RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of antenatal depression (AD) among pregnant women varies according to the populations under study and the periods of evaluation. This paper investigated patterns of AD prevalence and risk factors in a Brazilian sample. METHODS: Using semi-structured interviews as well as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI), 148 pregnant women were assessed in their second and third trimesters. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the prevalence of and the significant risk factors for AD across both trimesters (p<0.05). RESULTS: The prevalence of AD using the MINI was 13.5% and 10.1% in the second and third trimester, respectively. Prevalence rates using the symptom scales were even higher. In our bivariate analysis, lifetime major depression was the main AD risk factor (p<0.001), along with the number of sons (p=0.02) and intimate partner abuse (p=0.03). After adjustment for confounding factors, only lifetime major depression (p<0.001) and intimate partner abuse (p=0.02) remained as independent risk factors. There were no statistically significant differences in the AD prevalence rates and risk factors found when comparing across trimesters. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by possible selection bias introduced by the method of recruitment and the number of women lost to follow up. CONCLUSION: AD prevalence rates found are close to the worldwide rates. Lifetime major depression was the main risk factor for AD in our study.
Asunto(s)
Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Trimestres del Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas/psicología , Prevalencia , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are severe disorders representing an enormous social, familiar and individual burden, being SCZ the most disabling psychiatric disorder characterized by psychosis and cognitive impairment. It is well known that SCZ and BPD are associated with abnormalities in dopamine signaling pathway. Recent data in the literature have demonstrated altered expression levels of some proteins involved in the modulation of this pathway in both brain and peripheral tissues. It was shown that protein and mRNA levels of dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) were downregulated in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of patients with SCZ or BPD when compared to controls. Due to the difficulty to access brain tissue and the absence of objective laboratory tests for bio-markers, we measured DARPP-32 expression in blood cell sub-populations (CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD56+ NK cells, CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes) taking advantage of the close relation of nervous and immune systems. Using flow cytometry as the analytical method, our results have shown that the DARPP-32 expression was diminished in CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes of BPD patients and was also decreased in CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD56+ NK cells of SCZ patients. These results showed that DARPP-32 expression in immune cells agrees with reports of reduced DARPP-32 protein in the DLPFC of BPD or SCZ patients. Our data suggest that DARPP-32 expression in PBMC could be used as a source of bio-markers to help in the treatment response of neuropsychiatry disorders as a window to the changes in the brain of those patients.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Fosfoproteína 32 Regulada por Dopamina y AMPc/biosíntesis , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monocitos/metabolismo , Escalas de Valoración PsiquiátricaRESUMEN
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are severe illnesses representing an enormous social, familiar and individual burden that affect 1% of the population world-wide. Several evidences indicate abnormalities of the dopamine system in both SCZ and BPD. Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is a protein that has many functions in neurotransmission such as inhibition of dopamine D(2) receptor desensitization, regulation of ionic channels and enhancement of exocytosis of neurotransmitters. In addition, NCS-1 protein expression and mRNA levels were found increased in pre-frontal cortex (PFC) of SCZ and BPD patients. NCS-1 expression in neural and neuroendocrine cells is well documented and, recently, it was shown that NCS-1 is also expressed in mast cells and neutrophils. NCS-1 has important functions in mast cells since it stimulates Fc epsilon RI-triggered exocytosis and the release of arachidonic acid metabolites. Then, due to the known close relation between the nervous and immune systems, we sought to investigate the NCS-1 expression in lymphocytes and monocytes (CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD56+ NK cells, CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes) of SCZ and BPD patients. Using flow cytometry, our results have shown that NCS-1 expression was diminished in CD4+T lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes of BPD patients and also decreased in CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD56+ NK cells of SCZ patients. Results suggest that immune cells might be a cellular model for studies with SCZ and BPD patients considering NCS-1 functions. Efforts need to be done to investigate the motive of the decreased percentage of immune cells expressing NCS-1 in patients with SCZ and BPD.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Sensoras del Calcio Neuronal/metabolismo , Neuropéptidos/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Antígenos CD19/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Antígeno CD56/metabolismo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monocitos/metabolismo , Escalas de Valoración PsiquiátricaRESUMEN
The influence of apolipoprotein E alleles and genotypes on plasma lipid levels was determined in 185 individuals of mixed ethnicity living in Ouro Preto, Brazil. DNA was obtained from blood samples and the genotypes were determined by an RFLP-PCR procedure. The *3 allele was the most frequent (72%), followed by *4 (20%) and *2 (8%); *4 frequency was higher and *2 frequency was lower in the dyslipidemic group than in the normal control group. The *2 carriers presented lower LDL and total cholesterol levels compared to the *3 and *4 carriers. All six expected genotypes were observed in the individuals genotyped: E2/2 (2.1%), E4/4 (2.7%), E2/4 (3.7%), E2/3 (8.0%), E3/3 (53.3%), E3/4 (29.9%); no difference in genotype frequencies was found between the normal and dyslipidemic groups. Compared with *2, the presence of *3 increases more than two times the risk for dyslipidemia (OR = 2.31; P = 0.025; 95% CI = 1.06-5.06) and the presence of *4 increases it three times (OR = 3.31; P = 0.006; 95% CI = 1.36-8.04). The only significant effect of genotype was an increased risk for dyslipidemia in the *4 genotype carriers (E3/4 + E4/4) compared with the *2 genotype carriers (E2/2 + E2/3) with OR = 3.69 (95% CI = 1.25-10.88). The present study indicates that in the Ouro Preto admixed population the presence of APOE *2 can confer a protective effect, whereas the presence of APOE *4 implies an enhanced risk for dyslipidemia.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Dislipidemias/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , Lípidos/sangre , Polimorfismo Genético , Apolipoproteína E3/genética , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/etnología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colesterol/sangre , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Dislipidemias/sangre , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
The influence of apolipoprotein E alleles and genotypes on plasma lipid levels was determined in 185 individuals of mixed ethnicity living in Ouro Preto, Brazil. DNA was obtained from blood samples and the genotypes were determined by an RFLP-PCR procedure. The *3 allele was the most frequent (72 percent), followed by *4 (20 percent) and *2 (8 percent); *4 frequency was higher and *2 frequency was lower in the dyslipidemic group than in the normal control group. The *2 carriers presented lower LDL and total cholesterol levels compared to the *3 and *4 carriers. All six expected genotypes were observed in the individuals genotyped: E2/2 (2.1 percent), E4/4 (2.7 percent), E2/4 (3.7 percent), E2/3 (8.0 percent), E3/3 (53.3 percent), E3/4 (29.9 percent); no difference in genotype frequencies was found between the normal and dyslipidemic groups. Compared with *2, the presence of *3 increases more than two times the risk for dyslipidemia (OR = 2.31; P = 0.025; 95 percent CI = 1.06-5.06) and the presence of *4 increases it three times (OR = 3.31; P = 0.006; 95 percent CI = 1.36-8.04). The only significant effect of genotype was an increased risk for dyslipidemia in the *4 genotype carriers (E3/4 + E4/4) compared with the *2 genotype carriers (E2/2 + E2/3) with OR = 3.69 (95 percent CI = 1.25-10.88). The present study indicates that in the Ouro Preto admixed population the presence of APOE *2 can confer a protective effect, whereas the presence of APOE *4 implies an enhanced risk for dyslipidemia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Dislipidemias/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , Lípidos/sangre , Polimorfismo Genético , /genética , /genética , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Colesterol/sangre , Dislipidemias/sangre , Genotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
In this paper, the effect of the alpha-scorpion toxin tityustoxin (TsTX) in the release of gamma-[(3)H]aminobutyric acid ([(3)H]GABA) from rat brain cortical slices is described. The TsTX-stimulatory effect on the release of [(3)H]GABA was dependent on incubation time and TsTX concentration, having an EC(50) of 0.33 microM. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) completely inhibited the TsTX action on [(3)H]GABA release. The scorpion toxin effect was calcium-dependent and involves P/Q calcium channels. beta-Alanine also induces the release of [(3)H]GABA that was not inhibited by TTX but was additive in the presence of TsTX. The data suggest a neuronal origin for the release of [(3)H]GABA by TsTX.
Asunto(s)
Canales de Calcio/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Venenos de Escorpión/efectos adversos , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animales , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Técnicas In Vitro , Ratas , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/farmacología , Canales de Sodio/efectos de los fármacos , Tetrodotoxina/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Tritio , beta-Alanina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The effect of the beta-scorpion toxin, TiTX gamma on the release of [3H]GABA from rat brain cortical slices is described. The stimulatory effect of TiTX gamma on the release of [3H]GABA was dependent on incubation time and TiTX gamma concentration with an EC50 of 0.19 microM. The scorpion toxin effect was calcium dependent and was completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin. beta-Alanine also induced the release of [3H]GABA and this effect was not inhibited by tetrodotoxin but was additive in the presence of TiTX gamma. The data suggest a neuronal origin for the release of [3H]GABA by TiTX gamma.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neurotoxinas/farmacología , Canales de Sodio/efectos de los fármacos , Membranas Sinápticas/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animales , Calcio/metabolismo , Señalización del Calcio/efectos de los fármacos , Señalización del Calcio/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas/fisiología , Ácido Egtácico/farmacología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Órganos , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Ratas , Venenos de Escorpión , Canales de Sodio/metabolismo , Membranas Sinápticas/metabolismo , Tetrodotoxina/farmacología , Tritio/farmacocinética , beta-Alanina/farmacología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Os autores determinaram a capacidade da pentamicina e derivados bis-benzamidinicos em inibir a açao da trombina, estudando os reflexos da mistura destas substancias, com plasmas normais, nos testes laboratoriais de avaliaçao da coagulaçao sanguinea.