Fermentation Profile, Aerobic Stability, and Chemical and Mineral Composition of Cactus Pear Silages with Different Inclusion Levels of Gliricidia Hay.

Cactus pear is used in large proportions in diets for small ruminants in semiarid regions. However, its exclusive use is not recommended due to the low fiber and crude protein content and the high water and mineral content, leading to metabolic disorders, low dry matter intake, and weight loss. The use of mixed cactus silage associated with protein and fibrous sources seeks to overcome the deficits in dry matter, fiber and crude protein, aiming to improve the nutritional quality of the diets that will be offered to ruminants. Thus, the use of gliricidia hay in cactus pear silages could represent an important alternative to improve the nutritional and fermentative characteristics of the ensiled material. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, nutritional characteristics, and aerobic stability of mixed silages of cactus pear combined with different levels of gliricidia hay. This was a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted of different levels of inclusion of gliricidia hay (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% on a dry matter basis) in the composition of mixed cactus pear silages. The inclusion of gliricidia hay in the composition of mixed silages of cactus pear resulted in a quadratic effect for dry matter recovery, pH, NH3-N, buffering capacity, aerobic stability, ether extract, P, K, Na, and Zn (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in density, effluent losses, maximum pH, mineral matter, non-fiber carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn (p < 0.05), and an increase in the time to reach maximum pH as well as an upward trend in pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and B (p < 0.05). Under experimental conditions, the inclusion of gliricidia hay between 20 and 30% in cactus pear-based silage provided an improvement to the chemical composition and fermentation parameters of the silages.

Rumen fermentation and metabolic profile of rams fed with diets amended cottonseed cake.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg-1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg-1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL-1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL-1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen without affecting the animal's health.

Inclusion of different levels of common-bean residue in sheep diets on nutrient intake and digestibility / Inclusão de diferentes níveis do resíduo de feijão nas rações de ovinos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including common-bean residue in diets for feedlot sheep on the intake and digestibility of nutrients by these animals. Sixteen intact male sheep were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of the inclusion of 0, 11, 22, and 33% of the common-bean residue (dry matter basis) in the experimental diets, which corresponded to the substitution levels of 0.0, 33.3, 66.7, and 100.0% of cottonseed cake for the bean residue. Data of the studied variables were subjected to analyses of variance and regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The model was chosen based on the significance of the regression parameters, evaluated by the t test (P<0.05), and on the coefficients of determination. The levels of inclusion of the common-bean residue in the diet influenced (P<0.05) the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein, organic matter, ether extract, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber, expressed in g animal-1 day-1, percentage of body weight (%BW), and metabolic weight (BW0.75), which decreased linearly. However, the inclusion of the different levels of common-bean residue did not change (P>0.05) the intakes of neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates, or total digestible nutrients by the feedlot sheep. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the common-bean residue in the sheep diet led to a reduction of 4.93, 0.01, and 0.20 in DM intake when expressed in g animal-1 day-1, %BW, and BW0.75, respectively. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the bean residue resulted in the reduction of 2.73% in the intake of indigestible neutral detergent fiber by the feedlot sheep. Sheep displayed a linear increase (P<0.05) in water intake with the levels of common-bean residue in the experimental diets.[...](AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos confinados sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos, machos inteiros, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inclusão de 0; 11; 22 e 33% na MS do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais, as quais corresponderam aos níveis de substituição de 0,0; 33,3; 66,7 e 100,0% da torta de algodão pelo resíduo de feijão. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A escolha do modelo foi baseada na significância dos parâmetros de regressão, testada pelo teste t (P<0,05), e nos valores dos coeficientes de determinação. Os níveis de inclusão de resíduo feijão na dieta dos ovinos influenciaram (P<0,05) de maneira linear decrescente os valores de consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível expressos em g animal-1 dia-1, percentagem do peso corporal (% PC) e peso metabólico (PC 0,75). Porém foi observado que a inclusão dos diferentes níveis de inclusão do resíduo de feijão não alterou (P>0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais dos ovinos confinados. Observou-se que para cada 1,0% da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos ocorreu uma redução no consumo de MS de 4,93; 0,01 e 0,20 expressos em g animal-1 dia-1, % PC e PC0,75, respectivamente. A cada 1,0% de inclusão do resíduo de feijão foi observado a redução de 2,73% no consumo de fibra em detergenteneutro indigestível dos ovinos confinados. Os ovinos apresentaram um aumentou linear (P<0,05) no consumo de água com a inclusão dos diferentes níveis do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais.[...](AU)

Perdas, perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens de capim "Brachiaria decumbens" com inclusão de farelo de arroz / Losses, fermentative profile and chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens silage with inclusion of rice meal

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do farelo de arroz sobre as perdas por gases e efluente, o perfil fermentativo e a composição química das silagens de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk ensilado em silos de laboratório. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 10; 20, 30 e 40g/kg de farelo de arroz, com base na matéria natural da gramínea. Os valores das perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidos linearmente em 0,11 e 0,39g/kg MS, enquanto a recuperação da matéria seca aumentou linearmente em 0,32g/kg MS. Houve comportamento quadrático nos valores de pH e, redução linear para os valores de N-amoniacal e poder tampão, estimados em 1,1 e 0,5g/kg MS. As concentrações de ácido acético, butírico e propiônico foram reduzidas linearmente em 0,1; 0,008 e 0,006g/kg MS, enquanto a de ácido láctico aumentou linearmente em 0,5g/kg MS. Cada unidade porcentual de farelo de arroz promoveu aumento linear de 4,3; 1,8; 7,1 e 7,0g/kg nos teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e redução linear de 6,9; 4,3 e 2,6g/kg MS nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose. A inclusão de 10g/kg de farelo de arroz já assegura diminuição das perdas por gases e efluentes, aumento na recuperação de matéria seca, proporcionando melhorias no perfil fermentativo e na composição química das sila

The objective was to assess the effects of rice meal over losses by gas and effluent, the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk silage in laboratory bags. Entirely random lining was used, with five treatments: 0; 10; 20; 30 and 40g/kg rice meal, based on natural grass matter. The values of losses by gas and effluents were reduced linearly in 0.11 and 0.39g/kg DM, while recovery of dry matter increased linearly in 0.32g/kg DM. There was quadratic behavior for pH values and linear decrease for the values of N-ammoniacal and buffering power estimated in 1.1 and 5g/kg DM. Concentrations of acetic, butyric and propionic acids were reduced linearly in 0.1; 0.008 and 0.006g/kg DM, while lactic acid increased linearly in 0.5g/kg DM. Each 1g/kg rice meal promoted linear increase of 4.3; 1.8; 7.1 and 7.0g/kg dry matter levels, crude protein, ethereal extract and total digestible nutrients and linear decrease of 6.9; 4.3 and 2.6g/kg DM of fiber in neutral detergent, fiber in acidic detergent and hemicellulose levels. Inclusion of 10g/kg rice meal already ensures lowering losses by gas and effluents, increase in dry matter recovery, allowing improvements on the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of silage.

Perdas, perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens de capim "Brachiaria decumbens" com inclusão de farelo de arroz / Losses, fermentative profile and chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens silage with inclusion of rice meal

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do farelo de arroz sobre as perdas por gases e efluente, o perfil fermentativo e a composição química das silagens de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk ensilado em silos de laboratório. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 10; 20, 30 e 40g/kg de farelo de arroz, com base na matéria natural da gramínea. Os valores das perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidos linearmente em 0,11 e 0,39g/kg MS, enquanto a recuperação da matéria seca aumentou linearmente em 0,32g/kg MS. Houve comportamento quadrático nos valores de pH e, redução linear para os valores de N-amoniacal e poder tampão, estimados em 1,1 e 0,5g/kg MS. As concentrações de ácido acético, butírico e propiônico foram reduzidas linearmente em 0,1; 0,008 e 0,006g/kg MS, enquanto a de ácido láctico aumentou linearmente em 0,5g/kg MS. Cada unidade porcentual de farelo de arroz promoveu aumento linear de 4,3; 1,8; 7,1 e 7,0g/kg nos teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e redução linear de 6,9; 4,3 e 2,6g/kg MS nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose. A inclusão de 10g/kg de farelo de arroz já assegura diminuição das perdas por gases e efluentes, aumento na recuperação de matéria seca, proporcionando melhorias no perfil fermentativo e na composição química das sila(AU)

The objective was to assess the effects of rice meal over losses by gas and effluent, the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk silage in laboratory bags. Entirely random lining was used, with five treatments: 0; 10; 20; 30 and 40g/kg rice meal, based on natural grass matter. The values of losses by gas and effluents were reduced linearly in 0.11 and 0.39g/kg DM, while recovery of dry matter increased linearly in 0.32g/kg DM. There was quadratic behavior for pH values and linear decrease for the values of N-ammoniacal and buffering power estimated in 1.1 and 5g/kg DM. Concentrations of acetic, butyric and propionic acids were reduced linearly in 0.1; 0.008 and 0.006g/kg DM, while lactic acid increased linearly in 0.5g/kg DM. Each 1g/kg rice meal promoted linear increase of 4.3; 1.8; 7.1 and 7.0g/kg dry matter levels, crude protein, ethereal extract and total digestible nutrients and linear decrease of 6.9; 4.3 and 2.6g/kg DM of fiber in neutral detergent, fiber in acidic detergent and hemicellulose levels. Inclusion of 10g/kg rice meal already ensures lowering losses by gas and effluents, increase in dry matter recovery, allowing improvements on the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of silage.(AU)

Inclusion of different levels of common-bean residue in sheep diets on nutrient intake and digestibility / Inclusão de diferentes níveis do resíduo de feijão nas rações de ovinos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including common-bean residue in diets for feedlot sheep on the intake and digestibility of nutrients by these animals. Sixteen intact male sheep were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments consisted of the inclusion of 0, 11, 22, and 33% of the common-bean residue (dry matter basis) in the experimental diets, which corresponded to the substitution levels of 0.0, 33.3, 66.7, and 100.0% of cottonseed cake for the bean residue. Data of the studied variables were subjected to analyses of variance and regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The model was chosen based on the significance of the regression parameters, evaluated by the t test (P0.05) the intakes of neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates, or total digestible nutrients by the feedlot sheep. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the common-bean residue in the sheep diet led to a reduction of 4.93, 0.01, and 0.20 in DM intake when expressed in g animal-1 day-1, %BW, and BW0.75, respectively. Every 1.0% of inclusion of the bean residue resulted in the reduction of 2.73% in the intake of indigestible neutral detergent fiber by the feedlot sheep. Sheep displayed a linear increase (P<0.05) in water intake with the levels of common-bean residue in the experimental diets.[...]

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos confinados sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos, machos inteiros, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inclusão de 0; 11; 22 e 33% na MS do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais, as quais corresponderam aos níveis de substituição de 0,0; 33,3; 66,7 e 100,0% da torta de algodão pelo resíduo de feijão. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A escolha do modelo foi baseada na significância dos parâmetros de regressão, testada pelo teste t (P0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais dos ovinos confinados. Observou-se que para cada 1,0% da inclusão do resíduo de feijão na dieta de ovinos ocorreu uma redução no consumo de MS de 4,93; 0,01 e 0,20 expressos em g animal-1 dia-1, % PC e PC0,75, respectivamente. A cada 1,0% de inclusão do resíduo de feijão foi observado a redução de 2,73% no consumo de fibra em detergenteneutro indigestível dos ovinos confinados. Os ovinos apresentaram um aumentou linear (P<0,05) no consumo de água com a inclusão dos diferentes níveis do resíduo de feijão nas dietas experimentais.[...]