Sheep pox in Tunisia: Current status and perspectives.

Sheep pox, a well-known endemic capripox infection, has significant impacts on small ruminant populations in Tunisia. It is responsible for high economic losses throughout North Africa due to its enzootic nature and to the active animal transhumance existing in some governorates in Tunisia. The aim of this review was to analyse data gathered on annual vaccination campaigns designed to control its spread by reducing the level of endemicity and to describe diagnostic and management tools adapted to the Tunisian situation. Seasonal, temporal and spatial distributions of sheep pox outbreaks, as well as related clinical features, were found. It was concluded from this review that establishing strong herd immunization through individual animal immunization, creating adequate infrastructure, increasing awareness among breeders, setting up a field-based surveillance network and improving routine diagnostic methods need to be the major components of a programme to eradicate the disease. It was also felt that cost-benefit analyses of the surveillance and control strategies used would help in controlling its persistence.

El epitelio seminal en biopsia prostática puede semejar lesiones prostáticas malignas y premalignas / Seminal epithelium in prostate biopsy can mimic malignant and premalignant prostatic lesions

Objetivos: En la mayoría de las biopsias prostáticas el epitelio seminal se reconoce fácilmente, ya que muestra criterios histológicos característicos. Sin embargo, algunas biopsias pueden semejar lesiones prostáticas malignas o premalignas. Los propósitos de este estudio son analizar el aspecto histológico de las biopsias que simularon adenocarcinomas o lesiones prostáticas preneoplásicas; comentar su diagnóstico diferencial y conocer la frecuencia de epitelio seminal en biopsias prostáticas. Métodos: Revisamos 500 biopsias prostáticas consecutivas por punción obtenidas por el método de sextantes, y seleccionamos aquellos casos en los que observamos epitelio seminal de vesículas seminales o conductos eyaculatorios. En las biopsias en las que el epitelio seminal semejó lesiones malignas o premalignas se emplearon estudios inmunohistoquímicos que incluyeron antígeno prostático específico y MUC6. Se anotaron los datos clínicos de mayor importancia. Resultados: Treinta y seis (7,2%) biopsias mostraron epitelio seminal y 7 de ellas (1,4%) semejaron diversas lesiones prostáticas, incluyendo neoplasia intraepitelial prostática de alto grado, proliferaciones acinares atípicas, adenocarcinomas con patrón papilar y carcinoma poco diferenciado. El epitelio seminal semejó lesiones prostáticas cuando el depósito de lipofuscina, las vacuolas perinucleares o las pseudoinclusiones nucleares fueron poco aparentes o estuvieron ausentes. Cinco de las 7 biopsias mostraron atipia celular leve o moderada con núcleos pequeños e hipercromáticos y solos 2 pleomorfismo celular. Los pacientes se encontraban vivos y asintomáticos después de 6 años de evolución en promedio. Conclusiones: El epitelio seminal semeja neoplasia intraepitelial prostática, proliferaciones acinares atípicas y diversos tipos de adenocarcinomas prostáticos en aproximadamente el 1,4% de las biopsias prostáticas

Objectives: In most prostate biopsies, the seminal epithelium is easily recognised because it meets characteristic histological criteria. However, some biopsies can mimic malignant or premalignant prostatic lesions. The aims of this study were to analyse the histological appearance of the biopsies that mimic adenocarcinomas or preneoplastic prostatic lesions, discuss the differential diagnosis and determine the frequency of seminal epithelia in prostate biopsies. Methods: We consecutively reviewed 500 prostate puncture biopsies obtained using the sextant method and selected those cases in which we observed seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct epithelium. In the biopsies in which the seminal epithelium resembled malignant or premalignant lesions, immunohistochemical studies were conducted that included prostate-specific antigen and MUC6. The most important clinical data were recorded. Results: Thirty-six (7.2%) biopsies showed seminal epithelium, and 7 of them (1.4%) resembled various prostate lesions, including high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical acinar proliferations, adenocarcinomas with papillary patterns and poorly differentiated carcinoma. The seminal epithelium resembled prostate lesions when the lipofuscin deposit, the perinuclear vacuoles or the nuclear pseudoinclusions were inconspicuous or missing. Five of the 7 biopsies showed mild to moderate cellular atypia with small and hyperchromatic nuclei, and only 2 showed cellular pleomorphism. The patients were alive and asymptomatic after an average of 6 years of progression. Conclusions: The seminal epithelium resembles prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical acinar proliferations and various types of prostatic adenocarcinomas in approximately 1.4% of prostate biopsies

Seminal epithelium in prostate biopsy can mimic malignant and premalignant prostatic lesions.

OBJECTIVES: In most prostate biopsies, the seminal epithelium is easily recognised because it meets characteristic histological criteria. However, some biopsies can mimic malignant or premalignant prostatic lesions. The aims of this study were to analyse the histological appearance of the biopsies that mimic adenocarcinomas or preneoplastic prostatic lesions, discuss the differential diagnosis and determine the frequency of seminal epithelia in prostate biopsies. METHODS: We consecutively reviewed 500 prostate puncture biopsies obtained using the sextant method and selected those cases in which we observed seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct epithelium. In the biopsies in which the seminal epithelium resembled malignant or premalignant lesions, immunohistochemical studies were conducted that included prostate-specific antigen and MUC6. The most important clinical data were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty-six (7.2%) biopsies showed seminal epithelium, and 7 of them (1.4%) resembled various prostate lesions, including high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical acinar proliferations, adenocarcinomas with papillary patterns and poorly differentiated carcinoma. The seminal epithelium resembled prostate lesions when the lipofuscin deposit, the perinuclear vacuoles or the nuclear pseudoinclusions were inconspicuous or missing. Five of the 7 biopsies showed mild to moderate cellular atypia with small and hyperchromatic nuclei, and only 2 showed cellular pleomorphism. The patients were alive and asymptomatic after an average of 6 years of progression. CONCLUSIONS: The seminal epithelium resembles prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical acinar proliferations and various types of prostatic adenocarcinomas in approximately 1.4% of prostate biopsies.

Utilidad de cortes seriados en biopsias prostáticas / Utility of Seriated Sections in Prostate Biopsies

Introducción: Con el empleo rutinario del antígeno prostático específico se detectan con mayor frecuencia carcinomas focales y proliferaciones atípicas de acinos pequeños (ASAP, atypical small acinar proliferation [sigla en inglés]). El número de cortes por cilindro que debe practicarse para detectar la mayoría de ellos se desconoce. Métodos: Revisamos 250 biopsias prostáticas por sextantes en el periodo 2008-2011. El promedio de cilindros por biopsia fue de 14. En cada caso se practicaron además del corte original, con 3 niveles histológicos, otros 3 cortes con 3 niveles (total: 12 niveles). En las biopsias con lesiones focales se practicó estudio inmunohistoquímico. La frecuencia de lesiones focales se comparó con un estudio previo de 1.000 biopsias donde se realizó un solo corte con tres niveles histológicos. Se anotaron los datos clínicos y de laboratorio. Resultados: Hubo 16 lesiones focales (6,4%); 7 (2,8%) correspondieron a carcinomas focales y 9 (3,6%) a proliferaciones atípicas. En el estudio previo se encontraron 13 (1,3%) carcinomas focales y 29 (2,9%) casos con proliferaciones atípicas. Conclusiones: Hubo un aumento del 4,2 al 6,4% de lesiones focales y un incremento de carcinomas del 1,3 al 2,8%. Aunque realizar cortes adicionales rutinariamente tiene inconvenientes prácticos, podría realizarse en pacientes con alta sospecha clínica de carcinoma (en particular jóvenes) o en los que existan antecedentes de proliferaciones glandulares atípicas compatibles con carcinoma (AU)

Introduction: With the routine use of prostate specific antigen, focal carcinomas and atypical small acini proliferation (ASAP) are currently detected more frequently. The number of sections per cylinder needed to detect most of them is still unknown. Methods: We reviewed 250 sextant prostate biopsies in the 2008-2011 period. The average number of cylinders per biopsy was 14. In each case, in addition to the original sections with three histological levels, three more sections were performed with three levels (total: 12 levels). Biopsies with focal lesion were analyzed immunohistochemically. The frequency of focal lesions was compared to a previous study of 1000 biopsies in which a single section was made with three histological levels. The main clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Results: There were 16 focal lesions (6.4%). Seven (2.8%) corresponded to focal carcinomas and nine (3.6%) to atypical proliferation. In the previous study, thirteen (1.3%) focal carcinomas and 29 (2.9%) cases with atypical proliferation were found. Conclusions: There was an increase of 4.2% to 6.4% of focal lesions carcinomas increased from 1.3% to 2.8%. Making additional sections in all biopsies may have practical drawbacks. However, they could be performed in patients with high clinical suspicion of carcinoma (especially in young patients), or when there is a history of atypical glandular proliferations consistent with carcinoma in previous biopsies (AU)

Simultaneous determination of zopiclone and its degradation product and main impurity (2-amino-5-chloropyridine) by micellar liquid chromatography with time-programmed fluorescence detection: preliminary investigation for biological monitoring.

A simple and reliable HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the hypnotic drug, zopiclone (ZPC) and its degradation product and main impurity, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine (ACP). The analyses were carried out on BDS Hypersil phenyl column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm particle size) using micellar mobile phase consisting of 0.15M SDS, 10% n-propanol, 0.3% triethylamine, and 0.02 M orthophosphoric acid (pH 3.5) with timed programmable fluorescence detection. The proposed method was found to be rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 0.5-10.0 µg/mL for ZPC and 2.5-50 ng/mL for ACP. Moreover, the method was applied for the determination of ZPC in commercial tablets with mean percentage recovery of 99.06±1.49. The results of the proposed method were statistically compared with those obtained by the comparison method revealing no significance differences in the performance of the two methods regarding accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied for the detection and determination of ACP in human urine as a marker for ZPC intake.

[Utility of seriated sections in prostate biopsies]. / Utilidad de cortes seriados en biopsias prostáticas.

INTRODUCTION: With the routine use of prostate specific antigen, focal carcinomas and atypical small acini proliferation (ASAP) are currently detected more frequently. The number of sections per cylinder needed to detect most of them is still unknown. METHODS: We reviewed 250 sextant prostate biopsies in the 2008-2011 period. The average number of cylinders per biopsy was 14. In each case, in addition to the original sections with three histological levels, three more sections were performed with three levels (total: 12 levels). Biopsies with focal lesion were analyzed immunohistochemically. The frequency of focal lesions was compared to a previous study of 1000 biopsies in which a single section was made with three histological levels. The main clinical and laboratory data were recorded. RESULTS: There were 16 focal lesions (6.4%). Seven (2.8%) corresponded to focal carcinomas and nine (3.6%) to atypical proliferation. In the previous study, thirteen (1.3%) focal carcinomas and 29 (2.9%) cases with atypical proliferation were found. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase of 4.2% to 6.4% of focal lesions carcinomas increased from 1.3% to 2.8%. Making additional sections in all biopsies may have practical drawbacks. However, they could be performed in patients with high clinical suspicion of carcinoma (especially in young patients), or when there is a history of atypical glandular proliferations consistent with carcinoma in previous biopsies.

[Pseudohyperplastic carcinoma with xanthomatous changes: a neoplasm mimicking glandular hyperplasia of the prostate]. / Carcinoma pseudohiperplásico con cambios xantomatosos: una neoplasia que semeja hiperplasia glandular de la próstata.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Varieties of prostatic adenocarcinoma whose architectural and cytological appearance mimicked benign lesions have been reported in recent decades. Such neoplasms include xanthomatous (foamy) carcinoma and pseudohyperplastic carcinoma. We recently studied five carcinomas showing a cytoarchitectural combination of both neoplasms which were confused with benign glandular proliferations. METHODS: Five cases (1.8%) of pseudohyperplastic carcinoma showing xanthomatous changes were selected from a total of 280 biopsies showing prostate carcinoma. Glandular prostatic hyperplasia was originally diagnosed in four of such cases. RESULTS: Patient age ranged from 54 and 78 years (mean, 64 years). All patients had high prostate-specific antigen levels, and digital rectal examination showed abnormalities in four of them. Neoplasms showed minimal atypia and consisted of mid- to large-sized glands arranged in nests resembling hyperplastic nodules. Glands showed papillary projections, infoldings, and undulations. Most nuclei were basal, small and hyperchromatic, and nucleomegaly was only seen in two biopsies in isolated histological fields. Several useful criteria for diagnosis of acinar carcinoma, such as perineural infiltration, mitosis, crystalloids, blue secretions, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm, were absent. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic carcinoma with a pseudohyperplastic pattern and xanthomatous changes mimics hyperplastic glands. Timely detection is critical to avoid treatment delay.

Carcinoma pseudohiperplásico con cambios xantomatosos: una neoplasia que semeja hiperplasia glandular de la próstata / Pseudohyperplastic carcinoma with xanthomatous changes: A neoplasm mimicking glandular hyperplasia of the prostate

Introducción y objetivos: En las últimas décadas se han descrito variedades de adenocarcinoma prostático que por su arquitectura y su aspecto citológico semejan lesiones benignas. Estas neoplasias incluyen al carcinoma xantomatoso (espumoso) y al carcinoma pseudohiperplásico. Recientemente hemos estudiado cinco carcinomas que mostraron una combinación citoarquitectónica de ambas neoplasias y fueron confundidas con proliferaciones glandulares benignas. Métodos: De un total de 280 biopsias con carcinoma prostático se seleccionaron cinco casos (1,8%) de carcinoma pseudohiperplásico que mostraron cambios xantomatosos. Cuatro de ellos fueron diagnosticados originalmente como hiperplasia glandular prostática. Resultados: La edad de los pacientes varió de 54 a 78 años (promedio: 64 años). El antígeno prostático estuvo elevado en todos, y en el examen digital rectal se encontraron alteraciones en cuatro. Las neoplasias mostraron atipia mínima y estuvieron constituidas por glándulas de mediano y gran tamaño que se disponían en nidos semejantes a nódulos hiperplásicos. Las glándulas mostraron proyecciones papilares, plegamientos y ondulaciones. La mayoría de los núcleos fueron basales, pequeños e hipercromáticos, y sólo ocasionalmente se observó nucleomegalia. Varios criterios útiles en el diagnóstico de carcinoma acinar, incluyendo infiltración perineural, mitosis, cristaloides, secreciones azules y neoplasia intraepitelial prostática, estuvieron ausentes. Conclusiones: Los carcinomas prostáticos con patrón pseudohiperplásico y cambios xantomatosos semejan glándulas hiperplásicas. Su reconocimiento oportuno es crucial para evitar retardo en el tratamiento (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Varieties of prostatic adenocarcinoma whose architectural and cytological appearance mimicked benign lesions have been reported in recent decades. Such neoplasms include xanthomatous (foamy) carcinoma and pseudohyperplastic carcinoma. We recently studied five carcinomas showing a cytoarchitectural combination of both neoplasms which were confused with benign glandular proliferations. Methods: Five cases (1.8%) of pseudohyperplastic carcinoma showing xanthomatous changes were selected from a total of 280 biopsies showing prostate carcinoma. Glandular prostatic hyperplasia was originally diagnosed in four of such cases. Results: Patient age ranged from 54 and 78 years (mean, 64 years). All patients had high prostate-specific antigen levels, and digital rectal examination showed abnormalities in four of them. Neoplasms showed minimal atypia and consisted of mid- to large-sized glands arranged in nests resembling hyperplastic nodules. Glands showed papillary projections, infoldings, and undulations. Most nuclei were basal, small and hyperchromatic, and nucleomegaly was only seen in two biopsies in isolated histological fields. Several useful criteria for diagnosis of acinar carcinoma, such as perineural infiltration, mitosis, crystalloids, blue secretions, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm, were absent. Conclusions: Prostatic carcinoma with a pseudohyperplastic pattern and xanthomatous changes mimics hyperplastic glands. Timely detection is critical to avoid treatment delay (AU)

[Utility of additional histological sections on prostatic needle biopsies with focal glandular atypia]. / Utilidad de los cortes adicionales múltiples en biopsias prostáticas con atipia glandular focal.

INTRODUCTION: Focal glandular atypia in needle prostatic biopsies consists of scarce glands with architectural and cytological features suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy. Although this is a relatively frequent finding, the advantage of carrying out additional sections has not been extensively explored. The objective of this review is to define the usefulness of performing multiple additional sections in needle biopsies showing areas with focal glandular atypia. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients in whom prostate needle biopsies were performed and showed focal glandular atypia in routine sections were selected for this study. In all biopsies there were atypia only in one isolated microscopic field. Each case originally had three cuts of three microns each per slide. In all cases three additional slides were made with three additional cuts. Thus, each case wound up with a total of 12 cuts (the original 3, and additional 9). RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 65 years old, and the average specific prostate antigen was 8.4 ng/ml. The additional sections made it possible to establish a definitive diagnosis of malignancy in nine (22.5%) of the 38 cases, because they made more apparent the architectural and cytological features of prostatic carcinoma. In the other 29 biopsies the area with glandular atypia was less apparent or disappeared altogether. CONCLUSIONS: The additional sections are useful for the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in one of every four or five needle biopsies with focal glandular atypia. Making additional cuts in these biopsies is a quick and low-cost method that could be practiced routinely, especially if immunohistochemical studies are not available.

Utilidad de los cortes adicionales múltiples en biopsias prostáticas con atipia glandular focal / Utility of additional histological sections on prostatic needle biopsies with focal glandular atypia

Introducción: La atipia glandular focal en biopsias por punción, esta constituida por escasas glándulas que muestran criterios arquitecturales y citológicos sugestivos, pero no diagnósticos, de malignidad. Aunque éste es un problema relativamente frecuente, la ventaja de realizar niveles adicionales múltiples en estas biopsias ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo de la presente revisión es definir cual es la utilidad de practicar cortes adicionales múltiples en biopsias por punción que muestran áreas con atipia glandular focal. Metodos: Se seleccionaron 38 pacientes en los que se practicó biopsias por punción de la próstata que mostraron atipia glandular focal en cortes rutinarios. Todas las biopsias mostraron atipia glandular en un campo microscópico aislado. Cada caso contó originalmente con tres cortes de tres micras por laminilla. En todos los casos se practicaron tres niveles adicionales con tres cortes histológicos cada uno. Así, cada caso contó con un total de 12 cortes (3 originales y 9adicionales). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 65 años y el promedio del antígeno prostático específico de 8,4 ng/ml. Los niveles adicionales permitieron establecer el diagnóstico concluyente de malignidad en nueve (22,5%) de los 38 casos, ya que hicieron mas aparentes los criterios arquitecturales y citológicos de carcinoma prostático. En las otras 29 biopsias el área con atipia glandular se hizo menos aparente o desapareció. Conclusiones: Los niveles adicionales son útiles para el diagnóstico de malignidad en una de cada cuatro o cinco biopsias con atipia glandular focal. Practicar cortes adicionales en estas biopsias representa un método rápido y a bajo costo que podría practicarse rutinariamente, en particular si no se cuenta con estudios inmunohistoquímicos (AU)

Introduction: Focal glandular atypia in needle prostatic biopsies consists of scarce glands with architectural and cytological features suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy. Although this is a relatively frequent finding, the advantage of carrying out additional sections has not been extensively explored. The objective of this review is to define the usefulness of performing multiple additional sections in needle biopsies showing areas with focal glandular atypia. Methods: Thirty-eight patients in whom prostate needle biopsies were performed and showed focal glandular atypia in routine sections were selected for this study. In all biopsies there were atypia only in one isolated microscopic field. Each case originally had three cuts of three microns each per slide. In all cases three additional slides were made with three additional cuts. Thus, each case wound up with a total of 12 cuts (the original 3, and additional 9). Results: The average age of the patients was 65 years old, and the average specific prostate antigen was 8.4 ng/ml. The additional sections made it possible to establish a definitive diagnosis of malignancy in nine (22.5%) of the 38 cases, because they made more apparent the architectural and cytological features of prostatic carcinoma. In the other 29 biopsies the area with glandular atypia was less apparent or disappeared altogether. Conclusions: The additional sections are useful for the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in one of every four or five needle biopsies with focal glandular atypia. Making additional cuts in these biopsies is a quick and low-cost method that could be practiced routinely, especially if immunohistochemical studies are not available (AU)

Electrophysiologic findings in two patients with digital neuropathy of the thumb.

Repetitive trauma to a finger can result in compressive neuropathy of one or more digital nerves. The thumb is commonly affected in bowlers, hence the term "bowler's thumb". However, this condition can involve other fingers and non-bowlers. To our knowledge, none of the cases reported had undergone neurophysiologic testing. We describe the neurophysiologic findings in two patients who had a history consistent with digital neuropathy of the thumb.

Pathological disorders of the gastric mucosa surrounding carcinomas and primary lymphomas.

OBJECTIVE: Gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and dysplasia are disorders that frequently precede the full development of gastric adenocarcinoma. On the other hand, primary gastric lymphomas seem to arise from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. It is well accepted that these histological changes are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency and characteristics of epithelial and lymphoid tissue disorders of the gastric mucosa surrounding primary carcinomas and lymphomas. METHODS: We studied 111 gastrectomies from patients harboring primary adenocarcinomas (30 intestinal and 30 diffuse type) and 51 gastric lymphomas. For comparative purposes, we analized 86 stomachs from patients who died of diseases other than gastric malignancies. Histopathological disorders of the gastric mucosa adjacent to primary neoplasms such as atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia were recorded. Lymphoid follicles were classified in two groups, with or without expansion. Expansion was characterized by increased size, irregular borders, enlarged marginal zone, and expanded germinal centers. Differences were statistically evaluated with chi2 and Fisher exact tests, odds ratio, and relative risk, with 95% CI. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Most intestinal-type adenocarcinomas showed atrophy (76.6%) and intestinal metaplasia (86.6%) and less frequently, dysplasia (23.3%), in the surrounding gastric mucosa. Expansive lymphoid follicles were more frequent among lymphomas than in adenocarcinomas (56.8% vs 25%); however, a high percentage of lymphomas were also associated with atrophy (50.9%), intestinal metaplasia (62.7%), and rarely dysplasia (11.8%). On the contrary, diffuse-type adenocarcinoma displayed less frequently atrophy (33%), intestinal metaplasia (50%), and dysplasia (3%). Gastric mucosa from patients without any gastric neoplasia was almost normal (84%), whereas the remaining 16% showed, both or alone, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. CONCLUSION: Histopathological disorders of the gastric mucosa are not specific for any neoplasm, but intestinal-type adenocarcinomas frequently showed atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and not uncommonly, dysplasia of the surrounding non-neoplastic gastric mucosa. Diffuse-type adenocarcinomas did not frequently show such lesions. Primary lymphomas displayed expansive lymphoid follicles and also a high percentage of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of the surrounding gastric mucosa. The presence of intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and lymphoid follicles with expansion in endoscopic biopsies could suggest a higher suceptibility for the development of gastric intestinal-type adenocarcinoma or gastric lymphoma. Patients harboring such histopathological changes must receive eradication therapy against H. pylori and probably closer follow-up.

Histologic changes of the gastric mucosa associated with primary gastric lymphoma in endoscopic biopsy specimens.

CONTEXT: Recently, we have observed intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and dysplasia in the mucosa adjacent to primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) in gastrectomy specimens. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and type of epithelial disorders at the histopathologic level in the mucosa adjacent to PGL in endoscopic specimens. DESIGN: We studied 54 endoscopic biopsies from patients harboring PGL. We searched for the following morphologic changes in the gastric mucosa: intestinal metaplasia; atrophy; dysplasia; epithelial erosion; and atypical regeneration of the glandular epithelium. Other nonepithelial findings such as lymphoid follicles, Helicobacter pylori, and lymphoma grade, were also recorded. For comparative purposes, 50 endoscopic biopsies with gastric adenocarcinoma and 50 biopsies with chronic gastritis associated with H pylori infection were also studied. RESULTS: The 54 biopsies included 28 (52%) low-grade and 26 (48%) high-grade PGLs. We found intestinal metaplasia in 32 biopsies (59%), atrophy in 20 biopsies (37%), dysplasia in 2 biopsies (4%), erosion of the epithelium in 33 biopsies (61%), and atypical regenerative changes of the glandular epithelium in 10 biopsies (19%). Lymphoid follicles were found in 21 biopsies (39%), and H pylori was demonstrated in 31 biopsies (57%). When groups were compared, the frequency of epithelial changes in biopsies from patients with PGL and adenocarcinoma was similar. Intestinal metaplasia or atrophy were present in only 10% of biopsies from patients with gastritis, and dysplastic glands were not identified. CONCLUSIONS: Biopsies from patients with PGL showed chronic damage of the gastric mucosa at diagnosis, including precancerous conditions. Intestinal metaplasia and atrophy were among the most frequent disorders, but dysplasia was also occasionally present. Endoscopists and pathologists must be acquainted with such changes and look for them in the initial biopsy, as well in subsequent samples. This practice is particularly important when reviewing biopsies from patients with low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-lymphomas who are eligible for eradication treatment for H pylori.

Increasing frequency of gastric lymphoma in two national institutes of health in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Some studies performed in developed countries with caucasian population have suggested an increase in the frequency of primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) in the past two decades. OBJECTIVE: To establish the frequency of PGL in two National Institutes of Health in Mexico in an interval of 18 years. METHODS: We reviewed 1,854 gastric malignant neoplasms diagnosed between 1979-1996 in mestizo patients seen at two different institutions. One of them (INC) is an oncological hospital, whereas the other one (INN) is a general hospital which treats patients with benign as well as malignant gastrointestinal diseases. RESULTS: A hundred and sixty three (8.8%) gastric lymphomas were identified from 1,854 gastric malignant tumors. The incidence of PGL showed a two to three-fold increase in the last years of the study in both institutions. The increased frequency was highly significant when compared to the initial rate. This increase does not appear to be due to patient selection criteria nor to the number of malignant gastric tumors in our institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an increased frequency of PGL the patient population of two National Institutes of Health in Mexico during the last years. Additional studies are necessary in order to define in the increase in PGL is limited to certain geographical areas or ethnic groups.

ADEM: literature review and case report of acute psychosis presentation.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a monophasic, immune-mediated disorder that produces multifocal demyelinating lesions within the central nervous system. It is characterized clinically by the acute onset of neurologic abnormalities, including varying degrees of mental state changes ranging from drowsiness to coma. It is unusual for the illness to present as an isolated acute psychosis. The case of a 14-year-old female with biopsy-confirmed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, who was initially diagnosed with an acute psychiatric disorder, is presented, and published reports on this unusual manifestation are reviewed. A Medline database search was performed from 1965 to 1999, using the terms acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, postvaccinal encephalomyelitis, postinfectious encephalomyelitis, and measles encephalomyelitis, combined with the terms psychosis, psychiatric disorder, and behavioral disorder. Selected cross-referenced reports were also reviewed. Nine patients were identified who presented with acute psychosis. We conclude that, although rare, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can present as an acute psychosis. This immune-mediated condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurologic disorders presenting as a psychiatric illness.