Da Rede Cegonha à Rami: tensões entre paradigmas de atenção ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal / From the 'Rede Cegonha' to 'RAMI': tensions between paradigms of maternal and infant health care

RESUMO Em abril de 2022, o Ministério da Saúde publicou a Portaria GM/MS nº 715, que altera a Portaria de Consolidação GM/MS nº 3, de 28 de setembro de 2017, com o objetivo de instituir a Rede de Atenção à Saúde Materna e Infantil (Rami). Tendo em vista a preexistência da Rede Cegonha, também voltada a essa parcela da população, objetivou-se analisar os modelos de atenção ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal intrínsecos a cada um dos métodos de estruturação organizacional adotados. Para tanto, utilizou-se, como referencial teórico-metodológico, a pesquisa com práticas discursivas, o que possibilitou identificar os repertórios relativos a três categorias predefinidas: os sujeitos, os locais e os agentes da assistência. Na análise, puderam-se observar diferenças paradigmáticas entre as duas redes de atenção. A partir de tais distinções, concluiu-se que a Rede Cegonha está fundamentada em uma concepção de gestação e parto como eventos normais da vida sexual e reprodutiva, enquanto a Rami se estrutura por meio da ênfase no risco, propondo um modelo centrado no hospital e na figura do médico.

ABSTRACT In April 2022, the Ministry of Health published the Ordinance No 715, aiming to establish the new Maternal and Infant Health Care Network (RAMI). Having in mind the pre-existence of an organized network to protect and promote maternal and infant health (Rede Cegonha), we aimed to analyze the models of care intrinsic to each of them. For this purpose, we used the research with discursive practices as a theoretical-methodological framework, identifying repertoires regarding three predefined categories: subjects, places, and agents of care. In our analysis, we could observe paradigmatic differences between the two health care networks. From such distinctions, we conclude that the 'Rede Cegonha' is based on a conception of pregnancy and childbirth as normal events of sexual and reproductive life, whereas 'RAMI' is structured through an emphasis on risk, which results in a model of care centered on the doctor and the hospital as a privileged location for childbirth.

Network care: relationship between prenatal care adequacy and hospital obstetric care in a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between prenatal care adequacy and the demand for hospital obstetric care. METHOD: A cross-sectional, quantitative study, conducted in a Brazilian capital, at six basic units and a hospital unit, from 2017 to 2020. Pregnant women who met the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. Data were collected by structured questionnaire, and follow-up of participants was in person, by phone and by application. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using a statistical program. RESULTS: A total of 224 women were investigated. Prenatal care was adequate in 42.4% of cases, and the mean percentage of adequacy was 76.7% of assessed indicators. Of the 1,067 hospital visits, 63.1% were inopportune. The regression model showed that the variable "prenatal care adequacy" was statistically relevant (0.043), with a 2.2 times higher Odds Ratio (OR) of women who had inadequate prenatal follow-up seeking the hospital inanely. CONCLUSION: Prenatal care inadequacy was related to the inopportune search for emergency room care, with care overload for this point in the care network.

Network care: relationship between prenatal care adequacy and hospital obstetric care in a cross-sectional study / Atención en red: relación entre la adecuación del prenatal y la atención obstétrica hospitalaria en un estudio transversal / Cuidado em rede: relação entre a adequação pré-natal e os atendimentos obstétricos hospitalares em um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relationship between prenatal care adequacy and the demand for hospital obstetric care. Method: A cross-sectional, quantitative study, conducted in a Brazilian capital, at six basic units and a hospital unit, from 2017 to 2020. Pregnant women who met the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. Data were collected by structured questionnaire, and follow-up of participants was in person, by phone and by application. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using a statistical program. Results: A total of 224 women were investigated. Prenatal care was adequate in 42.4% of cases, and the mean percentage of adequacy was 76.7% of assessed indicators. Of the 1,067 hospital visits, 63.1% were inopportune. The regression model showed that the variable "prenatal care adequacy" was statistically relevant (0.043), with a 2.2 times higher Odds Ratio (OR) of women who had inadequate prenatal follow-up seeking the hospital inanely. Conclusion: Prenatal care inadequacy was related to the inopportune search for emergency room care, with care overload for this point in the care network.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre la adecuación de la atención prenatal y la demanda de atención obstétrica hospitalaria. Método: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado en una capital brasileña, en seis unidades básicas y una unidad hospitalaria, de 2017 a 2020. Participaron gestantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión predefinidos. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un cuestionario estructurado y el seguimiento de los participantes fue presencial, telefónico y por aplicación. La estadística descriptiva y analítica se realizó mediante un programa estadístico. Resultados: 224 mujeres fueron investigadas. La atención prenatal fue adecuada en el 42,4% de los casos, y el porcentaje medio de adecuación fue del 76,7% de los indicadores evaluados. De las 1.067 visitas hospitalarias, el 63,1% fueron inoportunas. El modelo de regresión mostró que la variable "adecuación de la atención prenatal" fue estadísticamente relevante (p 0,043), con una razón de probabilidad (OR) 2,2 veces mayor para las mujeres que tuvieron atención prenatal inadecuada para buscar el hospital de manera inoportuna. Conclusión: La inadecuación de la atención prenatal se relacionó con la demanda inoportuna de visitas a urgencias, con sobrecarga asistencial para ese punto de la red asistencial.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a adequação do pré-natal e a demanda de atendimentos obstétricos hospitalares. Método: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, conduzido em uma capital brasileira, em seis unidades básicas e uma unidade hospitalar, de 2017 a 2020. Participaram gestantes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão pré-definidos. Os dados foram coletados por questionário estruturado e o seguimento das participantes foi presencial, telefônico e por aplicativo. Procedeu-se à estatística descritiva e analítica, utilizando um programa estatístico. Resultados: Foram investigadas 224 mulheres. O pré-natal foi adequado em 42,4% dos casos, e o percentual médio de adequação foi de 76,7% dos indicadores avaliados. Dos 1.067 atendimentos hospitalares, 63,1% foram inoportunos. O modelo de regressão mostrou que a variável "adequação do pré-natal" foi estatisticamente relevante (p 0,043), com razão de chance (OR) 2,2 vezes maior de as mulheres que tiveram um acompanhamento pré-natal inadequado buscarem o hospital de forma inoportuna. Conclusão: A inadequação do pré-natal teve relação com a procura inoportuna por atendimentos em pronto-socorro, com sobrecarga assistencial para este ponto na rede de cuidado.

Meanings and perceptions of women regarding the practice of yoga in pregnancy: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Considering that pregnancy triggers profound transformations in the life experience of women, among them the need to adapt to a body in a constant process of physiological, psychic, social and emotional change, it is important to identify to what extent yoga can contribute to this process. For this reason, the present study aimed to comprehend the meanings and perceptions of women regarding the practice of yoga during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative and descriptive study was carried out with nine women at different gestational ages who were practicing yoga in places with alternative and integrative therapies for pregnant women located in São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews and the women's statements were transcribed, analysed and grouped into three thematic categories. RESULTS: The analysis of the interviews allowed the identification of three categories 'Benefits of practicing yoga', 'Self-knowledge, autonomy and self-care' and 'Empowerment for the moment of the birth'. These findings allowed us to understand how the women perceived the practice of yoga in the pregnancy and considered it fundamental to the recognition that they were competent and skilled to manage and control their bodies during childbirth. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the practice of yoga provided physical and psychosocial benefits for the women of this study, including strengthening of the pelvic floor, pain relief, improvement of breathing, reduction of stress and anxiety, and strengthening of self-confidence, self-esteem and autonomy in the management of the pregnancy and in caring for themselves.

O plano individual de parto como estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem das boas práticas de atenção obstétrica / El plan individual de parto como estrategia de enseñanza aprendizaje de las buenas prácticas de atención obstétrica / Individual birth planning as a teaching-learning strategy for good practices in obstetric care

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o conhecimento de estudantes sobre o plano individual de parto e conhecer sua opinião a respeito da utilização dessa estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem e das boas práticas obstétricas. Método Estudo descritivo, com alunos de Obstetrícia que cursavam estágios na atenção básica. A coleta dos dados realizada de 01/2017 a 05/2017, por meio digital, na Plataforma Google Formulários®. A análise foi realizada por estatística descritiva de categorização de enunciados. O estudo seguiu os padrões éticos exigidos. Resultados O formulário foi enviado a 97 discentes e respondido por 40% deles. Todos os respondentes informaram conhecer o plano de parto, e 87% aplicaram-no durante o atendimento de pré-natal. Os apontamentos mais frequentes (45%) acerca do plano de parto foram os que promoviam empoderamento e autonomia à mulher. As sugestões metodológicas mais citadas para a sua aplicação foram focar o conteúdo (76%) e aumentar o número de encontros (50%). O plano individual de parto foi reconhecido por 79% dos participantes como importante estratégia de ensino. Conclusão Além de conhecerem o plano de parto e aplicá-lo, os estudantes o consideram muito relevante para o ensino e a aprendizagem das boas práticas obstétricas.

RESUMEN Objetivo Verificar el conocimiento de estudiantes acerca del plan individual de parto y conocer su comprensión respecto de la utilización de dicha estrategia de enseñanza aprendizaje y de las buenas prácticas obstétricas. Método Estudio descriptivo, con alumnos de Obstetricia que cursaban pasantías en la atención básica. La recolección de datos fue realizada de 01/2017 a 05/2017, por medio electrónico, en la Plataforma Google Formularios®. El análisis fue llevado a cabo por estadística descriptiva de categorización de enunciados. El estudio siguió los estándares éticos exigidos. Resultados El formulario fue enviado a 97 discentes y respondido por el 40% de ellos. Todos los respondedores informaron conocer el plan de parto, y el 87% lo aplicaron durante la atención de prenatal. Los planteamientos más frecuentes (45%) acerca del plan de parto fueron los que promovían empoderamiento y autonomía a la mujer. Las sugerencias metodológicas más citadas para su aplicación fueron enfocar el contenido (76%) y aumentar el número de encuentros (50%). El plan individual de parto fue reconocido por el 79% de los participantes como importante estrategia de enseñanza. Conclusión Además de conocer el plan de parto y aplicarlo, los estudiantes lo consideran muy relevante para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje y de las buenas prácticas obstétricas.

ABSTRACT Objective To verify students' knowledge about individual birth planning and learn their opinion about the use of this teaching-learning strategy for good obstetric practices. Method This is a descriptive study conducted with midwifery students who made primary health care internships. Data collection was performed digitally from 01/2017 to 05/2017 through the Google Forms®Platform. The analysis was performed by descriptive categorization statistics of statements. The study followed the required ethical standards. Results The form was sent to 97 students and answered by 40% of them. All respondents reported knowing the birth planning, and 87% applied it during prenatal care. The most frequent (45%) points about the birth plan were those that promoted women's empowerment and autonomy. The most cited methodological suggestions for its application were to focus on content (76%) and increase the number of meetings (50%). Individual birth planning was recognized by 79% of the participants as an important teaching strategy. Conclusion In addition to knowing birth planning and applying it, the students consider it very relevant for teaching and learning good obstetrical practices.

Evaluation of nursing students' learning using realistic scenarios with and without debriefing.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the clinical performance of nursing students in learning scenarios with and without debriefing in a simulation center. METHOD: a longitudinal, prospective, interventional, crossover randomized study, with a quantitative approach and before-and-after type, with a population composed of 120 nursing students distributed randomly between experimental and control group. The study phases included theoretical and demonstrative practice on child immunization; first Clinical Performance Test, which served as baseline measurement; randomization; scenarios with debriefing for the experimental group and without debriefing for the control group, according to clinical performance/intervention examination; exchange of groups or crossover; third Clinical Performance Test. RESULTS: debriefing was proven to be effective in improving the performance of the students in the clinical exams, because improvement in the performance of the experimental group both in relation to the baseline measurement examination and in comparison with the control group in the post-intervention performance examination and in the third examination, after crossover (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: the use of scenarios with debriefing constitutes a strategy facilitating the teaching-learning process in the undergraduate nursing course.

Individual birth planning as a teaching-learning strategy for good practices in obstetric care. / O plano individual de parto como estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem das boas práticas de atenção obstétrica.

OBJECTIVE: To verify students' knowledge about individual birth planning and learn their opinion about the use of this teaching-learning strategy for good obstetric practices. METHOD: This is a descriptive study conducted with midwifery students who made primary health care internships. Data collection was performed digitally from 01/2017 to 05/2017 through the Google Forms®Platform. The analysis was performed by descriptive categorization statistics of statements. The study followed the required ethical standards. RESULTS: The form was sent to 97 students and answered by 40% of them. All respondents reported knowing the birth planning, and 87% applied it during prenatal care. The most frequent (45%) points about the birth plan were those that promoted women's empowerment and autonomy. The most cited methodological suggestions for its application were to focus on content (76%) and increase the number of meetings (50%). Individual birth planning was recognized by 79% of the participants as an important teaching strategy. CONCLUSION: In addition to knowing birth planning and applying it, the students consider it very relevant for teaching and learning good obstetrical practices.

Evaluation of nursing students' learning using realistic scenarios with and without debriefing / Avaliação da aprendizagem de estudantes de enfermagem utilizando-se cenários realísticos com e sem debriefing / Evaluación del aprendizaje de estudiantes de enfermería utilizando escenarios realísticos con y sin debriefing

Objective: to compare the clinical performance of nursing students in learning scenarios with and without debriefing in a simulation center. Method: a longitudinal, prospective, interventional, crossover randomized study, with a quantitative approach and before-and-after type, with a population composed of 120 nursing students distributed randomly between experimental and control group. The study phases included theoretical and demonstrative practice on child immunization; first Clinical Performance Test, which served as baseline measurement; randomization; scenarios with debriefing for the experimental group and without debriefing for the control group, according to clinical performance/intervention examination; exchange of groups or crossover; third Clinical Performance Test. Results: debriefing was proven to be effective in improving the performance of the students in the clinical exams, because improvement in the performance of the experimental group both in relation to the baseline measurement examination and in comparison with the control group in the post-intervention performance examination and in the third examination, after crossover (p<0.001). Conclusion: the use of scenarios with debriefing constitutes a strategy facilitating the teaching-learning process in the undergraduate nursing course.

Objetivo: comparar o desempenho clínico de discentes de Enfermagem em cenários de aprendizagem com e sem debriefing em um centro de simulação. Método: estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, de intervenção, randomizado em crossover, de abordagem quantitativa, do tipo antes e depois, com população composta por 120 discentes de Enfermagem dispostos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e de controle. As fases da pesquisa incluíram ministração de aula teórica e prática demonstrativa sobre imunização infantil; primeiro exame de desempenho clínico, que serviu de medida basal; randomização; realização de cenários com debriefing pelo grupo experimental e sem debriefing pelo grupo-controle; segundo exame de desempenho clínico, de intervenção; troca de grupos ou crossover; terceiro exame de desempenho clínico. Resultados: constatou-se que o debriefing foi eficaz para melhorar a atuação dos alunos nos exames de desempenho clínico, pois houve melhora no desempenho do grupo experimental tanto em relação ao exame de medida basal quanto em comparação com o grupo controle no exame de desempenho pós-intervenção e no terceiro exame, após o crossover (p <0,001). Conclusão: o uso de cenários com debriefing constitui estratégia facilitadora do processo ensino-aprendizagem na graduação em Enfermagem.

Objetivo: comparar el desempeño clínico de discentes de enfermería en escenarios de aprendizaje con y sin debriefing en un centro de simulación. Método: estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, de intervención, aleatorio en crossover, de enfoque cuantitativo, del tipo antes y después, con población compuesta por 120 discentes de enfermería dispuestos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental y en un grupo control. Las etapas de la investigación incluyeron la impartición de clase teórica y práctica demostrativa acerca de la inmunización infantil; primer examen de desempeño clínico, que sirvió de medida basal; aleatorización; realización de escenarios con debriefing por el grupo experimental y sin debriefing por el grupo control; segundo examen de desempeño clínico, de intervención; grupos cruzados o crossover y, por último, tercer examen de desempeño clínico. Resultados: se constató que el debriefing fue eficaz para mejorar la actuación de los alumnos en los exámenes de desempeño clínico, ya que hubo mejora en el desempeño del grupo experimental tanto respecto al examen de medida basal como en comparación con el grupo control en el examen de desempeño posintervención y en el tercer examen, tras el crossover (p <0,001). Conclusión: el uso de escenarios con debriefing constituye una estrategia facilitadora del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje durante el grado de enfermería.

Obstetric practices performed by nurse-midwives of a hospital natural birth center / Prácticas obstétricas en centro de parto normal intrahospitalario realizadas por enfermeras obstetras / Práticas obstétricas em centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar realizadas por enfermeiras obstetras

Abstract Objectives: To characterize the practices used by nurse-midwives in a Natural Birth Center (NBC) and to verify the maternal and neonatal outcomes. Method: This was a cross-sectional, documentary, retrospective study with a quantitative approach in which the medical records of 300 parturients who gave birth in a state hospital in the city of São Paulo were analyzed. The categories of the World Health Organization (WHO) composed the criteria adopted for the analysis of the obstetric practices. Fisher's exact test or the likelihood ratio and Student t-test were used. Results: The nurse-midwives mostly used category A practices of the WHO. There were no statistically significant associations between practices and perineal outcomes. There was a statistically significant association between the weight of the newborn and the number of neonatal complications, as well as between the delivery position of the primiparous women and clavicle fractures of the newborns. Conclusion and Implications for the practice: Evidence-based practices were followed by the nurse-midwives in the NBC analyzed. The maternal and neonatal outcomes were adequate. There is a need to improve care in the second stage of the delivery in order to avoid behaviors that reflect in neonatal complications. The study makes it possible to reflect on the importance of the continuous evaluation of the care provided.

Resumen Objetivos: Caracterizar las prácticas utilizadas por las enfermeras obstetras en un Centro de Parto Normal (CPN) y verificar los resultados maternos y neonatales. Método: Estudio transversal, documental, retrospectivo, con abordaje cuantitativo, en el cual fueron analizados prontuarios de 300 parturientas que dieron a luz en hospital público de la ciudad de São Paulo. Los criterios adoptados para el análisis de las prácticas obstétricas fueron las categorías de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Fueron utilizadas las pruebas, exacto de Fisher o razón de verosimilitud (Likelihood Ratio) y t-Student. Resultados: Las enfermeras obstetras utilizaron mayoritariamente las prácticas de la categoría A de la OMS. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las asociaciones entre las prácticas y los resultados perineales. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el peso del recién nacido y el número de intercurrencias neonatales, así como entre las posiciones de parto de las primíparas con la fractura de clavícula de los recién nacidos. Conclusión e Implicaciones para la práctica: Las prácticas basadas en evidencias son seguidas por las enfermeras obstetras en el CPN analizado. Los resultados maternos y neonatales se mostraron adecuados. Es necesario mejorar la asistencia en el segundo período del parto para evitar conductas que reflejen en las interacciones neonatales. El estudio posibilita la reflexión sobre la importancia de la evaluación continuada de la asistencia prestada.

Resumo Objetivos: Caracterizar as práticas utilizadas pelas enfermeiras obstetras em um Centro de Parto Normal (CPN) e verificar os desfechos maternos e neonatais. Método: Estudo transversal, documental, retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Analisaram-se prontuários de 300 parturientes que deram à luz em hospital estadual da cidade de São Paulo. Os critérios adotados para a análise das práticas obstétricas foram as categorias da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Utilizaram-se os testes exatos de Fisher ou razão de verossimilhança (Likelihood Ratio) e t-Student. Resultados: As enfermeiras obstetras utilizaram majoritariamente as práticas da categoria A da OMS. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas associações entre as práticas e os desfechos perineais. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o peso do recém-nascido e o número de intercorrências neonatais e entre as posições de parto das primíparas com a fratura de clavícula dos recém-nascidos. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática: As práticas baseadas em evidências são seguidas pelas enfermeiras obstetras no CPN analisado. Os desfechos maternos e neonatais mostraram-se adequados. Há necessidade de melhorar a assistência no segundo período do parto, evitando condutas que reflitam em intercorrências neonatais. O estudo possibilita a reflexão sobre a importância da avaliação continuada da assistência prestada.

Report on the midwives' experiences in the Brazilian National Health System: A qualitative research.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the experiences of midwives who graduated from the University of São Paulo's midwifery program and the characteristics of their work within the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). DESIGN: a descriptive, qualitative field study. SETTING: interviews were scheduled by telephone or e-mail and were held with the midwives outside their work environment. Interviews lasted for up to one hour and were recorded. PARTICIPANTS: ten midwives who had graduated from the University of São Paulo's midwifery program and were working or had worked in the SUS at the time of the study. ETHICAL ISSUES: the study protocol was approved by the internal review board of the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo. All pertinent ethical principles were followed. MEASURES AND FINDINGS: data were collected at interviews focussing on the participants' work and their experiences while working in the SUS. The dialogues during the interview sessions allowed the participants to build on and extend the proposed topics. After the data had been transcribed and read, the discourses were grouped in accordance with the similarity of their content, resulting in four thematic categories: the inclusion of midwives into the obstetric team; dealing with contradictions: challenges of the profession; working in the SUS: between precariousness and guaranteeing access to health services; and making a difference. The findings provoke reflection on the challenges faced by midwives in their work within the SUS: challenges associated with the difficulties in working in the public healthcare sector, difficulties in their relationships with other healthcare professionals, difficulties related to a general lack of knowledge on this specific occupation in Brazil, the absence of a midwifery model of care, difficulty in dealing with obstetric abuse, and the dilemmas facing the midwives during their daily practice of midwifery. KEY CONCLUSION: despite the difficulties encountered, the midwives consider the care they provide to be differentiated. They perceive gradual changes in the care offered to women by the healthcare facilities and by other professionals, and believe that they make a difference in their workplaces. In addition, they want to work in the SUS and are committed to transforming the quality of care provided to women in Brazil. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: the experiences related by midwives reflect the midwifery scenario nationwide, highlighting the perspectives for change. The emphasis placed by midwives on their social role and their commitment to changing current midwifery care models and to consolidating the SUS is noteworthy.

Entre o ideal e o possível: experiências iniciais das obstetrizes no Sistema Único de Saúde de São Paulo / Between the ideal and the possible: initial experiences of midwives in the Unified Health System of São Paulo

Resumo Levando em conta a recente inserção de Obstetrizes formadas pelo Curso de Obstetrícia da Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo no Sistema Único de Saúde, esta pesquisa teve como propósito analisar como se deu a inserção dessas profissionais nos serviços públicos de saúde. Para isso, foi realizada pesquisa de campo, descritiva e de natureza qualitativa. Os sujeitos da pesquisa compreenderam oito egressas do Curso de Obstetrícia que estivessem trabalhando no ano de 2014 em instituições estaduais ou municipais que fazem parte do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de São Paulo. A coleta de informações ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com questões norteadoras acerca das experiências vivenciadas pelas Obstetrizes em seu trabalho no SUS. A análise possibilitou o delineamento de quatro categorias temáticas: As obstretrizes nos hospitais: estranhamento por não saber o que é; Práticas e desafios na inserção das Obstetrizes no SUS; Entre o ideal e o possível: o cotidiano de trabalho no SUS; A repercussão do trabalho das Obstetrizes entre as usuárias. Os relatos mostram que são vários os desafios enfrentados no cenário da atenção obstétrica nos hospitais públicos, não só pelas Obstetrizes como também para os demais profissionais de saúde e, principalmente, pelas mulheres e bebês, e indicam que as pequenas mudanças ocorridas no cotidiano do trabalho só são possíveis porque são realizadas coletivamente e contribuem para o fortalecimento do SUS.

Abstract Considering the recent public system marketplace insertion of Midwives graduates by the Direct-entry Midwifery Program of the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities of University of São Paulo, this study aimed to analyze how the inclusion of these professionals in public health services happened. In this sense, a descriptive and qualitative research was conducted in 2014. The study participants comprised eight graduates of Direct-entry Midwifery Program who were working in public health hospitals that are part of the Unified Health System of São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection occurred through semi-structured interview with guiding questions about the experiences of the Midwives in their work in the health institutions. The analysis enabled the design of four thematic categories: The Midwives in hospitals: estrangement not to know what it is; Practices and challenges in integration of Midwives in the Unified Health System; Between the ideal and the possible: the daily work in the Unified Health System; The effect of Midwives work among women. The reports show that there are several challenges facing the midwifery setting in public hospitals, not only for Midwives as well as for other health professionals, and especially for women and babies, which indicates that small changes in the routine work is only possible because it are held collectively and contribute to the strengthening of the Unified Health System.

The Brazilian policy for reduction of accidents and violence aligns with international perspectives? / La política brasileña para la reducción de accidentes y violencia se alinea con las perspectivas internacionales? / A política brasileira de redução de acidentes e violência se alinha às perspectivas internacionais?

The study analyzed The Brazilian Policy for Reduction of Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence, in the socio-political perspective. We used as a base the chapter “Violence: a global public health problem” from the World Report on Violence and Health. The analysis revealed convergent and divergent elements of the Brazilian Policy in comparison with the international perspectives. We verified that the Brazilian Policy tried to converge to the international policies, however: it emphasizes the health promotion actions, but are limited to the context and behavior of individuals and individual communities; the performance of health professionals is expected without providing more structural investments, as the improvement in work conditions, the increase of financial and material resources; there are few clear definitions of the government and economical sector responsibilities.

Se analizó la Política Brasileña para la Reducción la Mortalidad y Morbilidad por Accidentes y Violencia (PNRMAV), a partir de los referenciales de análisis de políticas públicas. Se ha tomado en base al capítulo "La violencia: un problema mundial de salud pública" del Informe Mundial sobre la Violencia y la Salud. El análisis reveló elementos de convergencia y divergencia de perspectivas internacionales PNRMAV. Se encontró que la PNRMAV converge a la política internacional, sin embargo: Se hace hincapié en las acciones de promoción de la salud, pero se limitan al contexto más individual y de comportamiento de las personas y de las comunidades; Se espera el desempeño de los trabajadores de salud, sin proporcionar las inversiones más estructurales, como la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo, aumento de los recursos financieros y materiales; hay pocas definiciones claras de las responsabilidades del gobierno y el sector económico.

Analisou-se a Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violência (PNRMAV) a partir de referenciais de análise de políticas públicas. Tomou-se por base o capítulo “Violência: um problema global de saúde pública”, do Informe Mundial sobre Violência e Saúde. A análise revelou elementos de convergência e divergência da PNRMAV às perspectivas internacionais. Verificou-se que a PNRMAV buscou convergir às políticas internacionais, entretanto ela enfatiza as ações de promoção da saúde, mas são limitadas ao contexto e comportamento dos indivíduos e das comunidades individual. Espera-se o desempenho dos profissionais de saúde, todavia sem fornecer mais investimentos estruturais, como a melhoria das condições de trabalho, o aumento dos recursos financeiros e materiais. Há poucas definições claras das responsabilidades do governo e do setor econômico.

The Brazilian policy for reduction of accidents and violence aligns with international perspectives?

The study analyzed The Brazilian Policy for Reduction of Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence, in the socio-political perspective. We used as a base the chapter "Violence: a global public health problem" from the World Report on Violence and Health. The analysis revealed convergent and divergent elements of the Brazilian Policy in comparison with the international perspectives. We verified that the Brazilian Policy tried to converge to the international policies, however: it emphasizes the health promotion actions, but are limited to the context and behavior of individuals and individual communities; the performance of health professionals is expected without providing more structural investments, as the improvement in work conditions, the increase of financial and material resources; there are few clear definitions of the government and economical sector responsibilities.

Strengthening midwifery in Brazil: education, regulation and professional association of midwives.

This article describes Brazilian midwives' struggle to establish their professional field in the arena of maternal and child health in Brazil. Despite the obstacles, midwives continue trying to claim their social space, seeking to maintain and strengthen the profession, and legislative aspects of practice and regulation of their profession. They seek space in the job market, support from entities of civil society, representatives of judicial and political power, and from the movements organised for improvement and change in the birth care model in Brazil.

[The role of midwives and nurse-midwives in promoting safe motherhood in Brazil]. / O papel das obstetrizes e enfermeiras obstetras na promoção da maternidade segura no Brasil.

Brazil needs to improve maternal and perinatal health care, given the high rates of morbidity, mortality and cesarean sections, the medicalization process of the female body and the violation of the sexual and reproductive rights of women during pregnancy and childbirth. Based on the contribution of international researchers and agencies to address these issues, the scope of this text is to provide theoretical input to support the proposal of the promotion of safe motherhood that requires the active participation of midwives and nurse-midwives. These are professionals who, from the perspective of health promotion, can collaborate in the establishment of an effective network of care, whose basic premise is the humanization of care based on scientific evidence in order to improve the experience of women and the family in the process of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.

O papel das obstetrizes e enfermeiras obstetras na promoção da maternidade segura no Brasil / The role of midwives and nurse-midwives in promoting safe motherhood in Brazil

O Brasil necessita melhorar a assistência à saúde materna e perinatal, haja vista os índices elevados de morbimortalidade e de cesáreas, o processo de medicalização do corpo feminino e a violação dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos das mulheres durante o ciclo gravídico-puerperal. A partir da contribuição de pesquisadores e organismos internacionais dedicados ao estudo destas questões, este texto tem como finalidade oferecer subsídios teóricos que sustentem a proposta de que a promoção da maternidade segura requer a efetiva participação de obstetrizes e enfermeiras obstetras, profissionais que, a partir da perspectiva da promoção da saúde, podem colaborar na constituição de uma rede efetiva de cuidados, cuja premissa básica seja a atenção humanizada e baseada em evidências científicas a fim de melhorar a experiência da mulher e da família no processo de gestação, parto e pós-parto.

Brazil needs to improve maternal and perinatal health care, given the high rates of morbidity, mortality and cesarean sections, the medicalization process of the female body and the violation of the sexual and reproductive rights of women during pregnancy and childbirth. Based on the contribution of international researchers and agencies to address these issues, the scope of this text is to provide theoretical input to support the proposal of the promotion of safe motherhood that requires the active participation of midwives and nurse-midwives. These are professionals who, from the perspective of health promotion, can collaborate in the establishment of an effective network of care, whose basic premise is the humanization of care based on scientific evidence in order to improve the experience of women and the family in the process of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.

[A study of group B streptococcus in pregnant women of eastern São Paulo]. / Pesquisa do estreptococo do Grupo B em gestantes da Zona Leste de São Paulo.

A retrospective, cross-sectional study of 30 women seen at a Basic Health Care Unit (BHCU) in the Eastern Section of São Paulo, using interviews and medical record reviews, to determine how group B streptococcus (GBS) was detected in pregnant women. The patients in the studied sample received prenatal care at the UBS and delivered their babies between January 2009 and December 2010. Twenty-three of the women (76.7% of the total) underwent a GBS culture, 82.6% of which yielded a negative result and 17.4% of which yielded a positive result; 43.5% of these women underwent the test between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation; and 23.5% of the participants were not tested, mostly because no test was requested. GBS screening failures were shown have occurred during the selected period.

Pesquisa do estreptococo do Grupo B em gestantes da Zona Leste de São Paulo / A study of group B streptococcus in pregnant women of eastern São Paulo / Investigación del estreptococo del grupo B en gestantes de zona este de São Paulo

O presente trabalho trata-se de estudo transversal e retrospectivo, realizado com trinta mulheres usuárias de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) da Zona Leste de São Paulo, por meio de entrevista e consulta de prontuários, com o objetivo de verificar como ocorre a pesquisa do estreptococo do grupo B em gestantes. As participantes da amostra realizaram pré-natais na UBS etiveram seus bebês no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Realizaram a cultura do EGB 23 mulheres (76,7% do total), 82,6% com resultados negativos e 17,4%, positivos; 43,5% delas realizaram o exame entre 35 e 37 semanas de gestação; 23,5% não realizaram o exame, a maior parte por ausência de solicitação. Foi possível verificar que ocorreram falhas no rastreamento do EGB durante o período selecionado.

A retrospective, cross-sectional study of 30 women seen at a Basic Health Care Unit (BHCU) in the Eastern Section of São Paulo, using interviews and medical record reviews, to determine how group B streptococcus (GBS) was detected in pregnant women. The patients in the studied sample received prenatal care at the UBS and delivered their babies between January 2009 and December 2010. Twenty-three of the women (76.7% of the total) underwent a GBS culture, 82.6% of which yielded a negative result and 17.4% of which yielded a positive result; 43.5% of these women underwent the test between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation; and 23.5% of the participants were not tested, mostly because no test was requested. GBS screening failures were shown have occurred during the selected period.

Estudio transversal y retrospectivo, realizado con 30 mujeres pacientes de una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS) de la Zona Este de São Paulo mediante entrevista y consulta de historias clínicas, con el objetivo de verificar como se efectúa la investigación de estreptococos del grupo B en gestantes. La muestra realizó prenatal en la UBS y tuvo sus bebés en el período de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2010. Veintitrés mujeres (76,7% del total) realizaron la cultura de EGB, 82,6% con resultados negativos y 17,4% positivos; 43,5% de las pacientes realizaron el examen entre las semanas 35 y 37 de gestación; 23,5% no realizaron el examen, la mayor parte por no haber efectuado la solicitud. Fue posible verificar que ocurrieron fallas en el rastreo del EGB durante el período seleccionado.