatic assays. C-terminal type I procollagen propeptide (CPI), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), osteocalcin (OC), and osteopontin (OPN) were assayed in the culture medium by immunoassay. RESULTS: Gene expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase 13, COL1A1 and COL1A2, OPN, tissue-nonspecific AP, OC, vascular endothelial growth factor, ANKH, TGase 2, factor XIIIA, and dentin matrix protein 1 were significantly up-regulated in sclerotic osteoblasts compared with nonsclerotic osteoblasts. In contrast, parathyroid hormone receptor gene expression was depressed in sclerotic osteoblasts, but bone sialoprotein levels were unchanged. The activities of AP and TGases were increased in sclerotic osteoblasts, while matrix mineralization, revealed by alizarin red staining, was decreased. In parallel, protein synthesis of CPI, OC, OPN, IL-6, IL-8, and TGFbeta1 was significantly higher in sclerotic osteoblasts than in nonsclerotic osteoblasts, while IL-1beta production was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in subchondral bone sclerosis and identify osteoblasts with an altered phenotype as a potential target for future OA therapies.

Effects of AV119, a natural sugar from avocado, on Malassezia furfur invasiveness and on the expression of HBD-2 and cytokines in human keratinocytes.

AV119 is a patented blend of two sugars from avocado that can induce human beta-defensin-2 production by normal human keratinocytes. In this study, we analysed the effect of AV119 on growth and invasiveness of Malassezia furfur, a dimorphic, lipid-dependent yeast that is part of the normal human cutaneous commensal flora. The ability to modulate the expression of the proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines in normal human keratinocytes was also investigated. Microbiological assay demonstrated that this sugar induced the aggregation of yeast cells and inhibited the invasiveness of M. furfur, without affecting its growth. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that AV119 was able to modulate the HBD-2 response in treated keratinocytes, reaching a maximum after 48-h treatment, and to induce the recovery of a satisfactory proinflammatory response in human keratinocytes. As AV119 can induce aggregation of yeast cells, thus inhibiting their penetration into the keratinocytes, the sugar could be used in the preparation of cosmetics or pharmacological drugs to inhibit colonization of the skin by pathogenic strains of M. furfur.

Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables prevent the inhibitory effect of osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts on aggrecan and type II collagen synthesis by chondrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on osteoblast-induced dysregulation of chondrocyte metabolism. METHODS: Human chondrocytes were isolated from osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage and cultured in alginate beads for 4 or 10 days in the absence or presence of osteoblasts isolated from nonsclerotic (NSC) or sclerotic (SC) zones of OA subchondral bone plate in monolayer. Before co-culture, osteoblasts were incubated or not with 10 microg/ml ASU for 72 hours. Aggrecan, type II collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-13, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and TGF-beta3, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels in chondrocytes were quantified by RT-PCR. Aggrecan, osteocalcin, TGF-beta1, interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 production were assayed by immunoassays. RESULTS: In co-culture, SC osteoblasts induced a significant inhibition of matrix protein production and a significant increase of MMP synthesis by chondrocytes. In contrast, SC osteoblasts did not modify TIMP-1, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3, iNOS, or COX-2 mRNA levels in chondrocytes. The pretreatment of SC osteoblasts with ASU fully prevented the inhibitory effects of SC osteoblasts on matrix component production, and even significantly increased type II collagen mRNA level over the control (chondrocytes alone) value. In contrast, pretreatment of SC osteoblasts with ASU did not significantly modify the expression of MMP, TIMP-1, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3, iNOS, or COX-2 gene by chondrocytes. CONCLUSION: ASU prevent the osteoarthritic osteoblast-induced inhibition of matrix molecule production, suggesting that this compound may promote OA cartilage repair by acting on subchondral bone osteoblasts. This finding constitutes a new mechanism of action for this compound, known for its beneficial effects on cartilage.

Lupinus albus, a novel vegetable extract with metalloproteinase inhibitory properties: a potential periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: In this study we examine the properties of a vegetable extract from seeds of Lupinus albus (LU 105). In previous works we demonstrated that LU 105 reduced the expression, by gingival fibroblasts, of both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. We decided to study the impact of LU 105 on cell proliferation and morphology. Using organ culture media we also studied the MMP and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (timp) expression AND THE cytokines secretion. METHODS: Healthy and inflamed gingival biopsies were placed in appendage culture with or without LU 105. The organ culture media were analyzed using Western blottings (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) and gelatine zymography. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was also performed on healthy and inflamed gingival biopsies, which were maintained in culture with or without LU 105 0.1%. Then, we decided to determine the amount of cytokines present in the organ culture media such as interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. RESULTS: When gingival biopsies derived from inflamed tissues were cultured with LU 105 0.1% in the culture media, the MMP and TIMP expression and activity decreased significantly when compared to cultures without LU 105. Moreover, we did not note any statistical difference in the cell proliferation compared with human gingival fibroblast cultures without LU 105. Furthermore, IL-1 beta, IL-6, TGF-beta, and TNF-alpha amounts in the culture media decreased significantly, whereas IL-4 increased significantly when LU 105 0.1% was added to the culture media. CONCLUSION: LU 105, a novel metalloproteinase inhibitor with few consequences on cell proliferation and morphology, is a vegetable extract with potential clinical capacity.