RESUMEN
Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in SLC5A1 encoding the apical sodium/glucose cotransporter SGLT1. We present clinical and molecular data from eleven affected individuals with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption from four unrelated, consanguineous Turkish families. Early recognition and timely management by eliminating glucose and galactose from the diet are fundamental for affected individuals to survive and develop normally. We identified novel SLC5A1 missense variants, p.Gly43Arg and p.Ala92Val, which were linked to disease in two families. Stable expression in CaCo-2 cells showed that the p.Ala92Val variant did not reach the plasma membrane, but was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The p.Gly43Arg variant, however, displayed processing and plasma membrane localization comparable to wild-type SGLT1. Glycine-43 displays nearly invariant conservation in the relevant structural family of cotransporters and exchangers, and localizes to SGLT1 transmembrane domain TM0. p.Gly43Arg represents the first disease-associated variant in TM0; however, the role of TM0 in the SGLT1 function has not been established. In summary, we are expanding the mutational spectrum of this rare disorder.
Asunto(s)
Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Carbohidratos , Humanos , Células CACO-2 , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Carbohidratos/genética , Mutación , Glucosa/metabolismo , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/genéticaRESUMEN
High resistance to antimicrobials is associated with biofilm formation responsible for infectious microbes to withstand severe conditions. Therefore, new alternatives are necessary as biofilm inhibitors to control infections. In this study, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Fagonia indica extracts were evaluated against MDR clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica has antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-1 against multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica had antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-1 against MDR isolates. The maximum inhibitory effects of Fagonia indica chloroform extract on biofilm formation was observed on Staphylococcus aureus (71.84%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (70.83%) after 48 hrs showing that inhibition is also time dependent. Our results about bacterial cell protein leakage indicated that MDR isolates treated with chloroform extract of Fagonia indica showed maximum protein leakage of K. pneumoniae (59.14 µg mL-1) followed by S. aureus (56.7 µg mL-1). Cell attachment assays indicated that chloroform extract resulted in a 43.5-53.5% inhibition of cell adherence to a polystyrene surface. Our results revealed that extracts of Fagonia indica significantly inhibited biofilm formation among MDR clinical isolates, therefore, could be applied as antimicrobial agents and cost effective biofilm inhibitor against these MDR isolates.
A alta resistência aos antimicrobianos está associada à formação de biofilme responsável por micróbios infecciosos para suportar condições severas. Portanto, novas alternativas são necessárias como inibidores de biofilme para controlar infecções. Neste estudo, as atividades antimicrobiana e antibiofilme dos extratos de Fagonia indica foram avaliadas contra isolados clínicos MDR. O extrato exibiu seu efeito antibiofilme ao alterar a aderência e a desintegração da parede celular bacteriana. Fagonia indica tem efeito antibacteriano com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) variando de 125 a 500 µg mL-1, e valor de concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) de 500-3000 µg mL-1 contra isolados clínicos multirresistentes (MDR). O extrato exibiu seu efeito antibiofilme ao alterar a aderência e a desintegração da parede celular bacteriana. Fagonia indica teve efeito antibacteriano com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) variando de 125 a 500 µg mL-1, e concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) de 500-3000 µg mL-1 contra isolados MDR. Os efeitos inibitórios máximos do extrato de clorofórmio Fagonia indica na formação de biofilme foi observada em Staphylococcus aureus (71,84%), seguido por Klebsiella pneumoniae (70,83%) após 48 horas, mostrando que a inibição também é dependente do tempo. Nossos resultados sobre extravasamento de proteínas de células bacterianas indicaram que isolados MDR tratados com extrato clorofórmico de Fagonia indica apresentaram vazamento máximo de proteínas de K. pneumoniae (59,14 µg mL-1), seguido por S. aureus (56,7 µg mL-1). Ensaios de fixação de células indicaram que o extrato de clorofórmio resultou em uma inibição de 43,5-53,5% da aderência das células a uma superfície de poliestireno. Nossos resultados revelaram que extratos de Fagonia indica inibiram significativamente a formação de biofilme entre isolados clínicos MDR, portanto, poderiam ser aplicados como agentes antimicrobianos e inibidores de biofilme de baixo custo contra esses isolados MDR.
Asunto(s)
Staphylococcus aureus , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Bacterias , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Biopelículas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana MúltipleRESUMEN
High resistance to antimicrobials is associated with biofilm formation responsible for infectious microbes to withstand severe conditions. Therefore, new alternatives are necessary as biofilm inhibitors to control infections. In this study, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Fagonia indica extracts were evaluated against MDR clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica has antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-¹ against multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica had antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-¹ and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-¹ against MDR isolates. The maximum inhibitory effects of Fagonia indica chloroform extract on biofilm formation was observed on Staphylococcus aureus (71.84%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (70.83%) after 48 hrs showing that inhibition is also time dependent. Our results about bacterial cell protein leakage indicated that MDR isolates treated with chloroform extract of Fagonia indica showed maximum protein leakage of K. pneumoniae (59.14 µg mL-¹) followed by S. aureus (56.7 µg mL-1). Cell attachment assays indicated that chloroform extract resulted in a 43.5-53.5% inhibition of cell adherence to a polystyrene surface. Our results revealed that extracts of Fagonia indica significantly inhibited biofilm formation among MDR clinical isolates, therefore, could be applied as antimicrobial agents and cost effective biofilm inhibitor against these MDR isolates.
A alta resistência aos antimicrobianos está associada à formação de biofilme responsável por micróbios infecciosos para suportar condições severas. Portanto, novas alternativas são necessárias como inibidores de biofilme para controlar infecções. Neste estudo, as atividades antimicrobiana e antibiofilme dos extratos de Fagonia indica foram avaliadas contra isolados clínicos MDR. O extrato exibiu seu efeito antibiofilme ao alterar a aderência e a desintegração da parede celular bacteriana. Fagonia indica tem efeito antibacteriano com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) variando de 125 a 500 µg mL-¹, e valor de concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) de 500-3000 µg mL-1 contra isolados clínicos multirresistentes (MDR). O extrato exibiu seu efeito antibiofilme ao alterar a aderência e a desintegração da parede celular bacteriana. Fagonia indica teve efeito antibacteriano com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) variando de 125 a 500 µg mL-¹, e concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) de 500-3000 µg mL-¹ contra isolados MDR. Os efeitos inibitórios máximos do extrato de clorofórmio Fagonia indica na formação de biofilme foi observada em Staphylococcus aureus (71,84%), seguido por Klebsiella pneumoniae (70,83%) após 48 horas, mostrando que a inibição também é dependente do tempo. Nossos resultados sobre extravasamento de proteínas de células bacterianas indicaram que isolados MDR tratados com extrato clorofórmico de Fagonia indica apresentaram vazamento máximo de proteínas de K. pneumoniae (59,14 µg mL-¹), seguido por S. aureus(56,7 µg mL-¹). Ensaios de fixação de células indicaram que o extrato de clorofórmio resultou em uma inibição de 43,5-53,5% da aderência das células a uma superfície de poliestireno. Nossos resultados revelaram que extratos de Fagonia indica inibiram [...].
Asunto(s)
Adhesión Bacteriana , Antibacterianos/análisis , Biopelículas , Klebsiella , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMEN
Abstract High resistance to antimicrobials is associated with biofilm formation responsible for infectious microbes to withstand severe conditions. Therefore, new alternatives are necessary as biofilm inhibitors to control infections. In this study, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Fagonia indica extracts were evaluated against MDR clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica has antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-1 against multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica had antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-1 against MDR isolates. The maximum inhibitory effects of Fagonia indica chloroform extract on biofilm formation was observed on Staphylococcus aureus (71.84%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (70.83%) after 48 hrs showing that inhibition is also time dependent. Our results about bacterial cell protein leakage indicated that MDR isolates treated with chloroform extract of Fagonia indica showed maximum protein leakage of K. pneumoniae (59.14 µg mL-1) followed by S. aureus (56.7 µg mL-1). Cell attachment assays indicated that chloroform extract resulted in a 43.5-53.5% inhibition of cell adherence to a polystyrene surface. Our results revealed that extracts of Fagonia indica significantly inhibited biofilm formation among MDR clinical isolates, therefore, could be applied as antimicrobial agents and cost effective biofilm inhibitor against these MDR isolates.
Resumo A alta resistência aos antimicrobianos está associada à formação de biofilme responsável por micróbios infecciosos para suportar condições severas. Portanto, novas alternativas são necessárias como inibidores de biofilme para controlar infecções. Neste estudo, as atividades antimicrobiana e antibiofilme dos extratos de Fagonia indica foram avaliadas contra isolados clínicos MDR. O extrato exibiu seu efeito antibiofilme ao alterar a aderência e a desintegração da parede celular bacteriana. Fagonia indica tem efeito antibacteriano com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) variando de 125 a 500 µg mL-1, e valor de concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) de 500-3000 µg mL-1 contra isolados clínicos multirresistentes (MDR). O extrato exibiu seu efeito antibiofilme ao alterar a aderência e a desintegração da parede celular bacteriana. Fagonia indica teve efeito antibacteriano com valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) variando de 125 a 500 µg mL-1, e concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) de 500-3000 µg mL-1 contra isolados MDR. Os efeitos inibitórios máximos do extrato de clorofórmio Fagonia indica na formação de biofilme foi observada em Staphylococcus aureus (71,84%), seguido por Klebsiella pneumoniae (70,83%) após 48 horas, mostrando que a inibição também é dependente do tempo. Nossos resultados sobre extravasamento de proteínas de células bacterianas indicaram que isolados MDR tratados com extrato clorofórmico de Fagonia indica apresentaram vazamento máximo de proteínas de K. pneumoniae (59,14 µg mL-1), seguido por S. aureus (56,7 µg mL-1). Ensaios de fixação de células indicaram que o extrato de clorofórmio resultou em uma inibição de 43,5-53,5% da aderência das células a uma superfície de poliestireno. Nossos resultados revelaram que extratos de Fagonia indica inibiram significativamente a formação de biofilme entre isolados clínicos MDR, portanto, poderiam ser aplicados como agentes antimicrobianos e inibidores de biofilme de baixo custo contra esses isolados MDR.
RESUMEN
High resistance to antimicrobials is associated with biofilm formation responsible for infectious microbes to withstand severe conditions. Therefore, new alternatives are necessary as biofilm inhibitors to control infections. In this study, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Fagonia indica extracts were evaluated against MDR clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica has antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-1 against multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The extract exhibited its antibiofilm effect by altering adherence and disintegration of bacterial cell wall. Fagonia indica had antibacterial effect as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500-3000 µg mL-1 against MDR isolates. The maximum inhibitory effects of Fagonia indica chloroform extract on biofilm formation was observed on Staphylococcus aureus (71.84%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (70.83%) after 48 hrs showing that inhibition is also time dependent. Our results about bacterial cell protein leakage indicated that MDR isolates treated with chloroform extract of Fagonia indica showed maximum protein leakage of K. pneumoniae (59.14 µg mL-1) followed by S. aureus (56.7 µg mL-1). Cell attachment assays indicated that chloroform extract resulted in a 43.5-53.5% inhibition of cell adherence to a polystyrene surface. Our results revealed that extracts of Fagonia indica significantly inhibited biofilm formation among MDR clinical isolates, therefore, could be applied as antimicrobial agents and cost effective biofilm inhibitor against these MDR isolates.
Asunto(s)
Extractos Vegetales , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacterias , Biopelículas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
TRAIL mediated signaling in cancer cells has emerged as one amongst the most deeply studied molecular phenomenon. Data obtained through genetic studies has highlighted highly polymorphic nature of DR4 and in accordance with this concept, we aimed to investigate the association between Colorectal cancer and polymorphisms in TRAIL and DR4 gene. We selected 100 patients with colorectal cancer and 100 healthy, sex and age matched volunteers randomly. C626G and A1322G in DR4 gene were analyzed using Polymerase Change Reaction (PCR) - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) techniques. PCR-RFLP was used to study TRAIL 1595 C>T. TRAIL gene 1595 C>T genotypes percentage in colorectal cancer patients was statistically non-significant. CC was 43% in patients and 50% in controls. CT was 45% in patients and 43% in controls. TT was 12% in patients and 7% in controls. C allele was 0.655% in cancer patients and 0.715% in controls. T allele was 0.345% in patients and 0.285% in controls. DR4 gene 626 C>G genotypes percentage analysis indicated that CC was 28% in patients and 2% in controls. GC was 42% in patients and 40% in controls. GG was 30% in patients and 58% in controls. CC was statistically significant (p=0.00000207) in cancer patients. C allele was 0.49% in patients and 0.22% in controls. G allele was 0.51% in patients and 0.78% in controls. For DR4 A1322G, homozygous GG genotype was 36% in the patients and in controls. There was statistically insignificant difference (p> 0.05). The heterozygous GT genotype was 30% in patients and 29% in controls. This difference was statistically insignificant (p value > 0.05). Similarly, the homozygous genotype TT of the minor allele was (35%) in controls and patients (34 %). This difference was also statistically insignificant (p value > 0.05). C allele was 0.51% in patients and 0.5% in controls. T allele was 0.49% in patients and 0.495% in controls. Future studies must converge on a larger sample size, sporadic mutations of DR4 and TRAIL and expression profiling.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores del Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/genética , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación , Pakistán , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de RestricciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Isolated nail dysplasia is rare and has been reported in only a small number of families. OBJECTIVES: To describe and characterize two Pakistani families with an autosomal-recessive inherited nail dysplasia. METHODS: Genome-wide linkage analysis; mutation screening of candidate genes by Sanger sequencing; cloning of FZD6 and protein analyses; immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We mapped this genodermatosis to chromosome 8q22.3, and identified a homozygous nonsense mutation c.1750G>T (p.E584X) in the frizzled 6 (FZD6) gene in all affected individuals. Immunohistochemical analyses in nail sections from healthy individuals revealed strong expression of FZD6 in the ventral nail matrix and a less pronounced expression of FZD6 in the nail bed. CONCLUSIONS: FZD6 belongs to a family of proteins that serve as receptors in Wnt signalling pathways, and has been shown to act as a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signalling cascade and a positive regulator of the noncanonical Wnt or planar cell polarity pathway. The present results therefore suggest that FZD6 plays a pivotal role in the growth and guidance of the nail plate in humans by acting as a molecular switch between different Wnt pathways. Previous studies have identified mutations in the RSPO4 and LMX1B components of the Wnt pathway in patients with the hypoplastic nail disorders anonychia and nail-patella syndrome, respectively. Only recently, FZD6 mutations were identified in isolated nail dysplasia. The present results emphasize the important role of the Wnt pathways in nail development and increase understanding of Wnt-mediated developmental events in general.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas Humanos Par 8/genética , Codón sin Sentido/genética , Receptores Frizzled/genética , Enfermedades de la Uña/genética , Receptores Wnt/genética , Adulto , Consanguinidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Linaje , Vía de Señalización WntRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Autosomal recessive hypotrichosis/woolly hair is a rare genetic hair loss disorder characterized by sparse scalp hair/woolly hair, sparse to absent eyebrows and eyelashes, sparse axillary and body hair in affected individuals. This form of hair loss results from mutations in either LPAR6 or LIPH gene. AIM: To identify mutations in LPAR6 and LIPH genes in 17 consanguineous Pakistani families showing features of hypotrichosis/woolly hair. METHODS: Genotyping in 17 families was carried out using polymorphic microsatellite markers linked to genes causing autosomal recessive hypotrichosis/woolly hair phenotype. To screen for mutations in LPAR6 and LIPH genes, all of their exons and splice junction sites were amplified by PCR and sequenced using an automated DNA sequencer. RESULTS: Genotyping with polymorphic microsatellite markers showed linkage in eight families to LPAR6 and in nine families to LIPH gene. Sequence analysis revealed four recurrent mutations (p.Phe24HisfsX28; p.Asp63Val; p.Gly146Arg; p.Ile188Phe) in LPAR6 and two recurrent mutations (p.Trp108Arg; p.Ile220ArgfsX29) in LIPH gene. Comparison of the haplotypes generated by typing LPAR6 and LIPH genes linked microsatellite markers in different families suggested common founder natures of the two mutations (c.66_69insCATG and c.659_660delTA). CONCLUSIONS: Mutations identified in the present study extend the body of evidence implicating LPAR6 and LIPH genes in pathogenesis of human hereditary hair loss.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Cabello/congénito , Hipotricosis/genética , Lipasa/genética , Mutación , Receptores del Ácido Lisofosfatídico/genética , Adulto , Niño , Consanguinidad , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Exones/genética , Femenino , Genes Recesivos , Ligamiento Genético , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Enfermedades del Cabello/genética , Humanos , Hipotricosis/patología , Masculino , Pakistán , Linaje , FenotipoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Autosomal recessive hypotrichosis is a rare genetic irreversible hair loss characterized by sparse scalp hair, sparse to absent eyebrows and eyelashes, and sparse axillary and body hair. Affected male individuals have normal beard hair. OBJECTIVES: To search for pathogenic mutations in the human P2RY5 gene in Pakistani families with autosomal recessive hereditary hypotrichosis. METHODS: In the present report, 16 unrelated consanguineous Pakistani families having multiple affected individuals with autosomal recessive hypotrichosis were investigated. Linkage in these families was searched by genotyping microsatellite markers linked to autosomal recessive hypotrichosis loci LAH1, LAH2 and LAH3. Thirteen of the families showed linkage to the LAH3 locus on chromosome 13q14.11-q21.32. These families were then subjected to direct sequencing of the P2RY5 gene, which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor. RESULTS: Sequence analysis of the P2RY5 gene revealed two novel missense mutations (c.742A>T; p.N248Y and c.830C>T; p.L277P) in three families. Five previously described mutations including three missense (c.188A>T; p.D63V, c.436G>A; p.G146R, c.562A>T; p.I188F), one insertion (c.69insCATG; p.24insHfsX52) and one complex deletion (c.172-175delAACT; 177delG; p.N58-L59delinsCfsX88) were detected in the other 10 families. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations revealed in the present study extend the body of evidence implicating the P2RY5 gene in the pathogenesis of human hereditary hair loss.
Asunto(s)
Hipotricosis/genética , Mutación Missense/genética , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Femenino , Genes Recesivos , Ligamiento Genético , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Humanos , Hipotricosis/patología , Masculino , Pakistán , LinajeRESUMEN
We have investigated the angular variation in elastic x-ray scattering from a dense, laser-shock-compressed aluminum foil. A comparison of the experiment with simulations using an embedded atom potential in a molecular dynamics simulation shows a significantly better agreement than simulations based on an unscreened one-component plasma model. These data illustrate, experimentally, the importance of screening for the dense plasma static structure factor.
RESUMEN
In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using x-ray Compton scattering as a probe of the outer electronic structure of ions immersed in warm dense matter. It is proposed that the x-ray free-electron lasers currently under construction will provide an ideal tool for this, with the main pulse being used to create a uniform well-defined sample and the third harmonic providing a clean monochromatic probe. We model the plasma photon scatter spectrum by combining self-consistent finite-temperature electronic structure calculations with molecular dynamics simulations of the ion-ion structure factor. In particular, we present bound-free Compton profiles that are more accurate that those obtained using form factor or impulse approximations.