Effect of Exercise Programs on Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with and without Frailty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The measurement of physical performance constitutes an indicator of the physical functional capacity of older adults with and without frailty. AIM: To present a synthesis of knowledge on the effect of exercise programs on physical performance in older adults with and without frailty in the community. METHOD: A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA-2020 criteria. The search for articles was made until 4 May 2023 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO and LILACS. The outcome variable was physical performance, measured through the SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery). The mean difference (MD) was estimated to evaluate the effect. RESULT: We found 2483 studies, of which 12 met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and 9 for the meta-analysis. The effect of exercise on SPPB scores was significantly higher in the exercise group compared to control in non-frail older adults with MD = 0.51 [95% CI, 0.05 to 0.96, p < 0.05]. Likewise, in older adults with frailty, the effect of exercise on the global SPPB score was significantly higher in the exercise group compared to the control with MD = 0.66 [95% CI, 0.09 to 1.24, p < 0.05]. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that exercise programs are effective in increasing and/or maintaining physical performance in older adults with and without frailty, whose effect is more evident in older adults with frailty, probably due to the greater margin of recovery of intrinsic capacity. This systematic review shows the differentiated effect of exercise training on physical performance in older adults with and without frailty. Scientific evidence reinforces the importance of implementing physical exercise programs in all older adults, including those who are frail. However, it is necessary to specify the types and doses (duration, frequency and intensity), for individualized groups, previously grouped according to the SPPB score.

Advanced Activities of Daily Living in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS 2018).

BACKGROUND: The advanced activities of daily living (AADLs) in old age is a key indicator of the mobility domain for the intrinsic capacity of older adults living in the community; for this reason, it is relevant to know the prevalence and risk factors related to performing fewer AADLs in different populations. AIM: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the ability to perform AADLs in older adults reported in the Mexican Study of Health and Aging (MSHA 2018). METHODS: A secondary cross-sectional analysis of the MSHA 2018 data was carried out, including a convenience sample of 6474 subjects ≥ 60 years of age, for both sexes, without cognitive deficits. Nine questions related to AADLs were selected from the database. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with <3 AADLs, including sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health status factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of the ability to perform <3 AADLs was 63%. Age is the most important risk factor for <3 AADLs, which increases by the decade, followed by sedentary lifestyle (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.91-2.42, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that age, schooling, urban residence, sedentary lifestyle, and comorbidity are the main risk factors for <3 AADLs in older Mexican adults.

Detection of Insomnia and Its Relationship with Cognitive Impairment, Depression, and Quality of Life in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans.

Sleep disturbances are one of the most frequent health problems in old age, among which insomnia stands out. It is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, frequent awakenings, or waking up too early and not having restful sleep, which may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment and depression, affecting functionality and quality of life. Insomnia is a very complex multifactorial problem that requires a multi- and interdisciplinary approach. However, it is frequently not diagnosed in older community-dwelling people, increasing the risk of psychological, cognitive, and quality of life alterations. The aim was to detect insomnia and its relationship with cognitive impairment, depression, and quality of life in older community-dwelling Mexicans. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 107 older adults from Mexico City. The following screening instruments were applied: Athens Insomnia Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire WHOQoL-Bref, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory. The frequency of insomnia detected was 57% and its relationship with cognitive impairment, depression, and low quality of life was 31% (OR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-6.6. p < 0.05), 41% (OR = 7.3, 95% CI, 2.3-22.9, p < 0.001), and 59% (OR = 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-5.4, p < 0.05), respectively. Our findings suggest that insomnia is a frequent clinical disorder that is not diagnosed and a significant risk factor for cognitive decline, depression, and poor quality of life.

Relationship between Self-Perception of Aging and Quality of Life in the Different Stages of Reproductive Aging in Mexican Women.

Biological aging has an abrupt beginning in women, changing their body and perceptions, which are not accepted easily because the actual stereotypes are focused on youth and anti-aging. Our interest was to explore what the self-perception of aging (SPA) is in middle-aged women throughout the reproductive aging stages and their association with the quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 women (40−69 years) living in Mexico City, who were separated according to their reproductive aging stage. An electronic version of the Spanish version of the Self-rated Attitudes Towards Old Age (SATO) and the WHO Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQoL) was applied to these women and was sent by WhatsApp or email. Seventeen women of the total sample (7%) had a negative self-perception of aging. There is an association between SATO and WHOQoL (r = −0.273, p < 0.0001), but in the menopausal transition stage, the association is strong in the psychological subscale, and after menopause, early and late postmenopausal women show a better association in the social subscale. Negative SPA impacts the WHOQoL psychological dimension and not the total WHOQoL score. Our findings suggest an association between SPA and quality of life in different reproductive aging stages.

Effect of a Community Gerontology Program on the Control of Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Older Adults.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is highly prevalent in older adults; it constitutes a risk factor for cognitive deterioration, frailty, and Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, the WHO has pointed out the importance of the implementation of community programs for the training of healthy aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a community gerontology program framed in active aging on the control of metabolic syndrome in older adults. Methods: An experimental study was carried out in a convenience sample of 80 older adults diagnosed with MS according to the ATPIII criteria, comprising (1) experimental group (EG), n = 40; (2) control group (CG), n = 40. During a 6-month period, the EG participated in a supervised community gerontology program, and the CG was assessed monthly. Results: A statistically significant decrease was observed in the number of components for the diagnosis of MS. In this regard, of the total of participants with a diagnosis of MS in EG, only 28% maintained the diagnosis of MS (ATPIII ≥ 3 criteria), in contrast to 83% of the CG participants (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that health self-care training within the framework of active aging is effective for the control of MS in older adults.

Oxidative Stress Risk Is Increased with a Sedentary Lifestyle during Aging in Mexican Women.

Oxidative stress (OS) increases during the human aging process, and the sedentary lifestyle could be a prooxidant factor. In this study, we determine the effect of sedentary lifestyle on OS during the aging process in Mexican women. A longitudinal study of two-year follow-up was carried out with 177 community-dwelling women (40-69 y) from Mexico City. We measured as OS markers plasma malondialdehyde, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), total plasma antioxidant status, uric acid level, antioxidant gap, and SOD/GPx ratio. To define OS using all the markers, we defined cut-off values of each parameter based on the 90th percentile of young healthy subjects and, we calculated a stress score (SS) ranging from 0 to 7, which represented the intensity of the marker modifications. All the women answered a structured questionnaire about prooxidant factors, including physical activity specially the type of activity, frequency, and duration, and they answered Spanish versions of self-assessment tests for establishing dysthymia and insomnia as potential confounders. Principal component and Poisson regression analysis were used as statistical tools, being two-year OS the primary outcome. The OS was considerate as SS ≥ 4 and sedentary lifestyle as <30 min/day of physical activity, beside several prooxidant factors and age that were covariables. SS is higher in sedentary lifestyle women after the two-year follow-up; although, the difference was statistically significant only in older women. Four principal components were associated with the OS, and 7 out of 8 prooxidant factors were important for the analysis, which were included in the Poisson model. The predictive factors for OS were the sedentary lifestyle (adjusted PR = 2.37, CI95%: 1.30-4.30, p < 0.01), and age, in which the risk increases 1.06 (CI95%:1.02-2.11, p < 0.01) by each year of age. Our findings suggest that a sedentary lifestyle increases the OS during the aging in Mexican women.

Enfermedad renal relacionada con la inmunoglobulina g4 / Inmunoglobulin g4-related kidney disease

RESUMEN La enfermedad relacionada con la inmunoglobulina G4 (IgG4) es un proceso fibroinflamatorio relacionado con la inmumomediación. En las últimas décadas, esta enfermedad ha sido reconocida como un trastorno sistémico que engloba afecciones individuales de órganos, antes no relacionadas y conocidas como entidades independientes. La afectación renal de la enfermedad relacionada con la IgG4 puede ser tanto sincrónica como metacrónica al compromiso de otro órgano como el que se da en la pancreatitis autoinmune, la colangitis esclerosante, la fibrosis retroperitoneal o la linfadenopatía relacionadas con IgG4. En esta revisión presentamos las manifestaciones más frecuentes de la afectación renal por la enfermedad relacionada con IgG4, destacando el papel que tienen las pruebas de imagen. El tratamiento tanto de la enfermedad relacionada con IgG4 en general como de la afectación renal en particular son los glucocorticoides. Es importante conocer esta enfermedad, sospecharla y realizar un diagnóstico precoz y preciso.

ABSTRACT Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immunomediated fibroinflammatory process. In the last few decades, this disease has been recognized as a systemic disorder encompassing individual involvement of organs, previously unrelated and known as independent entities. Renal involvement in IgG4-RD may be both synchronous and metachronous to other organ compromise, such as that seen in autoimmune pancreatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, or IgG4-related lymphadenopathy. In this review we present the most frequent manifestations of renal involvement due to IgG4-RD, highlighting the role of imaging tests. The treatment of both IgG4-RD in general and renal involvement in particular are glucocorticoids. It is important to know about this disease, be suspicious about it and make an early and accurate diagnosis.

Control glucémico relacionado con la autoestima y depresión de adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus en la Ciudad de México / Glycemic control related to self-esteem and depression in older adults with diabetes mellitus in Mexico City

Resumen

Introducción: el envejecimiento por sí mismo constituye un factor de riesgo para la presencia de diabetes mellitus, ya que por sus complicaciones, alta mortalidad y cronicidad se afecta gradual y progresivamente el bienestar psicológico de quien la padece.

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la autoestima baja y la depresión con el control glucémico de los adultos mayores de la Ciudad de México.

Metodología: estudio transversal analítico en 182 adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos, se aplicó la Escala de Autoestima de Rosemberg y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS-Yesavage). El análisis fue con medidas de tendencia central, dispersión, chi cuadrada y t de Student; para calcular el riesgo se utilizó razón de momios con un intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%).

Resultados: se identificó autoestima alta en 36 y 19% (p < 0.01) y depresión en 34 y 56% (p = 0.004) de los adultos mayores con y sin control glucémico, respectivamente. Se encontró una asociación con la autoestima media y baja (razón de momios (RM) = 2.39, IC95% de 1.0-5.3 p = 0.01) y presencia de depresión (RM= 2.50, IC95% 1.34-4.67, p = 0.004).

Conclusión: los resultados sugieren una relación positiva de autoestima baja y depresión con el control glucémico de los adultos mayores diabéticos.

Abstract

Introduction: Aging by itself is a risk factor for the presence of diabetes mellitus, since the psychological well-being of the sufferer is gradually and progressively affected due to its complications, high mortality and chronicity.

Objective: To determine the relationship between low self-esteem and depression with glycemic control of older adults in Mexico City.

Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in 182 older adults with diabetes mellitus. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated; the Rosemberg Self-esteem Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-Yesavage) were applied. For the analysis we used measures of central tendency, dispersion, chi-squared and Student's t; to calculate risk, it was used odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

Results: High self-esteem was identified in 36 and 19% (p < 0.01) and depression in 34 and 56% (p = 0.004) of older adults with and without glycemic control, respectively. It was found an association between average self-esteem and low self-esteem (OR = 2.39, 95%G 1.0-5.3, p = 0.01) and presence of depression (OR = 2.50,95%CI 1.34-4.67, p = 0.004).

Conclusion: These results suggest a positive relationship of low self-esteem and depression with the glycemic control of diabetic older adults.

Relationship between Social Support Networks and Physical Functioning in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans.

Some studies have demonstrated the relationship between social support networks (SSNs) and health status. In this sense, it has been considered that physical and mental functioning is a key indicator of the health in the age people. The aim of this study was to determine the association between social support networks and physical functioning. A cross-sectional study was carried out including a convenience sample of 150 older community-dwelling Mexicans. We assessed the familial, extra-familial and institutional SSNs; social contacts; the activities of daily living (ADL); the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs); and physical functioning task (PFT) performance among study participants. Of the 150 older subjects, 53 reported living alone (35%), 113 (75%) reported having few SSNs, and 37 (25%) reported having enough SSNs. Persons with few familial SSNs were at increased odds of demonstrating dependence in at least one of the ADL (OR = 3.25, 95% CI 1.06-9.92, p < 0.05). Likewise, persons with few institutional SSNs and few social contacts were at increased odds of demonstrating dependence in at least one of the IADL (OR = 6.96, 95% CI 1.57-30.7, p < 0.01; OR = 5.02, 95% CI 1.44-17.5, p < 0.01, respectively). We also observed that having few extra-familial SSNs and few social contacts were the main risk factors for PFT dependence, with ORs of 3.70 (95% CI 1.21-11.2, p < 0.05) and 3.85 (95% CI 1.10-13.5, p < 0.05), respectively. Our findings suggest that having few SSNs could be a significant risk factor for reduced physical functioning in older adults.

Relationship between social support networks and diabetes control and its impact on the quality of life in older community-dwelling Mexicans.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between social support networks and diabetes control and its impact on quality of life in older community-dwelling Mexicans. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a convenience sample of 182 older diabetic people who were active participants in community self-care and mutual help groups in Mexico City for more than one year. All were independents and had medical diagnostics determining that they had diabetes without complications for one year or more. We measured biochemical and anthropometric parameters, social support networks for older people (SSN-Older) and perceived quality of life. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus had HbA1c (%) ≥ 8. RESULTS: It was found that 65% (118/182) of the elderly diabetics in the study were controlled. We observed a significantly higher average score in the SSN-Older scale on the extra-familial support subscale in the controlled diabetic group compared with the uncontrolled group (57 ± 25 vs. 49 ± 30, p < 0.05). Additionally, the average satisfaction score, as observed from SSN-Older scale data, was significantly higher in the controlled diabetics group compared with the uncontrolled group (51 ± 21 vs.42 ± 22, p = 0.01). Likewise, in the quality of life analysis, we observed that 81% of the controlled diabetics perceived a high quality of life compared with 19% of the uncontrolled group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that social support networks, especially community self-help groups, represent a determining social capital for control of diabetes mellitus in older people in the community.

Correlación entre la expresión del EGFR y el Ki-67 en astrocitomas difusamente infiltrantes en una serie de casos de la Fundación Centro Colombiano de Enfermedades Neurológicas y Epilepsia-Fire- de la ciudad de Cartagena de indias (Colombia) / The relationship between the detection of EGFR and Ki-67 in diffusely infiltrating astrocytic tumors from archives of Centro Colombiano de Enfermedades Neurológicas y Epilepsia-Fire- in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)

Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre expresión del EGFR y Ki-67 en tumores astrocíticos infiltrantes asociados con edad y sexo de los pacientes. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron láminas histológicas de archivo, con diagnóstico de astrocitoma difuso, anaplásico y glioblastoma, entre el 1 de enero de 2008 a 31 de diciembre de 2012. Los datos fueron consignados en tabla de Excel de acuerdo con las variables definidas y se exportaron al paquete estadístico SPSS, versión 17,0. Fueron analizadas las variables género, edad, grado histológico, porcentajes de inmunotinción para Ki-67 y EGFR. Resultados: Se identificaron 48 pacientes, edad promedio de 43,2 ± 18,1 años. Ligero predominio del sexo masculino: 22 (45,8 %) mujeres y 26 (54,2 %) hombres. La mayoría de casos se encontró en pacientes entre 21 y 40 años, y en este grupo fueron más frecuentes los astrocitomas difusos. El grado histológico más frecuente fue el IV, que correspondió al 50 % de los casos. El análisis de los inmunomarcadores no demostró correlación significativa entre la expresión del EGFR y el Ki-67 (r= -0,019; P= 0,89). Conclusión: La mayoría de los estudios muestra relación entre la detección del EGFR y el Ki-67 y su asociación con peor pronóstico de los pacientes. La presencia de otras posibles mutaciones en estos tumores no detectadas por estudios de inmunohistoquímica limitó nuestros resultados.

Objective: To identify the relationship between the expression of EGFR and Ki-67 in infiltrating astrocytic tumors and its association with patient's age and sex. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Histological samples diagnosed with diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic, and glioblastoma were reviewed from January 1,2008 to December 31,2012. Data were entered in Excel table according to defned variables and subsequently exported to SPSS version 17.0. Were analyzed the variables gender, age, histological grade, percentage of Ki-67 and EGFR immunostaining. Results: 48 patients were identifed with a mean age of 43.2 ± 18.1 years. Slight predominance in males: 22 (45.8 %) women and 26 (54.2 %) men. The highest percentage of cases was found in the group of patients between 21 and 40 years, more frequent in this group diffuse astrocytomas. The most common histologic grade was generally grade IV, corresponding to 50 % of cases. The analysis of the immune markers showed no signifcant correlation between EGFR expression and Ki-67 (r = -0.019, P = 0.89). Conclusions: Most studies show a strong relationship between the detection of EGFR and Ki-67 and its association with poor prognosis of patients. The presence of other possible mutations in these tumors not detected by immunohistochemistry merely our results.

Ascariasis hepática: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hepatic ascariasis: report of a case and review of the literature

El absceso hepático causado por áscaris es una presentación muy rara; constituye el 1 % de todos los casos y puede estar compuesto por huevos y/o gusanos adultos. Se presenta caso de mujer de 70 años, admitida por urgencias, con dolor tipo cólico en hemiabdomen superior, vómito, fiebre y sensación de masa; trae reporte de ecografía con colelitiasis, áscaris en el colédoco y aumento del tamaño pancreático. La TAC muestra imagen con aspecto de colección en hígado y parte anterior del páncreas. La biopsia hepática reporta infiltrado inflamatorio crónico mixto de predominio eosinofílico con células gigantes multinucleadas y necrosis, asociado a estructuras circulares compatible con ascariasis. Se realiza tratamiento con antibióticos y antihelmínticos, con evolución satisfactoria. En la literatura consultada son raros los casos reportados de ascariasis hepática, por lo cual es pertinente el reporte del caso.

Liver abscess caused by Ascaris is a very rare presentation, constituting about the 1 % of all cases and can consist on eggs and adult worms. There is a case of a 70 years woman admitted in emergency room due to colicky pain in the upper abdomen, vomiting, fever and abdominal mass sensation, the report of abdominal ultrasound shows cholelithiasis, Ascaris in the common bile duct and pancreatic enlarge-ment. Computed tomography showed an image reflecting collection in liver and in the front of the pancreas. The liver biopsy reported chronic mixed inflammatory infíltrate of predominantly eosinophilic multinucleated with giant cells and dead tissue, associated to circular structures that are compatible with ascariasis. Antibiotic and anthelmintics treat-ment is performed with satisfactory evolution. In the consulted literature are rare reported cases of hepatic ascariasis, what is relevant for the report of the case.

[Postmenopausal symptoms severity enhancement oxidative stress in women with metabolic syndrome]. / La severidad de los síntomas posmenopáusicos incrementa el estrés oxidativo en mujeres con síndrome metabólico.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is a serious imbalance between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced and the antioxidant systems, and has been identified to cause metabolic syndrome. Postmenopausal women (POS) with severe symptoms have higher oxidative stress; therefore it is possible to observe higher oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome and severe menopause related symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To determinate if the severe postmenopausal symptoms increased oxidative stress in women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We carry out a cross-sectional study with POS, 48 with metabolic syndrome and 52 healthy. Control group was defined as women heealthy and without severe symptoms (H-SS). Metabolic syndrome was defined according to criteria established by NCEP-ATPIII. We measured lipoperoxides by the TBARS assay as oxidative stress marker. All women answered the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) that evaluates the severity of global symptoms in three dimensions: psychological, somatic and urogenital; and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). In each questionnaire was used a cutoff value to determine the severity of symptoms and alternative cut-off value for lipoperoxides > or =0.320 mol/L. RESULTS: The prevalence of high plasma lipoperoxides levels was higher in women with metabolic syndrome (WMS), 39 [81%] vs. 33 [64%], p < 0.05. The WMS, independent of severe symptoms (SS), had high lipoperoxides levels, similar to H+SS, except in urogenital MRS dimen- sion and AIS. The risk of higher lipoperoxides increased with MS and severe symptoms RM=6.32, 95% CI: 1.32-30.20, p < 0.05, adjusted by others pro-oxidants factors. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the severity of menopausal related symptoms increased oxidative stress in women with metabolic syndrome.

Encefalocele etmoidonasal izquierdo: caso infrecuente diagnosticado en paciente adulto / Etmoidonasal Encephalocele Left: Diagnosed in Adult Patient

El encefalocele se caracteriza por la herniación del tejido nervioso a través de un defecto de la bóveda craneana, que puede ser congénito o adquirido, donde la cantidad y la localización de tejido cerebral que protruye determina el tipo y grado de déficit neurológico. La mayoría de las veces se diagnostica durante la infancia, por presencia de una masa nasal observada desde el nacimiento. El diagnóstico durante la edad adulta es raro. Con mayor frecuencia se asocia a complicaciones, como fístula del líquido cefalorraquídeo. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, y consiste en la resección del encefalocele, que variará dependiendo del sitio y estructura que involucre la lesión. En este caso se presenta una paciente femenina de 52 años, con episodio de síncope, convulsión tónico-clónica generalizada y pérdida de la conciencia. La resonancia magnética de cerebro reporta encefalocele etmoidonasal izquierdo. Posteriormente presenta fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y se realiza intervención quirúrgica, con confirmación histológica de la lesión...

The encephalocele is characterized by nervous tissue herniation through a defect in the cranial cavity, this can be congenital or acquired, where the quantity and location of protruding brain tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Most of the time it is diagnosed during infancy by the presence of a nasal mass observed from birth. The diagnosis in adulthood is rare. It is most often associated with complications such as cerebrospinal fluid fistula. The treatment is surgical and involves resection of encephalocele, which will vary depending on the site and structure involving injury. In this case, female patient presented 52 years with syncope episode, generalized tonic-clonic seizure and loss of consciousness. Brain MRI reports etmoidonasal encephalocele left. Subsequently presents cerebrospinal fluid fistula of surgeryperformed with histological confirmation of the lesion...

Enfermedad de Mikulicz: reporte de un caso / Mikulicz disease: a case report

La enfermedad de Mikulicz, descrita por Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki en 1888, constituye una patología benigna que compromete de manera simétrica las glándulas lagrimales y salivares. Su causa es desconocida; sin embargo, se ha asociado con el síndrome de Sjõgren, pero la patogénesis de ambas entidades es distinta. En el síndrome de Mikulicz se ha observado un aumento de la concentración sérica de IgG4 e infiltración linfocitaria en las glándulas salivales y lagrimales. En cuanto al tratamiento, se ha demostrado una adecuada respuesta a los glucocorticoides, sobre todo en estadios tempranos de la afección. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 31 años, con un curso de siete años de evolución, caracterizado por crecimiento indoloro y progresivo de las glándulas lagrimales y submaxilares, sin xerostomía ni xeroftalmia. El estudio histopatológico evidencia infiltración linfoproliferativa benigna compatible con enfermedad de Mikulicz.

Mikulicz’s disease was described by Johann Von Mikulicz-Radecki in 1888, it is a benign condition that involves symmetrically lacrimal and salivary glands, its etiology is unknown. It has been associated with Sjogren’s syndrome, being the pathogenesis of both diseases different. It has been observed in Mikulicz syndrome an increased serum IgG4 and infiltration of abundant plasmatic cells in lacrimal and salivary glands. It has shown an adequate response to glucocorticoids especially in early stages of the disease. We report a case of a female patient 31 years old, with an evolution of 7 years of painless, progressive growth of the lacrimal glands and submaxillary gland without xerostomia or xerophthalmia. Histopathological examination shows benign lymphoproliferative infiltration compatible with Mikulicz disease.

Menopause as risk factor for oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of menopause (hypoestrogenism) as a risk factor for oxidative stress. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study with 187 perimenopausal women from Mexico City, including 94 premenopausal (mean ± SD age, 44.9 ± 4.0 y; estrogen, 95.8 ± 65.7 pg/mL; follicle-stimulating hormone, 13.6 ± 16.9 mIU/mL) and 93 postmenopausal (mean ± SD age, 52.5 ± 3.3 y; estrogen, 12.8 ± 6.8 pg/mL; follicle-stimulating hormone, 51.4 ± 26.9 mIU/mL) women. We measured lipoperoxides using a thiobarbituric acid-reacting substance assay, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and the total antioxidant status with the Randox kit. An alternative cutoff value for lipoperoxide level of 0.320 µmol/L or higher was defined on the basis of the 90th percentile of young healthy participants. All women answered the Menopause Rating Scale, the Athens Insomnia Scale, and a structured questionnaire about pro-oxidant factors, that is, smoking, consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, and physical activity. Finally, we measured weight and height and calculated body mass index. RESULTS: The lipoperoxide levels were significantly higher in the postmenopausal group than in the premenopausal group (0.357 ± 0.05 vs 0.331 ± 0.05 µmol/L, P = 0.001). Using logistic regression to control pro-oxidant variables, we found that menopause was the main risk factor for oxidative stress (odds ratio, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.35-5.11; P < 0.01). We also found a positive correlation between menopause rating score, insomnia score, and lipoperoxides, and this relationship was most evident in the postmenopausal group (menopause scale, r = 0.327 [P = 0.001]; insomnia scale, r = 0.209 [P < 0.05]). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the depletion of estrogen in postmenopause could cause oxidative stress in addition to the known symptoms.

Relationship between metabolic syndrome components and oxidative stress in elderly community-dwelling Mexicans.

AIM: To determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and oxidative stress (OxS) in elderly community-dwelling Mexicans. METHODS: We carried out a comparative cross-sectional study on 113 elderly subjects (> or =60 years old); 50 of them did not have MetS and 63 did have MetS (based on Adult Treatment Panel III criteria). We measured total antioxidant status (TAS), plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and calculated the SOD/GPx ratio. High blood pressure (HBP) was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) > or =140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > or =90 mm Hg. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant increase in the percentage of cases of severe OxS in elderly subjects with MetS in comparison to healthy elderly (17 vs. 8%, OR: 7.33, 95% CI: 1.38-42.39; p < 0.01). It was observed that subjects with 5 MetS components had a 10-fold higher risk of developing OxS than subjects with 1 component (OR: 11.00, 95% CI: 1.72-115.17; p < 0.01). A positive correlation between SBP and LPO (r = 0.202, p < 0.05), and a negative correlation of SBP and DBP with TAS activity (r = -0.232, p < 0.05; r = -0.211, p < 0.05) were also observed. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that MetS is linked to severe OxS, that the number of metabolic syndrome components is a significant risk factor in the development of OxS, and that HBP is the most important metabolic syndrome component linked to OxS in the elderly.

Implementation of an active aging model in Mexico for prevention and control of chronic diseases in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: World Health Organization cites among the main challenges of populational aging the dual disease burden: the greater risk of disability, and the need for care. In this sense, the most frequent chronic diseases during old age worldwide are high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, depression, and dementia. Chronic disease-associated dependency represents an onerous sanitary and financial burden for the older adult, the family, and the health care system. Thus, it is necessary to propose community-level models for chronic disease prevention and control in old age. The aim of the present work is to show our experience in the development and implementation of a model for chronic disease prevention and control in old age at the community level under the active aging paradigm. METHODS/DESIGN: A longitudinal study will be carried out in a sample of 400 elderly urban and rural-dwelling individuals residing in Hidalgo State, Mexico during five years. All participants will be enrolled in the model active aging. This establishes the formation of 40 gerontological promoters (GPs) from among the older adults themselves. The GPs function as mutual-help group coordinators (gerontological nuclei) and establish self-care and self-promotion actions for elderly well-being and social development. It will be conformed a big-net of social network of 40 mutual-help groups of ten elderly adults each one, in which self-care is a daily practice for chronic disease prevention and control, as well as for achieving maximal well-being and life quality in old age. Indicators of the model's impact will be (i) therapeutic adherence; (ii) the incidence of the main chronic diseases in old age; (iii) life expectancy without chronic diseases at 60 years of age; (iv) disability adjusted life years lost; (v) years of life lost due to premature mortality, and (vi) years lived with disability. DISCUSSION: We propose that the implementation of the model active aging framework will permits the empowerment of older adults, which constitutes basic social capital for chronic disease prevention and control in old age.

Undernutrition and oxidative stress as risk factors for high blood pressure in older Mexican adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between undernutrition and oxidative stress as risk factors for high blood pressure (HBP) in older Mexican adults. We carried out a case-control study in a convenience sample of 62 older adults, 60-80 years of age; 32 without HBP (mean age 75.8 +/- 5.1 years) and 30 with HBP (mean age 65.2 +/- 6.8 years). METHODS: We measured serum lipoperoxide (LPO) levels, antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant activity and lipid profile; in addition, we evaluated the nutritional status with anthropometric measurements, the Mini Nutritional Assessment and food intake frequency. Data were analyzed with Student t and odds ratio (OR) statistical tests. RESULTS: We observed significantly higher LPO levels in subjects with HBP than in normotensive subjects (0.303 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.256 +/- 0.06 micromol/l; p < 0.05). With respect to risk factors for HBP, we found an OR of 12.2 (95% CI 1.9-76.4, p < 0.01) in subjects with high LPO levels (> or = 0.320 micromol/l) and an OR of 5.0 (95% CI 1.1-23.0, p < 0.05) in those with undernutrition. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that high LPO levels and undernutrition are significant risk factors for HBP.

Oxidative stress as a risk factor for osteoporosis in elderly Mexicans as characterized by antioxidant enzymes.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress (OxS) has recently been linked with osteoporosis; however, we do not know the influence of OxS as an independent risk factor for this disease. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in 94 subjects > or =60 years of age, 50 healthy and 44 with osteoporosis. We measured total antioxidant status, plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and calculated the SOD/GPx ratio. Bone mineral density was obtained at the peripheral DXA in calcaneus using a portable Norland Apollo Densitometer. Osteoporosis was considered when subjects had a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean value for young adults. RESULTS: GPx antioxidant activity was significantly lower in the group of subjects with osteoporosis in comparison with the group of healthy subjects (p < 0.01); in addition, the SOD/GPx ratio was significantly higher in the group of individuals with osteoporosis (p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, we found OxS to be an independent risk factor for osteoporosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.08-7.23; p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that OxS is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis linked to increase of SOD/GPx ratio.