RESUMEN
Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. Here, we found that Parcas (Pcs), recently shown to have guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) activity toward Rab11, co-localizes with Rab11 on the trans-side of Golgi units and post-Golgi vesicles at the base of the rhabdomeres in pupal photoreceptors. Pcs fused with the electron micrography tag APEX2 localizes on 150-300â nm vesicles at the trans-side of Golgi units, which are presumably fly recycling endosomes. Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11 deficiency. In contrast, loss of Rab11-specific subunits of the TRAPPII complex, another known Rab11-GEF, does not cause any defects in eye development nor the transport of rhabdomere proteins; however, simultaneous loss of TRAPPII and Pcs results in severe defects in eye development. These results indicate that both TRAPPII and Pcs are required for eye development, but Pcs functions as the predominant Rab11-GEF for post-Golgi transport to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Células Fotorreceptoras de Invertebrados/metabolismo , Rodopsinas Sensoriales/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rab/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster , Transporte de Proteínas , Rodopsinas Sensoriales/genética , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rab/genéticaAsunto(s)
Portadores de Fármacos/química , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Nanomedicina/métodos , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Polietilenglicoles/química , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/patología , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica , Ratones , Nanotubos de Carbono/ultraestructura , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
We report the fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) DNA sensors and the sensing mechanism. The simple and generic protocol for label-free detection of DNA hybridization is demonstrated with random sequence 15mer and 30mer oligonucleotides. DNA hybridization on gold electrodes, instead of on SWNT sidewalls, is mainly responsible for the acute electrical conductance change due to the modulation of energy level alignment between SWNT and gold contact. This work provides concrete experimental evidence on the effect of SWNT-DNA binding on DNA functionality, which will help to pave the way for future designing of SWNT biocomplexes for applications in biotechnology in general and also DNA-assisted nanotube manipulation techniques.