[The postcard in Brazil in the early twentieth century: a medium on which image and action combine]. / O cartão-postal no Brasil do início do século XX: suporte para o encontro entre imagem e ação.

This article seeks to highlight the postcard as a medium on which an image and the action of someone commenting on the image come together. Four postcards that have been used as sources in historical research are discussed. Absorbed by the practice of photography, the study first focuses on the artist. Then it focus on the role of the model. Finally, it presents the incorporation of the sender and his message. When doing so, it recognizes the surface of this medium as a space for transparency in terms of the social relationships prevailing in Brazil in the early twentieth century. The article also suggests that Manuel Querino was the first intellectual to use a postcard as a bibliographic source.

O artigo coloca o cartão-postal em evidência como suporte de encontro entre o retrato e a ação de quem se pronuncia sobre ele com uma mensagem. São abordados quatro cartões que foram, ao longo do tempo, usados como fonte pelos estudos históricos. Absorvida pela prática da fotografia, a pesquisa colocou primeiro em evidência o retratista. Em seguida, mirou a atuação do modelo. A proposta agora é incorporar aos estudos históricos o remetente e sua comunicação. Ao fazê-lo, reconhece-se na superfície dessa mídia um espaço para a transparência de relações sociais vigentes no Brasil do início do século XX. O texto também sugere que Manuel Querino foi o primeiro intelectual a se valer de um cartão como fonte.

O cartão-postal no Brasil do início do século XX: suporte para o encontro entre imagem e ação / The postcard in Brazil in the early twentieth century: a medium on which image and action combine

Resumo O artigo coloca o cartão-postal em evidência como suporte de encontro entre o retrato e a ação de quem se pronuncia sobre ele com uma mensagem. São abordados quatro cartões que foram, ao longo do tempo, usados como fonte pelos estudos históricos. Absorvida pela prática da fotografia, a pesquisa colocou primeiro em evidência o retratista. Em seguida, mirou a atuação do modelo. A proposta agora é incorporar aos estudos históricos o remetente e sua comunicação. Ao fazê-lo, reconhece-se na superfície dessa mídia um espaço para a transparência de relações sociais vigentes no Brasil do início do século XX. O texto também sugere que Manuel Querino foi o primeiro intelectual a se valer de um cartão como fonte.

Abstract This article seeks to highlight the postcard as a medium on which an image and the action of someone commenting on the image come together. Four postcards that have been used as sources in historical research are discussed. Absorbed by the practice of photography, the study first focuses on the artist. Then it focus on the role of the model. Finally, it presents the incorporation of the sender and his message. When doing so, it recognizes the surface of this medium as a space for transparency in terms of the social relationships prevailing in Brazil in the early twentieth century. The article also suggests that Manuel Querino was the first intellectual to use a postcard as a bibliographic source.

New semi-pilot-scale reactor to study the photocatalytic inactivation of phages contained in aerosol.

The aims of this work were to design and build a photocatalytic reactor (UV-A/TiO2) to study the inactivation of phages contained in bioaerosols, which constitute the main dissemination via phages in industrial environments. The reactor is a close system with recirculation that consists of a stainless steel camera (cubic form, side of 60 cm) in which air containing the phage particles circulates and an acrylic compartment with six borosilicate plates covered with TiO2. The reactor is externally illuminated by 20 UV-A lamps. Both compartments are connected by a fan to facilitate the sample circulation. Samples are injected into the camera using two piston nebulizers working in series whereas several methodologies for sampling (impinger/syringe, sampling on photocatalytic plates, and impact of air on slide) were assayed. The reactor setup was carried out using phage B1 (Lactobacillus plantarum), and assays demonstrated a decrease of phage counts of 2.7 log orders after 1 h of photocatalytic treatment. Photonic efficiencies of inactivation were assessed by phage sampling on the photocatalytic plates or by impact of air on a glass slide at the photocatalytic reactor exit. Efficiencies of the same order of magnitude were observed using both sampling methods. This study demonstrated that the designed photocatalytic reactor is effective to inactivate phage B1 (Lb. plantarum) contained in bioaerosols.

Simplified reaction kinetics, models and experiments for glyphosate degradation in water by the UV/H2O2 process.

A simplified mathematical model to describe the oxidative degradation of glyphosate employing hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation was developed based on a sequence of predominant reactions. The kinetics obtained include all the required significant variables. Consequently, not only were concentration dependencies examined but also the influence of a detailed spatial description of the radiation field was included as part of the modeling. The kinetic parameters were obtained by comparing the simulation concentrations obtained with the model with the experimental values gathered in the laboratory reactor, employing a multiparameter non-linear regression analysis. In addition, the potential of the H2O2/UV process for treating water polluted with a commercial formulation, which was the glyphosate monoisopropylamine salt plus some additives, was studied. The glyphosate and TOC (total organic carbon) conversions reached were close to 80% and 70% respectively at 12 h (0.66 h actual exposure to radiation). It has been shown that a simple reaction scheme for the degradation of glyphosate acid and glyphosate isopropylamine salt from a commercial formulation can represent with good accuracy the performance of both reacting systems. In addition, the degradation procedure allowed a clear reduction of the toxicity of the glyphosate in the formulation over Vibrio fischeri at the end of the experiments. For this reason, reaching complete mineralization might not be necessary.

Effectiveness evaluation of glyphosate oxidation employing the H(2)O(2)/UVC process: toxicity assays with Vibrio fischeri and Rhinella arenarum tadpoles.

The H(2)O(2)/UVC process was applied to the photodegradation of a commercial formulation of glyphosate in water. Two organisms (Vibrio fischeri bacteria and Rhinella arenarum tadpoles) were used to investigate the toxicity of glyphosate in samples M(1,) M(2), and M(3) following different photodegradation reaction times (120, 240 and 360 min, respectively) that had differing amounts of residual H(2)O(2). Subsamples of M(1), M(2), and M(3) were then used to create samples M(1,E), M(2,E) and M(3,E) in which the H(2)O(2) had been removed. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were measured in tadpoles to determine possible sub-lethal effects. In V. fischeri, M(1,E), which was collected early in the photodegradation process, caused 52% inhibition, while M(3,E), which was collected at the end of the photodegradation process, caused only 17% inhibition. Survival of tadpoles was 100% in samples M(2), M(3), and in M(1,E), M(2,E) and M(3,E). The lowest percentages of enzymatic inhibition were observed in samples without removal of H(2)O(2): 13.96% (AChE) and 16% (BChE) for M(2), and 24.12% (AChE) and 13.83% (BChE) for M(3). These results show the efficiency of the H(2)O(2)/UVC process in reducing the toxicity of water or wastewater polluted by commercial formulations of glyphosate. According to the ecotoxicity assays, the conditions corresponding to M(2) (11 ± 1 mg a.e. L(-1) glyphosate and 11 ± 1 mg L(-1) H(2)O(2)) could be used as a final point for glyphosate treatment with the H(2)O(2)/UV process.