Salmonella in the processing line of farmed Tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus) in Mato Grosso, Brazil: serotypes of occurrence and antimicrobial profile.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dispersion dynamics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in the processing of Tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus). Thirty fish were monitored during four processing stages (reception, first wash, evisceration, and prepackage area) in a fish slaughterhouse. One hundred and twenty fish surface samples were collected and tested through bacteriological analysis, PCR, serotyping, and antimicrobial resistance profile (disk-diffusion). Of these samples, 7.5% (9/120) were positive for Salmonella, with 0.83% being observed in the pre-packaging phase, indicating a low occurrence at this stage. All the analyzed stages were positive for Salmonella, with the prevalent serovars being Ndolo, Mbandaka, Typhimurium, Rough, and O:16. All strains were sensitive to various antimicrobials. Improvements in microbiological control during all processing stages should be implemented to ensure a Salmonella-free product.

Salmonella Schwarzengrund, Akuafo, and O:16 isolated from vacuum-packaged beef produced in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella spp. is a pathogen associated with foodborne infections, mainly in foods of animal origin. In this context, the present study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella serotypes, genotypes and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains in fresh beef produced in Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A total of 107 samples from 13 different slaughterhouses in the Mato Grosso were analyzed. Suggestive Salmonella spp. colonies detected during the biochemical screening were submitted to DNA extraction, and hilA gene amplification was used for the PCR reaction. Antimicrobial resistance analyses were performed using 17 antimicrobial agents from eight different classes by the disk diffusion method. Strains exhibiting multiple drug resistances were submitted to PCR genotyping based on repetitive sequences (rep-PCR), using a commercial semiautomatic DiversiLab® system. RESULTS: A total of 5.6% (6/107) of the samples tested positive by the conventional method and were confirmed by PCR, namely two S. Akuafo, two non-typable Salmonella enterica strains, one Salmonella O:16 serovar, and one S. Schwarzengrund. The antimicrobial resistance profiles indicated resistance to gentamicin (30%), tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (16%). Genotyping indicated a 70% difference between S. Schwarzengrund and the non-typable Salmonella strains. No genetic similarities were observed between the six Salmonella isolates based on rep-PCR, including two S. Akuafo. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained herein corroborate that Salmonella serovar Schwarzengrund is commonly isolated in animal products in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, also highlighting the presence of two unusual Salmonella serovars in beef (Akuafo and O:16).

Retrato da Dor: um caminho para entender o sofrimento do indivíduo / Pain Portrait: a way to understand individual suffering

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar o sofrimento associado às dores crônicas, por meio do instrumento projetivo "Retrato da Dor". Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado com 126 pacientes com dores crônicas de diversas etiologias. As respostas foram analisadas de acordo com o método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin e testes estatísticos. Foram encontrados pacientes: que acreditam que nenhum sofrimento se compara com a sua dor (34,9%); que comparam sua dor a outras dores ou doenças já experienciadas (16,6%); e os que comparam a dor a situações de sofrimento emocional (48,4%). Este estudo evidenciou que os aspectos emocionais desempenham um papel importante na maneira como o indivíduo irá interpretar e utilizar recursos próprios para lidar com suas dores.

Abstract This study aims to verify the suffering associated with chronic pain through the projective instrument "Pain Portrait". It is a descriptive study carried out with 126 patients with chronic pain of different etiologies. Responses were analyzed according to the Bardin content analysis method and statistical tests. Patients were found: who believe that no suffering compares to their pain (34.9%); Who compare their pain to other pains or diseases already experienced (16.6%); And those who compare pain to situations of emotional distress (48.4%). This study showed that emotional aspects play an important role in how the individual will interpret and use his or her own resources to deal with their pain.

Genome-Wide Association Studies Detect Multiple QTLs for Productivity in Mesoamerican Diversity Panel of Common Bean Under Drought Stress.

Drought stress is an important abiotic factor limiting common bean yield, with great impact on the production worldwide. Understanding the genetic basis regulating beans' yield and seed weight (SW) is a fundamental prerequisite for the development of superior cultivars. The main objectives of this work were to conduct genome-wide marker discovery by genotyping a Mesoamerican panel of common bean germplasm, containing cultivated and landrace accessions of broad origin, followed by the identification of genomic regions associated with productivity under two water regimes using different genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches. A total of 11,870 markers were genotyped for the 339 genotypes, of which 3,213 were SilicoDArT and 8,657 SNPs derived from DArT and CaptureSeq. The estimated linkage disequilibrium extension, corrected for structure and relatedness (r 2 sv ), was 98.63 and 124.18 kb for landraces and breeding lines, respectively. Germplasm was structured into landraces and lines/cultivars. We carried out GWASs for 100-SW and yield in field environments with and without water stress for 3 consecutive years, using single-, segment-, and gene-based models. Higher number of associations at high stringency was identified for the SW trait under irrigation, totaling ∼185 QTLs for both single- and segment-based, whereas gene-based GWASs showed ∼220 genomic regions containing ∼650 genes. For SW under drought, 18 QTLs were identified for single- and segment-based and 35 genes by gene-based GWASs. For yield, under irrigation, 25 associations were identified, whereas under drought the total was 10 using both approaches. In addition to the consistent associations detected across experiments, these GWAS approaches provided important complementary QTL information (∼221 QTLs; 650 genes; r 2 from 0.01% to 32%). Several QTLs were mined within or near candidate genes playing significant role in productivity, providing better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits and making available molecular tools to be used in marker-assisted breeding. The findings also allowed the identification of genetic material (germplasm) with better yield performance under drought, promising to a common bean breeding program. Finally, the availability of this highly diverse Mesoamerican panel is of great scientific value for the analysis of any relevant traits in common bean.

Independent and Joint-GWAS for growth traits in Eucalyptus by assembling genome-wide data for 3373 individuals across four breeding populations.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in plants typically suffer from limited statistical power. An alternative to the logistical and cost challenge of increasing sample sizes is to gain power by meta-analysis using information from independent studies. We carried out GWAS for growth traits with six single-marker models and regional heritability mapping (RHM) in four Eucalyptus breeding populations independently and by Joint-GWAS, using gene and segment-based models, with data for 3373 individuals genotyped with a communal EUChip60KSNP platform. While single-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) GWAS hardly detected significant associations at high-stringency in each population, gene-based Joint-GWAS revealed nine genes significantly associated with tree height. Associations detected using single-SNP GWAS, RHM and Joint-GWAS set-based models explained on average 3-20% of the phenotypic variance. Whole-genome regression, conversely, captured 64-89% of the pedigree-based heritability in all populations. Several associations independently detected for the same SNPs in different populations provided unprecedented GWAS validation results in forest trees. Rare and common associations were discovered in eight genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and lignification. With the increasing adoption of genomic prediction of complex phenotypes using shared SNPs and much larger tree breeding populations, Joint-GWAS approaches should provide increasing power to pinpoint discrete associations potentially useful toward tree breeding and molecular applications.

Quantitative Genetics and Genomics Converge to Accelerate Forest Tree Breeding.

Forest tree breeding has been successful at delivering genetically improved material for multiple traits based on recurrent cycles of selection, mating, and testing. However, long breeding cycles, late flowering, variable juvenile-mature correlations, emerging pests and diseases, climate, and market changes, all pose formidable challenges. Genetic dissection approaches such as quantitative trait mapping and association genetics have been fruitless to effectively drive operational marker-assisted selection (MAS) in forest trees, largely because of the complex multifactorial inheritance of most, if not all traits of interest. The convergence of high-throughput genomics and quantitative genetics has established two new paradigms that are changing contemporary tree breeding dogmas. Genomic selection (GS) uses large number of genome-wide markers to predict complex phenotypes. It has the potential to accelerate breeding cycles, increase selection intensity and improve the accuracy of breeding values. Realized genomic relationships matrices, on the other hand, provide innovations in genetic parameters' estimation and breeding approaches by tracking the variation arising from random Mendelian segregation in pedigrees. In light of a recent flow of promising experimental results, here we briefly review the main concepts, analytical tools and remaining challenges that currently underlie the application of genomics data to tree breeding. With easy and cost-effective genotyping, we are now at the brink of extensive adoption of GS in tree breeding. Areas for future GS research include optimizing strategies for updating prediction models, adding validated functional genomics data to improve prediction accuracy, and integrating genomic and multi-environment data for forecasting the performance of genetic material in untested sites or under changing climate scenarios. The buildup of phenotypic and genome-wide data across large-scale breeding populations and advances in computational prediction of discrete genomic features should also provide opportunities to enhance the application of genomics to tree breeding.

Hygienic sanitary conditions of vacuum packed beef produced by slaughterhouses qualified for export in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil / Condições higiênico sanitárias de carne embalada a vácuo produzida por abatedouros frigoríficos habilitados a exportação no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

Brazil is the largest exporter of beef of the world and Mato Grosso State is the highest beef producer in this country. To maintain product competitiveness and market expansion, sanitary hygienic control of the entire process is indispensable to ensure the attainment of harmless beef and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions of vacuum-packed beef produced by establishments qualified for export in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 60 samples were submitted to coliforms counts at 35°C and at 45°C and E. coli. The mean contamination by at 35°C and coliforms at 45°C were 3,1 x 102MPN/g and 7.7MPN/g respectively. The presence of E. coli was verified in five samples, representing an occurrence of 8.3% (5/60), and Salmonella spp. in 5% (03/60) of the analyzed samples. The MPN (Most Probable Number) average of coliforms at 35°C and 45°C are in accordance to national and international legislation; however, the presence of Samonella spp., E. coli in some sample indicates a low risk of occurrence of salmonellosis and colibacillosis transmitted by the evaluated beef. However, transmission risk of these diseases cannot be ruled out, since the presence of E. coli does not depend on the amount of coliforms and national legal standards established for the group of thermotolerant coliforms.(AU)

O Brasil é o maior exportador de carne bovina do mundo e Mato Grosso é o maior produtor de carne bovina do país. Para manter a competitividade do produto e a expansão do mercado, o controle higiênico sanitário de todo o processo é indispensável para garantir a obtenção de carne inócua e de qualidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênico sanitárias da carne bovina resfriada embalada a vácuo, não maturada produzida por estabelecimentos detentores de Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no estado de Mato Grosso. Um total de 60 amostras foram submetidas a contagem de coliformes à 35°C, coliformes à 45°C, pesquisa de E. coli e Salmonella spp. A contaminação média por coliformes à 35°C e coliformes à 45°C da carne bovina mato-grossense inspecionada pelo SIF foi 3,1 x 102NMP/g e 7,7NMP/g, respectivamente. A presença de E. coli foi verificada em cinco amostras o que representou uma ocorrência de 8,3% (5/60) e Salmonella spp. em 5% (3/60). Foi avaliado que a média NMP de coliformes à 35°C e à 45°C atende a legislação nacional e internacional, no entanto, a verificação da presença de Salmonella spp., E. coli em algumas amostras, evidenciou um baixo risco de ocorrência de salmonelose ou colibacilose transmitidas pela carne. Ainda assim, não se pode descartar o risco de veiculação dessas doenças, uma vez que a presença de E. coli independe da quantidade de coliformes e dos padrões legais nacionais estabelecidos para o grupo dos coliformes termotolerantes.(AU)

Hygienic sanitary conditions of vacuum packed beef produced by slaughterhouses qualified for export in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil / Condições higiênico sanitárias de carne embalada a vácuo produzida por abatedouros frigoríficos habilitados a exportação no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Brazil is the largest exporter of beef of the world and Mato Grosso State is the highest beef producer in this country. To maintain product competitiveness and market expansion, sanitary hygienic control of the entire process is indispensable to ensure the attainment of harmless beef and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions of vacuum-packed beef produced by establishments qualified for export in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 60 samples were submitted to coliforms counts at 35°C and at 45°C and E. coli. The mean contamination by at 35°C and coliforms at 45°C were 3,1 x 102MPN/g and 7.7MPN/g respectively. The presence of E. coli was verified in five samples, representing an occurrence of 8.3% (5/60), and Salmonella spp. in 5% (03/60) of the analyzed samples. The MPN (Most Probable Number) average of coliforms at 35°C and 45°C are in accordance to national and international legislation; however, the presence of Samonella spp., E. coli in some sample indicates a low risk of occurrence of salmonellosis and colibacillosis transmitted by the evaluated beef. However, transmission risk of these diseases cannot be ruled out, since the presence of E. coli does not depend on the amount of coliforms and national legal standards established for the group of thermotolerant coliforms.

RESUMO: O Brasil é o maior exportador de carne bovina do mundo e Mato Grosso é o maior produtor de carne bovina do país. Para manter a competitividade do produto e a expansão do mercado, o controle higiênico sanitário de todo o processo é indispensável para garantir a obtenção de carne inócua e de qualidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênico sanitárias da carne bovina resfriada embalada a vácuo, não maturada produzida por estabelecimentos detentores de Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no estado de Mato Grosso. Um total de 60 amostras foram submetidas a contagem de coliformes à 35°C, coliformes à 45°C, pesquisa de E. coli e Salmonella spp. A contaminação média por coliformes à 35°C e coliformes à 45°C da carne bovina mato-grossense inspecionada pelo SIF foi 3,1 x 102NMP/g e 7,7NMP/g, respectivamente. A presença de E. coli foi verificada em cinco amostras o que representou uma ocorrência de 8,3% (5/60) e Salmonella spp. em 5% (3/60). Foi avaliado que a média NMP de coliformes à 35°C e à 45°C atende a legislação nacional e internacional, no entanto, a verificação da presença de Salmonella spp., E. coli em algumas amostras, evidenciou um baixo risco de ocorrência de salmonelose ou colibacilose transmitidas pela carne. Ainda assim, não se pode descartar o risco de veiculação dessas doenças, uma vez que a presença de E. coli independe da quantidade de coliformes e dos padrões legais nacionais estabelecidos para o grupo dos coliformes termotolerantes.

Hygienic sanitary conditions of vacuum packed beef produced by slaughterhouses qualified for export in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil / Condições higiênico sanitárias de carne embalada a vácuo produzida por abatedouros frigoríficos habilitados a exportação no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

Brazil is the largest exporter of beef of the world and Mato Grosso State is the highest beef producer in this country. To maintain product competitiveness and market expansion, sanitary hygienic control of the entire process is indispensable to ensure the attainment of harmless beef and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions of vacuum-packed beef produced by establishments qualified for export in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 60 samples were submitted to coliforms counts at 35°C and at 45°C and E. coli. The mean contamination by at 35°C and coliforms at 45°C were 3,1 x 102MPN/g and 7.7MPN/g respectively. The presence of E. coli was verified in five samples, representing an occurrence of 8.3% (5/60), and Salmonella spp. in 5% (03/60) of the analyzed samples. The MPN (Most Probable Number) average of coliforms at 35°C and 45°C are in accordance to national and international legislation; however, the presence of Samonella spp., E. coli in some sample indicates a low risk of occurrence of salmonellosis and colibacillosis transmitted by the evaluated beef. However, transmission risk of these diseases cannot be ruled out, since the presence of E. coli does not depend on the amount of coliforms and national legal standards established for the group of thermotolerant coliforms.

O Brasil é o maior exportador de carne bovina do mundo e Mato Grosso é o maior produtor de carne bovina do país. Para manter a competitividade do produto e a expansão do mercado, o controle higiênico sanitário de todo o processo é indispensável para garantir a obtenção de carne inócua e de qualidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênico sanitárias da carne bovina resfriada embalada a vácuo, não maturada produzida por estabelecimentos detentores de Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no estado de Mato Grosso. Um total de 60 amostras foram submetidas a contagem de coliformes à 35°C, coliformes à 45°C, pesquisa de E. coli e Salmonella spp. A contaminação média por coliformes à 35°C e coliformes à 45°C da carne bovina mato-grossense inspecionada pelo SIF foi 3,1 x 102NMP/g e 7,7NMP/g, respectivamente. A presença de E. coli foi verificada em cinco amostras o que representou uma ocorrência de 8,3% (5/60) e Salmonella spp. em 5% (3/60). Foi avaliado que a média NMP de coliformes à 35°C e à 45°C atende a legislação nacional e internacional, no entanto, a verificação da presença de Salmonella spp., E. coli em algumas amostras, evidenciou um baixo risco de ocorrência de salmonelose ou colibacilose transmitidas pela carne. Ainda assim, não se pode descartar o risco de veiculação dessas doenças, uma vez que a presença de E. coli independe da quantidade de coliformes e dos padrões legais nacionais estabelecidos para o grupo dos coliformes termotolerantes.

Genomic prediction in contrast to a genome-wide association study in explaining heritable variation of complex growth traits in breeding populations of Eucalyptus.

BACKGROUND: The advent of high-throughput genotyping technologies coupled to genomic prediction methods established a new paradigm to integrate genomics and breeding. We carried out whole-genome prediction and contrasted it to a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for growth traits in breeding populations of Eucalyptus benthamii (n =505) and Eucalyptus pellita (n =732). Both species are of increasing commercial interest for the development of germplasm adapted to environmental stresses. RESULTS: Predictive ability reached 0.16 in E. benthamii and 0.44 in E. pellita for diameter growth. Predictive abilities using either Genomic BLUP or different Bayesian methods were similar, suggesting that growth adequately fits the infinitesimal model. Genomic prediction models using ~5000-10,000 SNPs provided predictive abilities equivalent to using all 13,787 and 19,506 SNPs genotyped in the E. benthamii and E. pellita populations, respectively. No difference was detected in predictive ability when different sets of SNPs were utilized, based on position (equidistantly genome-wide, inside genes, linkage disequilibrium pruned or on single chromosomes), as long as the total number of SNPs used was above ~5000. Predictive abilities obtained by removing relatedness between training and validation sets fell near zero for E. benthamii and were halved for E. pellita. These results corroborate the current view that relatedness is the main driver of genomic prediction, although some short-range historical linkage disequilibrium (LD) was likely captured for E. pellita. A GWAS identified only one significant association for volume growth in E. pellita, illustrating the fact that while genome-wide regression is able to account for large proportions of the heritability, very little or none of it is captured into significant associations using GWAS in breeding populations of the size evaluated in this study. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further experimental data supporting positive prospects of using genome-wide data to capture large proportions of trait heritability and predict growth traits in trees with accuracies equal or better than those attainable by phenotypic selection. Additionally, our results document the superiority of the whole-genome regression approach in accounting for large proportions of the heritability of complex traits such as growth in contrast to the limited value of the local GWAS approach toward breeding applications in forest trees.

In-depth genome characterization of a Brazilian common bean core collection using DArTseq high-density SNP genotyping.

BACKGROUND: Common bean is a legume of social and nutritional importance as a food crop, cultivated worldwide especially in developing countries, accounting for an important source of income for small farmers. The availability of the complete sequences of the two common bean genomes has dramatically accelerated and has enabled new experimental strategies to be applied for genetic research. DArTseq has been widely used as a method of SNP genotyping allowing comprehensive genome coverage with genetic applications in common bean breeding programs. RESULTS: Using this technology, 6286 SNPs (1 SNP/86.5 Kbp) were genotyped in genic (43.3%) and non-genic regions (56.7%). Genetic subdivision associated to the common bean gene pools (K = 2) and related to grain types (K = 3 and K = 5) were reported. A total of 83% and 91% of all SNPs were polymorphic within the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools, respectively, and 26% were able to differentiate the gene pools. Genetic diversity analysis revealed an average H E of 0.442 for the whole collection, 0.102 for Andean and 0.168 for Mesoamerican gene pools (F ST = 0.747 between gene pools), 0.440 for the group of cultivars and lines, and 0.448 for the group of landrace accessions (F ST = 0.002 between cultivar/line and landrace groups). The SNP effects were predicted with predominance of impact on non-coding regions (77.8%). SNPs under selection were identified within gene pools comparing landrace and cultivar/line germplasm groups (Andean: 18; Mesoamerican: 69) and between the gene pools (59 SNPs), predominantly on chromosomes 1 and 9. The LD extension estimate corrected for population structure and relatedness (r2SV) was ~ 88 kbp, while for the Andean gene pool was ~ 395 kbp, and for the Mesoamerican was ~ 130 kbp. CONCLUSIONS: For common bean, DArTseq provides an efficient and cost-effective strategy of generating SNPs for large-scale genome-wide studies. The DArTseq resulted in an operational panel of 560 polymorphic SNPs in linkage equilibrium, providing high genome coverage. This SNP set could be used in genotyping platforms with many applications, such as population genetics, phylogeny relation between common bean varieties and support to molecular breeding approaches.

SNP discovery in common bean by restriction-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing for genetic diversity and population structure analysis.

Researchers have made great advances into the development and application of genomic approaches for common beans, creating opportunities to driving more real and applicable strategies for sustainable management of the genetic resource towards plant breeding. This work provides useful polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for high-throughput common bean genotyping developed by RAD (restriction site-associated DNA) sequencing. The RAD tags were generated from DNA pooled from 12 common bean genotypes, including breeding lines of different gene pools and market classes. The aligned sequences identified 23,748 putative RAD-SNPs, of which 3357 were adequate for genotyping; 1032 RAD-SNPs with the highest ADT (assay design tool) score are presented in this article. The RAD-SNPs were structurally annotated in different coding (47.00 %) and non-coding (53.00 %) sequence components of genes. A subset of 384 RAD-SNPs with broad genome distribution was used to genotype a diverse panel of 95 common bean germplasms and revealed a successful amplification rate of 96.6 %, showing 73 % of polymorphic SNPs within the Andean group and 83 % in the Mesoamerican group. A slightly increased He (0.161, n = 21) value was estimated for the Andean gene pool, compared to the Mesoamerican group (0.156, n = 74). For the linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis, from a group of 580 SNPs (289 RAD-SNPs and 291 BARC-SNPs) genotyped for the same set of genotypes, 70.2 % were in LD, decreasing to 0.10 %in the Andean group and 0.77 % in the Mesoamerican group. Haplotype patterns spanning 310 Mb of the genome (60 %) were characterized in samples from different origins. However, the haplotype frameworks were under-represented for the Andean (7.85 %) and Mesoamerican (5.55 %) gene pools separately. In conclusion, RAD sequencing allowed the discovery of hundreds of useful SNPs for broad genetic analysis of common bean germplasm. From now, this approach provides an excellent panel of molecular tools for whole genome analysis, allowing integrating and better exploring the common bean breeding practices.

Analysis of BAC-end sequences in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) towards the development and characterization of long motifs SSRs.

The increasing volume of genomic data on the Phaseolus vulgaris species have contributed to its importance as a model genetic species and positively affected the investigation of other legumes of scientific and economic value. To expand and gain a more in-depth knowledge of the common bean genome, the ends of a number of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) were sequenced, annotated and the presence of repetitive sequences was determined. In total, 52,270 BESs (BAC-end sequences), equivalent to 32 Mbp (~6 %) of the genome, were processed. In total, 3,789 BES-SSRs were identified, with a distribution of one SSR (simple sequence repeat) per 8.36 kbp and 2,000 were suitable for the development of SSRs, of which 194 were evaluated in low-resolution screening. From 40 BES-SSRs based on long motifs SSRs (≥ trinucleotides) analyzed in high-resolution genotyping, 34 showed an equally good amplification for the Andean and for the Mesoamerican genepools, exhibiting an average gene diversity (H E) of 0.490 and 5.59 alleles/locus, of which six classified as Class I showed a H E ≥ 0.7. The PCoA and structure analysis allowed to discriminate the gene pools (K = 2, FST = 0.733). From the 52,270 BESs, 2 % corresponded to transcription factors and 3 % to transposable elements. Putative functions for 24,321 BESs were identified and for 19,363 were assigned functional categories (gene ontology). This study identified highly polymorphic BES-SSRs containing tri- to hexanucleotides motifs and bringing together relevant genetic characteristics useful for breeding programs. Additionally, the BESs were incorporated into the international genome-sequencing project for the common bean.

Retrato de dores crônicas: percepção da dor através do olhar dos sofredores / Chronic pain portrait: pain perception through the eyes of sufferers

Justificativa e objetivos: A literatura enumera vários fatores que influenciam na eclosão ou manutenção da dor crônica; entretanto, sabe-se que esses aspectos não podem ser generalizados e universalizados, pois estudos afirmam que as diferenças socioculturais interferem na percepção do quadro álgico. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a percepção que o paciente tem sobre sua dor e seu sofrimento associado a partir do recurso projetivo Retrato da Dor. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório realizado com 150 pacientes com dor crônica de diversas etiologias. Eles foram avaliados a partir de variáveis sociodemográficas, relacionadas a dor e de crenças em relação a dor/sofrimento e ao tratamento proposto (aplicação do Retrato da Dor). As informações obtidas no Retrato da Dor foram analisadas segundo o método de análise de conteúdo. Foi realizado um único encontro com duração média de 60 minutos. Resultados: A pesquisa foi composta por 64% de mulheres, com idade média de 52,5 anos, 46% eram casados e 46% tinham o 2º grau incompleto. O tempo médio de convívio com a dor foi de 6 anos (58%). Os desenhos foram agrupados em 8 categorias (cenas, monstros, objetos, formas geométricas, formas irregulares e rabiscos, corpo humano inteiro, partes do corpo e miscelânea), evidenciando-se que a metade dos sujeitos associava o sofrimento atual a outros eventos de impacto emocional, assim como 87% aguardava melhorar a partir de estratégias passivas. Conclusão: Há poucos relatos do uso de instrumentos projetivos na avaliação e tratamento de dor crônica. Os resultados sugerem que esse recurso pode ajudar na caracterização do sentido da dor na vida do paciente e favorecer a adesão ao tratamento proposto. ...

Background and objectives: The literature mentions several factors influencing chronic pain onset or maintenance; however, it is known that such aspects cannot be generalized and universalized because studies state that socio-cultural differences interfere with pain perception. This study aimed at characterizing patients' perception of their pain and associated suffering as from the projective tool Portrait of Pain. Methods: This is an exploratory study with 150 patients with different chronic pains. They were evaluated as from sociodemographic variables related to pain and beliefs with regard to pain/suffering and proposed treatment (application of the Portrait of Pain). Information obtained from the Portrait of Pain was analyzed by the content analysis method. A single meeting was scheduled with mean duration of 60 minutes. Results: The study was made up of 64% of females, mean age of 52.5 years, 46% were married and 46% had not completed high school. Mean pain duration was 6 years (58%). Drawings were grouped in 8 categories (scenes, monsters, objects, geometric shapes, irregular shapes and scribbles, whole human body, parts of the body and miscellaneous), evidencing that half of the subjects associated current suffering to other events with emotional impact and 87% expected to improve as from passive strategies. Conclusion: There are few reports on the use of projective tools to evaluate and manage chronic pain. Results suggest that this resource could help characterizing the meaning of pain in patients' lives and favor adhesion to proposed treatment. Further studies should come up to deepen the theme.

Aneurismas micóticos de la aorta torácica, abdominal y de las arterias ilíacas: experiencia con reparaciones anatómicas y extra-anatómicas en 33 casos / Mycotic aneurysms of the thoracic, abdominal aorta and iliac arteries: experience with anatomic and extra-anatomic repair in 33 cases

Introducción: Un aneurisma micótico de la aorta y sus arterias adyacentes es una condición terrible, queamenaza la vida, los órganos y las extremidades. Dependiendo de los segmentos aórticos comprometidos, lareparación con reconstrucciones in situ o bien con reconstruccón extra-anatómicas puede ser un desafío mayor. Aún cuando la cirugía se haya realizado con éxito, el pronóstico es muy pobre, debido al mal estado de salud de los pacientes que han desarrollado este tipo de aneurismas. El objetivo de nuestro estudiofue el intentar determinar si a través del uso combinado de técnicas quirúrgicas y antisépticas en un solo centro, se puede lograr, en un período largo de tiempo(18 años), algún progreso en el manejo de esta condición. Materiales y Métodos: de enero de 1983 a diciembre de 1999, un total de 2520 pacientes con aneurismas de la aorta torácica o abdominal o de las arterias ilíacas fueron sometidos a cirugía de reemplazo aórtico o ilíaco en nuestro centro. Durante este período, 33 (1.31 por ciento) de estos pacientes (promedio de edad 64.3 años) fueron tratados por aneurismas micóticos de la aorta descendente y aorta toraco-abdominal(n = 13), suprarrenal (n = 4), infrarrenal (n = 10) y de las arterias ilíacas (n = 6). Veinte (61 por ciento) de éstos 33 pacientes tenían historia de varios procesos sépticos, en los 13 restantes (39 por ciento), la etiología fue incierta. Se encontraron signos de infección como leucocitosis y elevación de la proteína C-reactica pre-operatoriamente en el 79 por ciento de los pacientes, 48 por ciento presentaron fiebre y el 76 por ciento se quejaban de dolor. Al momento de la cirugía, ocho (24 por ciento) de los aneurismas micóticos se habían roto y 20 (61 por ciento) habían penetrado hacia los tejidos peri-aórticos formando una ruptura encapsulada. Cinco (15 por ciento) aneurismas estaban intactos. Los microorganismos predominantemente encontrados en el saco fueron especies de staphylococcus aureus y salmonella. Fue necesario el desbridamiento cuidadoso de los todos los tejidos infectados. En la trama vascular aórtica infrarrenal e ilíaca, se realizaron reconstrucción in situ sólo en aquellos casos en los cuales se anticipaba encontrar infecciones de bajo grado. Se realizaron revascularizaciones alternas con procedimientos extra-anatómicos (bypasses axilobifemorales y femorofemorales con material protésico) en ocho de los dieciséis casos